Internal electrical wiring, laid in the middle of the room.

Zovnіshnyoy is called the wiring, laid along the zvnіshnіm walls budіvel and sporud, under the awnings thinly, and also between the houses on the supports (no more than 25 m of the windings) posture along the streets and roads. Vidkrita ta tethered electrical wiring. Wiring for the method of vikonannya can be buti vіdkrit that prihovana. Wiring, laying on the surface of walls, steles, supports, trusses and other building elements and spores can be seen before the entrance to the electrical wiring. Lay that cable at any time directly on the surface of the walls, beds, on rollers, insulators, on cables, on brackets, pipes, at flexible metal sleeves, or directly glued to the surface. Vіdkrita electrical wiring can be stationary, portable and portable.

Wiring is visible to the entrance to the electrical wiring, which is laid in the middle of the structural elements of the building and spores (near the walls, underlays, ceilings), as well as in the furrows, which are plastered, without the furrows under the ball of wet plaster, in closed channels and empty structures. Conduct and cables are laid at any time in pipes, flexible metal sleeves, ducts or without them.

The electrical wiring was rigged up to protect the wires and cables from the mechanical failures and the inflows of the splendid middle.

Replaced that fixed electrical wiring. Attached electrical wiring can be changed or fixed:

Such wiring is changed, as it allows in the process of operation to replace the wires without ruining the future structures. With this, the rods are laid at the pipes or channels of the budіvelnih structures;

It is impossible to dismantle without destroying the structure or the plaster. Designing electrical wiring in a garden house, cottages or a living house start from a chair electrical circuits z'ednan, tying up to the surface planning a booth on a scale of 1:100 (1:200).

The electrical wiring on the plan is applied at the single-line vikonann. Lamps, vimikachi, plug sockets, attaching a zakhista on the plans are indicated by mental signs.

On fig. 1 a the scheme is induced electrical wiring at the tripartite adjective.

Rice. 1. Schemes of electrical wiring: a - a diagram of a three-room apartment with electrical wiring; b - scheme of one-hour switching on of the lamps; c - scheme іz vimikachem on 4 positions; d - scheme with switched on and off lamps for two months; e - the scheme of switching on and wiping the lamps more low with two spots: 1 - two darts of the line; 2 - apartment lighting shield; 3 – unipolar vimikach; 4 - socket; 5 – bipolar vimikach; 6 - three darts at the line; on - vimicac

Near room I two electric light bulbs were installed, which turn on at the same time and flicker with a glowing flicker. The principle scheme of carrying out at room I is shown in fig. 1 b.

Near the room II insertion of the jumper on the chotiri of the jumper (Fig. 1). At the position of the switch indicated on the diagram, the offending lamps are turned on. At the first turn to the right, the lamps will be switched off, at the second turn the L1 lamp is turned on, and at the third - the L2 lamp. The room has a plug socket installed.

At the room III, May have two entrances, installed chotiri lamps, which are ignited at the same time (Fig. 1d), and two vimikachi. Be-yakim іz vimikaіv vsі lamps can be uvimknenі аbo vіmknenі.

On fig. 1 d a lighting scheme is drawn, in which the lamps can be switched on from more and lower two places.

On the plan, there is a place with applied electrical wiring to specify the brand and the wire rope or cable, mentally designate the method of laying, for example: T - for metal pipes, P - for plastic pipes, Mp - for flexible metal sleeves, I - on insulators, P - on rollers, Ts - on cables . The number of wires that lived near the dart and the square of their peretina is shown by the vision of creation. For example, the designation of PV2 (1x2.5) can be deciphered as follows: two single-core darts of the PV brand with a streak-like strand lived 2.5 mm 2. The number of wires for more than two wires is indicated by notches under the 45 ° cut to the line. At the lamps, with a shot, they tell the numeral man the intensity of the lamp (W), at the signer - the height of the height above the pidlog (m). The receiver of electrical energy is also denoted by a fraction. The numeral indicates the number behind the plan, and the znamennik indicates the nominal intensity (kW). In different climatic zones of the region, during the life of garden houses, cottages and dachas, various materials and constructions are used.

All disputes fall into three categories:

Behind the stage of borrowing budіvelnih materials and constructions;

For minds dovkilla;

Behind the stage is an electric storm.

Accordingly, according to the "Business norms and rules" (SNiP 111-33-76), all materials and constructions are divided into three groups: flammable, high-quality and non-flammable.

The characteristic of the stage of employment of materials and designs is induced in tab. one.

Table 1

All natural and piece inorganic materials can be seen before fireworks, which are stagnant in everyday life; metal, gypsum and gypsum fiber boards with organic speech content up to 8% by weight; mineral wool slabs on synthetic, starch or bituminous bonding at a content of її up to 6% per mass.

Materials that are formed from fire-fighting and warehouse fires, for example, asphalt concrete, gypsum and concrete materials, which cover more than 8% by weight of organic filling; mineral wool slabs on bituminous bonding at utrimanny її 7-15%; clay-straw materials with a minimum thickness of 900 kg / m 3; wood, coated with a deep seepage with flame retardants, fibrolite, textolite, and other polymeric materials.

All other organic materials are visible to the bedrooms.

"The Rules for the Power of Electrical Installations" (PUE) adopted the following classification for the minds of the minds of the insane middle:

1. Dry: their water content does not exceed 60% - all living incineration.

2. Vologs: vіdnosna vologіst not exceeding 75%, bets or condensing vologа are seen less frequently and even in small numbers (neoplyuvanі vіshchennya, blue living houses, warehouses, sheds, subsistence accommodation, kitchens, etc.).

3. Siri: Vіdnosna vologіst trіvaly overwhelm 75%.

4. Especially sirі: vіdnosna vologіst is close to 100%. A stele, walls, underclothes and objects in the surroundings covered with water (baths, shower rooms, toilets, basements, vegetables, greenhouses).

5. Spekotnі: the temperature is over 30 °C (boys, laznі, gorischa thinly).

6. Saws: they can see a row of technological saws in such a quantity that wines can settle on drots and penetrate into the middle of the electric power.

7. Placement with a chemically active medium: behind the minds of virobnitstva, bets are constantly or troublingly settled, or there are deposits, which are ruinous for isolation and strum-conducting parts of the electric field (application for thinness and birds too thin).

8. Vibration-insecure applications and other types of installations: vibration-insecurity summish of combustible gases or vapors with other oxidizing gases, as well as combustible sawdust and fibers in the ovens (garages, stores of gas and oil products and others) can be installed.

9. Pozhezhozhonbezpechnі primіshchennya and zovnіshі settings: here they are saved or zastosovuyutsya flammable speeches (wow, komori and іn.).

Behind the stage of unsafety, people are wounded electric jet applications fall into three categories:

Application from promoted by unsafe: gray, hot, with a streak-guided saw and streum-carrying pads (metal, earthen, reinforced concrete thinly), as well as those, in which people can suddenly touch metal structures, which can be driven from the ground, and to metal structures in electric motors. electrical devices;

Applications are especially unsafe: especially syria or with a chemically active medium, as well as those, in which there are two or more minds of increased insecurity;

Admission without advancement of insecurity: they have a day-to-day understanding of what they are doing for advancement of that special insecurity.

IN tab. 2 given an approximate description of the location of dacha cottages, cottages and residential cottages from the point of view of installation and maintenance of electrical wiring, installation. butovy electric appliances and mechanisms with electric drive.

Respect!

Electrical wiring that gets stuck in the living quarters cottage houses, guilty of being safe, reliable and economical. Incorrectly designed and poorly designed electrical wiring can lead to overheating and borrowing of future constructions and renovations.

The reason for this may be the wrong choice of conductors.

Table 2

Wire and cable

In order to save scarce wires from the middle wires, the wires for electrical wiring should be installed with wires, most importantly with aluminum wires.

Medium wires and cables are laid only at vipadkas, entangled with the “Rules for the construction and operation of electrical installations”, for example, at the fire of vibuho unsafe accommodations, at the booths with overlaps, which are lit up.

The laying of wires and cables with aluminum conductors, in principle, does not interfere with the laying of wires and cables with the middle conductors, but it is better to take care of the greater protection, so that there is less mechanical damage. Pratsyyuchi with aluminum wires, not a trace of allowing bagatorazovyh pereginiv in the very same area, undercut lived during the stripping of insulation.

A conductor is called one uninsulated or one and more insulated metal strum-conducting core, on top of which in the fallow type of minds laying that exploitation can be a non-metal sheath, winding or braided with fibrous materials. Provid can be hot and insulated.

Golems are called darts, which have veins on top of the strum-conducting veins of day-to-day protection or insulating cover. Goli droti brands PSO, PS, A, AS and іn. get stuck, as a rule, for repeated lines power transmission.

Darts are called insulated, in some streamers they lived covered with insulation, and on top of the insulation there was a weave of bavovnya yarn or a shell with gum, plastic or metal stitching. Isolated darts are subject to protection and non-protection.

Theft is called insulated darts, what to wash over electrical insulation shell, recognized for sealing and protection from ovnishnіh climatic inflows. Before them, you can see the darts of the brands APRN, PRVD, APRF and in.

Insulated darts are called unprotected, which do not hang on top of the electrical insulation of the protective casing (carry out the brands APRTO, PRD, APPR, APPV, PPV and in.)

A wire is called a cord, which is made up of two and more insulated flexed or especially flexed wires with a retina up to 1.5 mm 2, twisted or laid in parallel, covered with a thick insulating sheath.

A cable is called one or a piece of insulated cores twisted at once, laid in a hard gum, plastic, metal sheath (NVG, KG, AVVG and other).

For electrical wiring of power and lighting lines, which are installed in the middle of garden houses and dachas, as well as on the territory of garden plots, insulation and installation of dross and non-armoured power cables from the gumbo plastic insulation in metal, gum or plastic sheaths with a retina of phase conductors up to 16 mm 2.

Strumoprovidnі lived installation wires Mayut standard cuts mm 2: 0.35; 0.5; 0.75; 1.0; 1.5; 2.5; 4.0; 6.0; 10.0; 16.0 thin.

Peretin drota razrakhovuyut for this formula:

S \u003d D 2 / 4,

de S - cross-section of the dart, mm 2;

? - The number that is worth 3.14;

D is the diameter of the dart, mm.

The diameter of the strum conductor lived (without insulation) is measured with a caliper or a micrometer. Peretin vein rich dart wires are assigned for the sum of repercussions of all darts that enter the vein.

Isolation of the installed wires is secured on the ring operating voltage. Therefore, when choosing a brand, the door should be insured, that the work is under pressure, the insulation of the door is insured, may be more voltage life-giving electric lines. The tension of the mesh is standardized: – line voltage 380 V, phase - 220 V, and the setting rods are let out on Rated voltage 380 and more, as a rule, stinks are attached to the installation of electrical wiring.

Set the darts to blame for confirming the interest that is being connected. For one and the same brand and one and the same recutting of the dart, differences are allowed for the amount of profit, which should lie in the minds of the laying. For example, darts or cables, laying water, cool more quickly, laying lower in pipes, or attaching under plaster. Carrying with humic insulation allow the minimum temperature of heating of their cores, which does not exceed 65 ° C, and the wires from plastic insulation - 70 ° C.

Peretin of strum-conducting veins should be selected outside the boundary permissible heating of veins, in case of which the insulation of the wires is not worn out. Admissible trips on wires, cords and cables are placed in tab. 3-7.

Brands of wires and cords with humic and polyvinylchloride insulation tab. 8.

Table 3


Table 4


Table 5 honey darts with humic insulation in metal claddings and cables with midwires, with humic insulation in lead, polyvinylchloride, natural or humic claddings, armored and non-armored

(*) current drive can be connected to wires and cables, both from the grounding line, and without it.

Table 6
Table 7


Table 8

Technical assistance to electrical wiring

Protection of darts and cables of the type APRN, APRV, AVRG, APRG, AVVG is only allowed to be laid directly on the surface of walls, insoles. The height of the laying of їх at the insulating pipes from the metal casing and the flexible metal sleeves is not standardized.

Vіdkritu electrical wiring unprotected insulated wires in places without advanced disability, lay at a height of not less than 2 m in the distance, and in places with advanced disability and especially unsafe accommodation - at a height of not less than 2.5 m in the case of the foot. It’s impossible to see the mind in a real situation, such wiring must be protected from mechanical failures, or to stop the protection of wires and cables.

The protection of electrical wiring in areas of possible mechanical installations can be done with steel boxes, coils, thin-walled pipes, metal hoses, fences, or they are laid tied.

When laying protected wires and cables with sheathed materials that burn, and unprotected wires, install at the light and wires (cable) to the surface of the burning bases, but not less than 10 mm. For the safety of the cієї, think to stop the rollers, insulators, clips too. In case of impossibility of safety, it is necessary to install a wire or a cable with a water-reinforced cable on the surface with a ball of fire-fighting material, for example, asbestos, which protrudes from the skin side of the dart, or the cable is not less than 10 mm lower.

In case of Khovandii, the wiring of the Cable I cable with the Obolonki z Materivіv, ugly, illy, і echossess the wiring in the emptresters of Budіvelliy constructions, in the branches of the i.e. d. Z Introducts the zero-oral constructions і і Каелі кашина зацільний кора ногонивья that burns.

When laying wires and cables along the walls, partitions and steles, it is necessary to trim the architectural line of the accommodation. Descents to vimikachiv ta socket outlets are laid vertically (according to the scheme); horizontal lines of wiring - in parallel to the cornices; opening to the lamps - perpendicular to the line crossbar of the wall and stele. In applications that are glued with trellises, it is recommended to tie the upper horizontal wiring higher for the upper image of the trellis.

Apartment shields with an electric chiller are installed at a height of 0.8-1.7 m from the sub-logs in the room, which includes the mechanical failure of the shield and may have free access to the service (at the time of emergency switching on and switching off the automatic shutdown).

If the apartment shield can have two or more automatic switches, then the sockets of the same mesh glowing lighting dotsіlno come to other automatic machines.

Z'ednannya that vіdgaluzhennya wires and cables, laying prihovanny or vіdkryto at the pipes and metal sleeves, vykonuyut at good and vіdgaluzhuvalnyh boxes. Designs of successful and flexible boxes are due to the methods of laying and the minds of the most insane middle.

Vikonannya z'ednan. Z'ednannya that vіdgaluzhennya provіvіv і kabelіv generally vykonuyut on screw zatskachakh or crimped. Single-core and twisted rods, which are laid on rollers and insulators, go for additional twisting with advance soldering or welding.

Mіstsya z'єdnannya and vіdgaluzhennya lived wires and cables, spoluchnі and vіdgaluzhuvalnі nіdgaluzhuvalnі nіdgaluzhuvalіnі stiks іnіnіnі mіtії іzolyatsіyu, іvnоtsіnnu іizolіїі provіdіv, аnd also not guilty zaznavat mekhanіchnіchnyh zsil natjatsiyu. At the places of the connection lived wires and cables transfer their reserve, which ensures the possibility of re-connection. It is also necessary to be able to access for inspection and repair the place of installation and maintenance of wires and cables.

Width boxes, boxes for vimics and plug sockets, when attaching wires, are laid against the wall or a partition so that the edges of them are bent over the surface of the plaster.

When attaching the laying of wires to the original residual laying with wet or dry gypsum plaster, the wiring is checked for the daily shaving of the streak-carrying conductors of the wires and short hum in measure.

For the installation of electrical wiring at water, or other applications and other wiring, install lamps, electrical installations of a protected vikonanny with indented caps and stuffing box indentations.

The height of the movement of the reinforcement in applications without a movement of insecurity may not be less than 2 m from the support to the cartridge. It is not possible to lay low and low lights, but it is not possible to stop lamps, in which access to the lamps is impossible without a tool. In places with advanced insecurity and especially insecure, with a height of installation of luminaires above the ground less than 2.5 m, vicorist lamps are installed, the design of which makes it impossible to access the lamp without a special tool, or lamps, rozrakhovanі on the voltage of not more than 42 V.

Dovzhina spent at the vologists, and especially the orphans may be minimal. Postings are recommended to be placed in positions of occupancy, and lamps - on the wall closest to the wiring.

Construction of copper and aluminum wires. Conducting electrical wiring with the wires of the lamps is connected to the stele sockets. For the connection of aluminum wires with lines from the middle reinforcing wires of luminaires with vicorist, zatiskn_ pads are used.

At parallel gasket two or more flat darts in case of squeezing and attaching wires, the darts should be laid on the wall or overlapped flat, in order with a gap of 3-5 mm. Laying flat darts in bundles or bundles is not allowed.

In the case of electrical wiring, the fastening of non-protected wires with metal brackets should be connected with the installation between the wires and the insulating gasket with brackets.

Pipe lining. When laying wires and cables at pipes, flexible metal sleeves, it is possible to replace wires and cables.

The laying of wires and cables on surfaces that are heated (stoves, fireplaces, flue chimneys, etc.) is harrowed, so that through hanging insulation, wires and cables come into disrepair and, as a result, until they burn.

The radius of the hole of the unprotected insulated darts is to blame but not less than three times the value of the outer diameter of the darts; protection of flat wires - not less than six times the size of the outer diameter or the width of the flat wire.

Cables made of plastic insulation in polyvinylchloride sheathing are laid with a radius of vigin not less than six times, and with a gum insulation - not less than ten times the size of the outer diameter of the cable.

Installation of all types of wiring is allowed at temperatures not lower than minus 15°C. At low temperatures deyakі _izoljatsіyn_ materiali melt krihkimi; cracks are formed in the insulation, which in the course of operation can be the cause of damage to cables and darts.

See the electrical wiring and the methods of laying the wires and cables should be selected in a fallow manner, taking into account the characteristics of the necessary middle ground, in accordance with the PUE, SNiP and hundred of minds of garden houses and cottages built at tab. nine. For the dermal type of wiring, the method of wiping that middle in the table is assigned a sprat of brands of darts. The first of the marks is the best, and only in times of need it can be replaced by a step. Carrying out the traces for their main features, for example, APPV, PPV - for hot-wire laying without a middle from fire-fighting supports, APRTO - for laying in pipes, APRI - for hot-wire laying on rollers or insulators.

Selecting the type of wiring and the method of laying wires and cables fire safety (tab. nine).

Table 9

Notes:

1) Let's especially look at the orphaned places.

2) On roller skates for children.

3) Clogging of steel pipes with a wall thickness of 2 mm and less in Syria, and especially in those used in other installations.

4) With a lining of sheet asbestos of a curtain, not less than 3 mm, which protrudes into the sides of the dart or blows 10 mm.

5) For a large ball of plaster, alabaster, cement, or concrete, the gap is not less than 10 mm.

6) At the harrow, which is to be plastered, in the thick ball of the alabaster tent, the thickness is not less than 5 mm, or under the ball of sheet asbestos, the thickness of the ball is not less than 3 mm.

7) Under the ball of wet plaster of the curtain is not less than 5 mm.

8) Under the ball of a cement or alabaster tent, the zavtovshka is not less than 10 mm.

9) The plastering of the pipes is made with a solid ball of plaster, the alabaster of the curtain is not less than 10 mm.

10) In the middle ball of an alabaster (cement) tent, the thickness is not less than 10 mm, or between two balls of sheet asbestos, the thickness is not less than 3 mm, which protrudes from the skin side of the dart not less than 10 mm.

11) Under a ball of wet plaster with a lining under a ball of sheet asbestos with a thickness of not less than 3 mm, or from a plaster tent of a curtain not less than 10 mm, so that the drota protrudes from the skin side by at least 10 mm.

Table 10

Electrical installation robots for laying wiring

The first step is to bathe the electrical materials and the outbuilding to proceed to the electrical work, the keeper of the garden house or the cottage needs to make a low preparation of meals:

fold principle scheme electrical wiring, tying її to the planning chair of the garden house or the cottage;

Decide on the type of wiring (wiring, attached) and the method of laying wires and cables in a fallow way from the minds of the most important medium and the place for equal water supply. At the districts promoted vology Significantly zbіlshuyutsya vimogi yak to materials, so і to yakosti electrical installation robots;

Determine the levels of borrowing of future materials;

Think over the type of lighting in the fallow, according to the recognition of the application, the standards of lighting, choose the type and type of lighting fixtures: stel or wall lamps, with heating lamps or fluorescent lamps;

Decide on the number and placement of plug sockets, vimics, good boxes, lay wires and cables;

Significantly reduce the tension of the electrospasm, depending on the type of lichilnik and the type of infection;

Designate cut wires and cables.

Internal electrical wiring

The installation of internal electrical wiring is composed of subsequent operations:

Rosemary robots;

Vikonannya passed that retiniv;

Installation of electrical wiring;

Installation of vimics, plug sockets, lamps;

Installation of apartment shields;

Electrical wiring revision.

Rozmіtku vykonuyut to the cob ozdobluvalnyh robіt at the premises of a garden house chi cottage. When rozmіttsі vrakhovuyut zruchnіst koristuvannya and service wiring in operation, as well as the maintenance of the rules of electric fire safety.

Traces of wires when attaching the gaskets are easily visible during the operation of the wires.

To turn off the movability of the slippery wiring during the onset of installation of wall paintings, anniversaries, kilims toshcho, track attached holding choose, move out of the offensive:

Horizontal laying along the walls is laid parallel to the lines of the crossbar of the walls with the stele at a distance of 10-20 cm from the stele. The mains of socket outlets are laid in a horizontal line through the rear socket outlets;

Descents and pidyomi to vimikachіv, plug sockets and lamps are hung vertically on the windows 10 cm parallel to the lines of the door and window openings or kutіv vіschennya;

I tie the wiring along the ceilings (near the plasterers, in the gaps and voids of the concrete slabs) to tie along the shortest distance between the most convenient place for the transition to the stele from the galuzhuvalny box to the lamp;

The marking of the lines of attached wires, buried at the furrow of the walls and the bed, can be carried out for the shortest direct line from the inputs to the electric springs;

Conduct those cables, lay them near the places, deactivate the possibility of their mechanical failure, in other situations, the stench may be protected.

Vimikachi lighting, or the lace is installed at the front of the bedding vimikacha:

At accessible places on the wall of the door, from the side of the door handle, so that the stench did not start up the door at the hour of the wedding;

For toilets, baths and other uses from sirim and especially with sirimi minds - for summ_zhnyh primіshchennyah from the best minds of the middle;

At the comoras, at the foothills, on the hills and in the other places, which zamikayutsya - in front of the entrance at the center of the place;

At a height of 1.5-1.8 m, it is suitable for accommodation.

Plug sockets are planned to be installed in places suitable for coring, fallow in recognition of the premises and interior design. The stench of blame is found on a distance of at least 0.5 m from grounding metal structures (scorching pipelines, water supply, gas pipelines, etc.); for kitchens, it is not standardized.

Vimogi before installing sockets:

The height of the installation of sockets in the rooms and kitchens is not standardized;

Sockets of the above-plinth type are installed at a height of 03 m from the bottom;

Plug sockets are installed in a 6 A strum outlet: in the living quarters - one socket per 10 m 2 of the room area, in the kitchens - two sockets independently in the area;

In vologous, sirih, and especially sirih occupants (kitchens, bathrooms, bathrooms, toilets, etc.) follow:

Change the length of the laying of wires and cables with the largest distances in pipes for water supply and sewerage;

Vimikaci place poses with occupants, and lamps - on the wall, adjacent to the corridor;

Installation of plug sockets in bathrooms, showers and toilets is not allowed;

In these places, as a rule, electrical wiring is stuck; darts are laid at polyvinyl chloride or other insulating pipes;

It is allowed to conduct electrical wiring protected by wires and cables;

Wiring at steel pipes defend.

Electrical installation works start from the layout of the place of installation of the rear and outer boxes, the apartment shield, socket outlets, vimics, lamps, to the fact that their place of roztashuvannya signifies the cob, directly that end of the road.

Rozm_tka line laying wires. After that, the marking of the place of installation of the apartment lichnik, vimikachiv, sockets, the place of fixing the lamps, the lines of laying the wires have been completed. Lines to beat, ring out, with an additional cord. The cord is rubbed with a farbuy material (creidy, woolly). When rozmіttsі cord pull at the right direction, pull and then sharply let in, vdbivayuchi such a rank on the wall or steel clear visible line, which shows straight through the wiring.

The place of installation of fastening parts (rollers, insulators, staples, fasten thinly) is indicated by short lines, which are drawn across the line driven by the cord.

The place of installation of the supporting structures and the supporting parts is determined by the following sequence:

On the back, at the right and in the middle of the boxes, on the turns, at the transitions through the walls and the overlap, and then mark the points of the intermediate reinforcements;

Place of installation of the fixing parts to roztashovuyut uzdovzh tras symmetrically on the same vіdstanі one vіd one, scho does not exceed the maximum admissible BNiP;

The place of fastening of the wires when they are inserted at the box or when passing through the wall is stashed on the 5-7 cm opening, and on the folds and turns on the ridge 1.0-1.5 cm in the ear of the corn;

On rectilinear plots, rosemaries between supported supports are selected according to recommendations tab. eleven.

Table 11

On fig. 2 the butt of rozmіchuvalnyh vіdstane electrical wiring on rollers.

Rice. 2. Rozmіchuvalni vіdstanі electrical wiring on rollers: a - for laying highways; b - for the installation of vimics; c - to bypass the crosscode: 1 - virva; 2 – humic hard tube; 3 - scorched pipe

When rozmіttsі koristuyutsya vimіryuvalnymi lines, temples, folding meters and roulettes, rozmіtny rod, razmіchny compasses, equals and other special tools and outbuildings. Krіm tsgogo when vikonannі rozmіtki nebhіdno mother go-drabini and rozmіchuvalіnі templates for applying the badge, opening the fastening of the sockets, plug sockets and vimikachiv.

Check wiring from the stoppage of rollers and insulators

Vіdkritі posting іz zastosuvannyam rollers and іzolyatorіv still know widely zastosuvannya dacha budіvnitstvі. IN tab. 12 recommendations were given on the choice of installation materials for the installation of insulated wiring from the installation of insulated wires.

When rollers are installed on wooden walls, they are fixed with round-head screws. As soon as the rollers are rolled up in a row on the plastered walls and steles, then under them they put a steel jacket - a bar that protects the plaster from the rubble.

On solid and concrete walls, the rollers are fixed on fasteners or brackets (Fig. 3 a, b) with screws or bolts. Scrape and fasten smear in the open, beat in the wall, alabaster or cement coating. The rollers can be installed behind an additional firewood spiral. The spiral is wound from a galvanized knitting rod with a diameter of 0.5-0.8 mm.

Rice. 3. Fastening rollers: a - fastened; b - bracket; in - drotyanoy spiral; g - on dry plaster; d - for the help of a dowel or a polychlorvinyl tube on a square wall: 1 - spiral; 2 - alabaster rozchin; 3 - zakrip from steel tovshchina 0.5 mm; 4 - dry plaster; 5 – dowel or PVC tube; 6 - full wall

Table 12

(*) Dovzhina screws in vіdpovіdaє dovzhinі, in case of such rollers fasten to unplastered wood. For attaching to a plastered tree, a double screw is added to a plaster ball - 20-30 mm.

An opening for a spiral, penetrations at the wall with a jumper, or drilled after an additional drill bit, zapovnyuyut alabaster design and insert into a new screw with a spiral. In the world, a screw is twisted, and then a roller is installed on the spot. This method is recommended for wires with a cross section up to 2.5 mm 2.

Use a number of other methods of fastening rollers on solid and concrete bases. In this hour, the most convenient and most reliable way of fastening rollers behind the help of self-expanding metal, kapron and polyethylene dowels (small 3 d). Kapron, polyethylene dowels are used under screws with a diameter of 3.5 and 5 mm. The dowels have a cylindrical shape with oval ring ribs and later cuts. The ribs are securely fastened to the opening of the dowel when screwed into a new screw. The diameter of the opening is not to blame for changing the diameter of the dowel greater than the lower one by 10-15 mm. The depth of the opening can be such that the dowel is known in the ground or in concrete, and not only in plaster.

For fixing rollers to dry plaster, special fasteners should be fixed (Fig. 3d). When mounting in the surface, open the opening, in which insert the lock. Fasten the winding of the roller to the surface of the plaster, after which the screw is turned into the new one from the roller.

Insulators are installed on hooks, anchors, napkins, pins, and with a large number of them - on brackets, which are fixed at nests, walls, or on steles with alabaster decoration (in solid masonry) or cement decoration (in concrete walls). To strengthen the insulator on the hook or the anchors, wind the shreds with tear marks, and then wind the insulator. On fig. 4. fixed details for insulators. Gaki and brackets with insulators are fixed only in the main material of the walls, and frames for darts with a span of up to 4 mm 2 are fixed on plaster or sheathing of wooden buds.

Rice. 4. Fastening parts for insulators: a - with a shank for screwing into a tree (in the mountains) and for laying in concrete whole walls; b - yakir; c – napivyakir

Vіdkrit electrical wiring with twisted single-core wires PRD, PRD

The laying and fastening of the dart should be carried out after the installation of the rollers. Provid to the place of installation is delivered at the bays. Yogo is neatly unrolled, watched for a rose. The wire is straightened, passing yoga through a ganchirka, soaked with paraffin. Tie two small pieces of darts to the last roller and tie them together with a crocodile of 5-7 cm. 5. Similarly, the darts of the other intermediate and extreme rollers are fixed. Vіdgaluzhennya on twisted wire to vimikach and the lamp is vikonuєtsya vіdpovіdno to fig. 6. Attachment of passage and bypass is shown in fig. 7.

Rice. 5. Methods for tying wires to rollers: a - with a cross and a clamp; b - cross; c – polychlorovinyl rings; d - viscous: 1 - prіd APR1?6; 2 - roller RP-6; 3 - knitting drіt; 4 - insulating line; 5 - polychlorovinyl ring; 6 - prvіd PRVS

Rice. 6. Wiring of the wires for the first hour of laying on the rollers of the wires of the APR and PRVS: 1 - screw; 2 - drіt knitted; 3 – roller RP-6; 4 - wire APR1?6; 5 - insulating tube; 6 - wire APR1?4; 7 - to vimicach; 8 - before vimicach and lampi

Rice. 7. Passage of wires through the wall: a - from gray to dry application; b - from dry application in dry: 1 - bushing; 2 - insulating tube; 3 - virva; 4 - provіd

Pass through the walls and between the overhead overlappings in the insulating tubes. At the exit, portcelian virvi (in case of orphaned patients) or bushings (in dry cases) are put on the tubes. At the wall smeared with alabaster rose. Leather drіt at the same time is laid in an okrema insulating tube. The underwire at the passage through the wall is allowed to be laid in one pipe (for dry premises). In borezens, darts are laid when bypassing the crossing. When passing through the wall, the winds turn downwards. How to pass the darts at the sire, where the temperature is lower, the moisture is thin, the funnels are poured from both sides with a sealing mass (bitumen mass). Vidkrit pass through internal walls normal nonviolent and non-flammable applications can not be improved.

Wiring with single-core wires APV, PV, APRI, PRI

Single-core insulated rods are allowed to be laid on rollers near dry, scorched and non-salted applications, as well as under overhangs and near external electrical wiring. For the skin, they lived next to install an independent series of rollers. Vіdstan between rows of rollers - 35 mm, table 11.

Tie up the preparations to the last roller, stretch the bridle of the rope, sing out the next month of work. After the first wire is taken, come to the new winding, re-tighten and tie the rest to the last roller from the other side. The next wire is passed on the intermediate rollers. Technology pіdv'yazki drotu is shown in fig. five.

Tie the wire with soft, burnt dart with anti-corrosion coatings. The diameter of the needle for knitting wires with a peretina is 2.5 mm 2 - not less than 0.6 mm. At the places of knitting, two or three balls of insulating stitches are applied.

The wire to the rollers can be covered with medium veins of cut darts, which are overgrown. For fastening to intermediate rollers, it is possible to vicorate rings, cut from a polyvinyl chloride tube with a diameter of 40 mm, and wall folds of 1.5-2 mm.

Wiring wires are less likely to be done on rollers. Peretin drotu, which is visible, is protected from the main line by an insulating tube, which is attached to the wire, which is visible (Fig. 6).

Pass through the walls with single-core wires and tie like і, yak і with PRD, PRD wires. At this skin vein, they are laid at the okremіy tube.

The place for installing lamps, vimics, plug sockets is indicated in the same way as when laying with twisted wires.

Vіdkrita electrical wiring with flat wires APPV, PPV on rollers

Conduction by flat wires is allowed for basic houses, as well as for small residential, country, garden and cottage houses on non-plastered wooden walls, steles and partitions on rollers and gates.

The rollers of that click are fixed on the surface with screws following the previously described marking.

Flat darts are mounted on rollers in two ways:

1st method of fixing. After fixing all the rollers, the wires are unwound from the bay, they are straightened out, and they take in the necessary life. Then we will roll the later opening along the dotik line in such a way that the roller head could pass through the opening, as far as possible. The conductors are put on the head of the extreme roller and fastened with a knitting dart, or with a tasma, just like when installing electrical wiring with wires of the PRD, PRD. Dali the wires are pulled up to the forward intermediate roller; on the darts against the roller, to sway the offensive later rose of the line to the dotik lived. Pass the head of the roller through the opening, give the same procedure to fasten on the rollers that are left out.

2- th way of fixing a flat dart on rollers (similar to fixing a dart on klіtsy) is used in the offensive:

When the roller is installed under the droplets of the screw, it is necessary to lay a sheet of metal with a width of 15 mm and a length of 50–80 mm. Naychastіshe zastosovyt white sheet zherst;

After fixing the entire row of rollers, lay the flat wire on the cap of the screw with a gasket insulation material 17 mm wide;

After laying the dart of the metal edge and the insulating plate, bend it with a lock (or fasten it with a buckle). The wire is pulled up to the stepping roller and it is fixed with a similar rank (Fig. 8 a).

Rice. 8. Laying of wires on rollers, put the twist of wires: a - drіt APPV on rollers; b - ARPV, APN, APR, APRV darts from wooden supports on clicks; c - the butt of the virgin wire of the APPV and APPR brands; d - butt of the wire of the APV, APN and APRV brands on the edge: 1 - wire of the APPV 2x6; 2 - female; 3 - buckle; 4 - gasket for electric cardboard; 5, 9 - screws; 6 - roller RP-2.5; 7 - APR inspection; 8 - klitsa; 10 - APN 3x4

Laying of flat darts of APN, APR, APV, APRV brands on clicks. In this way, the flat wire is fastened to the wall through the clevis behind an additional screw through the opening of the splitting between the veins. In this case, it is necessary to put the head of the screw under the electrical insulating washer and, when the screw is gorged, be careful not to harm the insulation of the droth (Fig. 8 b).

When twisting flat two-and three-wire wires at 90 °, the slit between the cores in the middle of the twist is wound, one or two wires are inserted into the middle of the kuta at the looking nape loop (Fig. 8 c). Dvozhilniy i three-core wire to the APN type, when the trace is turned by 90 °, it bends onto the edge, having cut the rib in the front, with which the inner core in the middle turn often overlaps the ring (Fig. 8 d). Single-core darts of the APN, APV and APRV brands are bent with a radius of 20 mm, if the area of ​​the cut is up to 10 mm 2 and the radius is 35 mm, then the area of ​​the cut is 16 to 35 mm 2.

Fastening of flat darts to concrete and solid bases. Flat Dart Mayutlostіyku izolyatsіyu, this can be stained at the Vіdkritiyh electro-wiring challenges in the streets, partitions І stels Iz Vognetryviki Materivіv, at the Czema Flat Dart Basic Potted to Concrete Tom Signs (Straights) with a width of 20-40 mm. 4 mm, nailed to the wall with dowels-flowers, using wires (Fig. 9). Vіdstan mіzh suіdnіmi dowel-flowers troch more than 1 m.

Rice. 9. Fastening of wires of grades APV, APPV, APN, APRV to concrete bases on steel cement, to be attached: a - fastening of smuga with a dowel-flower; b - fortified drotu: 1 - smuga; 2 - dowel-flowers; 3 - laying with electric cardboard; 4 - provіd APN 3?4; 5 - mounting line; 6 - mounting button

Fasten to the stitching through the skin 30-40 cm with 10 mm wide sleeves made of white wool, galvanized or barred steel sheet or for additional normalization of perforated mounting sleeves and buckles. Carry out the protection by the husbands with gaskets from electrically insulating cardboard, which protrude 1.5-2 mm from both sides of the metal jacket.

On the little one 10 a, the fastening of the wires of the APV, APPV, APN, APRV brands to concrete and ground bases along the core, which is attached, is shown, and on the little one 10 b - for additional attachment of the fastenings with the females.

Rice. 10. Fastening of wires of grades APV, ALPV, ALN, APRV to concrete and ground bases: a - along the wire, which is attached; b - by shooting, who are shot, with husbands: 1 - headscarf; 2 - dowel-flowers; 3 - dry; 4 - APN 3x4; 5 - gasket for electric cardboard; 6 – steel smuga; 7 - buckle

Lay wire behind the glued fasteners. Plastic or steel fastening details of flat wires and cables of the AVRG and ANRG brands can be glued to concrete, concrete, expanded clay concrete, asbestos-cement, cellar and ceramic bases, the surface is dry, stone, cleaned from a saw, wood and boil. glue KNE-2/60 (coumaronatrium electrical) or BMK-5K based on acrylic resin with kaolin refill.

It is fenced to glue the darts without intermediary to the budive basis.

Plastic and metal parts are degreased with acetone or gasoline before gluing. Yakіst and mіtsnіst gluing lie down in the form of pretrial technology. On the back, it is necessary to clean the base with a metal brush and apply glue with a spatula to the base on the area, where the trochs outweigh the size of the details to be glued. Then apply glue to the part to be glued, and press it for 3-5 seconds until the base is formed.

It is possible to proceed to electrical installation work after a complete hanging of glue (20-25 years). The glue can be cured only at a temperature in the area above 5°C and a moisture content of no more than 70%.

Vikonuyuchi installation work from zastosuvannyam glue, it is necessary to comply with the rules of fire safety, adopted for easily occupied lands, to prevent the glue from getting on the skin of the hands, rebuking it in the eyes. On fig. 11 shows other methods of fastening wires and cables to concrete, concrete, and similar substations.

Rice. 11. Attachment of wires of types APV, APVV, APN, APRV and cables AVRG and ANRG to concrete and solid bases: a - for additional support, which is nailed with a dowel-flower (manually clogged); b - for additional plastic staples; in i d - for additional staples with one and two paws; d - for the help of a smear, smeared into the base: 1 - dowel-tsvyakh; 2 - provіd APN 3?4; 3, 10 - female; 4 - gasket for electric cardboard; 5 - plastic bracket; 6 - bracket; 7 - screw; 8 - kapron dowel; 9 - cable AVRG (ANRG) 3? 10+1? 6; 11 - buckle; 12 - alabaster

Laying wooden structures. Flat protection of APPR rods and cables in cladding with fireproof and fireproof materials is allowed to be laid on wooden walls, partitions, steles and other structures with fastened brackets.

It is also allowed to lay on the constructions of non-protected wires with polyvinylchloride insulation with an obov'zkovy lining under the wire insulating fire-fighting materials, for example, sheet asbestos with a thickness of at least 3 mm, which protrudes from at least 1 mm of the skin of the wire.

Wired with flat wires

The wiring is attached in the middle of the installation in steel water and gas pipes (only in vibration-resistant areas), thin-walled and electric pipes (in fire-safe applications), in flexible metal hoses, boxes, plastic (polyethylene, polypropylene and), and plastics.

Laying on fireproof supports. At the living booths, it is allowed to permanently lay the wires of the APPV, APN, APPVS without intermediary along the panels of fire-fighting structures - under the plaster, at the furrows of the walls, at the seams between the panels of the crossovers, as well as without intermediary under the ball of wet-slabris of the plaster base in the tovschі 12 a).

Rice. 12. A laying of darts was attached: a - darts of the APPZS, APN, APV brands from non-combustible bases under wet and dry plaster; b - quiet darts from wooden foundations under dry plaster; c - on wooden supports under wet plaster: 1 - dry APPZS; 2 - alabaster; 3, 13 - wet plaster; 4 - plaster tent; 5 - flowers; 6 - alabaster lining; 7 - female; 8 - dry plaster; 9 - provide APN or APV; 10 - rail; 11 - shred plaster; 12 - wet plaster contour

On wooden supports, which are covered with dry plaster, the darts are laid with a large ball of alabaster ball or between two balls of sheet alabaster (Fig. 12 b).

On wooden walls and partitions, which are covered with wet plaster, - under a ball of plaster with a lining under a sheet of asbestos with a thickness of not less than 3 mm, or along a plaster chamber with a thickness of not less than 5 mm. Asbestos or a plaster tent is laid on top of the shingles, or the shingles are cut along the width of the asbestos lining. The width of the asbestos gasket must be such that the asbestos protrudes no less than 10 mm lower from the skin side of the core.

On wooden walls and partitions, which are covered with a ball of dry gypsum plaster, - at the gap between the wall and the plaster in a large ball of alabaster ball or between two balls of sheet asbestos with a thickness of 3 mm. With this ball of alabaster cast or asbestos on the skin side of the drot may not be less than 10 mm.

Laying technology for flat wires

When installing wiring with flat wires, when attaching electrical wiring, a number of operations are carried out:

Redirecting the drone from the bay;

Route marking;

laying a dart;

Fortified darts;

Zginannya that peretin drotu;

Pass through the walls and cross.

For editing flat wires, one point, the dart is firmly fixed in breams, after which the wire is pulled through a cloth or a mitten. When melting one-shot darts with PVC insulation (PV, APV, etc.), it is not recommended to pull the darts with great slugs, the shards can destroy the insulation.

The laying of the wires is connected by dilyanki: the apartment shield - the wiring box - the socket; vіdgaluzhuvalna box - vimikach; vodkaluzhna box - the lamp is too thin.

Spend the night between yourself less at the vіdgaluzhuvalnyh boxes. It is not allowed to carry darts between oneself with boxes. Seen for shmatki, equal dozhina okremikh dolyanok. The wire is laid with light pressure along the entire length of the straight line in the box until the turn of the track and is fixed with alabaster rose (Fig. 12 a).

When turning the dart, the base is divided for the given dart of the possibility of making a turn at the flat.

After laying the dart at the turn of the veins, it is fixed with an alabaster design. Similarly, the installation of the dart on the entire route, which is left out, to the forward box, is carried out.

Safeguarding the ability to fire darts. When installing the wiring, it is possible to secure the possibility of a free wiring at the wiring boxes, boxes for heating and electrical sockets. Such a need can be reduced for an hour of operation for repair or replacement of vimics, plug sockets, and lamps. To introduce the same end of the rod with separate veins at the box with a margin of 5070 mm. After which wire the boxes are sealed.

For connecting to lamps, plug sockets, vimikachiv vіdkrytoї installations, laying of wires on the outlet of їх zі sіn, baffles and crossovers pull on insulating tubes, porcelain or plastic sleeves or virvi in ​​order to turn on the wire

Pass through the walls of flat wires when attaching wires, they are also wound in insulating pipes, when installing porcelain bushings and wires is not necessary.

Electrical wiring in steel and plastic pipes

Wiring in pipes is less likely to be installed in the valleys, if it is not recommended to block other ways of laying. The pipe wiring is blocked for the protection of darts from mechanical problems, as well as for the protection of insulation of darts from the influx of unfriendly minds of the navkolishny middle ground. For protection from mechanical failures, the pipeline itself can be leaky, and protection from the outer middle of the pipeline can be sealed.

The tightness of the pipeline is ensured by the narrowing of the place of connecting pipes between themselves and their connection to the electrical boxes and other electric valves.

In case of overlapping with scorched pipes, the distance to the electrical wiring pipes is to blame, but not less than 50 mm at the light, and with parallel laying with them - 100 mm.

Steel pipes must be laid in such a way that water and condensate cannot accumulate in them. To drain the water, the pipes are laid on horizontal dilyankas with a deaky chink at the bik box.

In steel and plastic pipes, unprotected insulated wires of the APRTO, PRTO, APV, PV and other brands are laid.

The minimum cross section of the streak-conducting cores of insulated wires that are laid in pipes is 1.0 mm2 for medium wires and 2.0 mm2 for aluminum wires.

The electrical wiring is mounted at the pipes so that, for the necessary parts, it can be pulled out of the pipes and replaced by others. To that, on the route of laying the pipeline, there are two cuts of the wig, then it is not the fault of the line between the boxes to change 5 m, and on straight sections - 10 m.

Wrap up the wires or wires at the pipes are fenced, they are less likely to be tied up at the boxes.

Vikonannya electrical wiring in steel pipes can be carried out at vіdkritіy, prihovanіy and ovnіshnіy laying. Steel pipes stop like vines, if it is not allowed to lay wires without pipes and it is not possible to bend non-metal pipes.

IN garden houses and steel pipes are necessary for the installation of inputs and electrical wiring on hills, at basements and for outdoor electrical wiring.

Pipes before installation are cleaned from irzh, brud, scoring. To prevent the ruinous injection of corrosion products onto the sheathing of wires and cables - pipes, which are laid in the wind, farbuyut. Pipes, which are laid in concrete, are not furbished for better bonding of their outer surface with concrete.

When pipes are bent, bending (corrugation) on the coils is not allowed. It is not recommended to bend the pipes at a cut less than 90 °, since with a folding configuration of pipelines and a long length, it is important to stretch the darts through the pipes. Therefore, the radius of the pipe is lined. When laying pipes, the radius of the bend is to be blamed, but not less than six equal diameters of the pipe, with one bend, or if the laying is laid - not less than four or more equal diameters. When laying pipes in concrete, the radius of the pipe must not be less than ten pipe diameters.

Vіdstan mіzh fixing points vіdcrito laying of steel pipes on horizontal and vertical lines to lie down according to the diameter of the pipes that are being laid. Pipes with a diameter of 15-32 mm should be screeched every 2.5-3.0 m, and on the windings - at a distance of 150-200 mm at the corner of the turn. When laying pipes, they are fastened to the supporting structures with brackets, clicks, overlays and clamps.

The ends of the pipes after the cuts are cleaned from burrs, cut and finished with bushings, which protect the insulation of the darts from the mischief at the entrance and exit from the pipes.

Steel pipes are connected between themselves with couplings with grooves, couplings without grooves, cuffs, and also for the help of lucky boxes and drawers. Z'ednuyut pipes with couplings on a cut with such a cut, so that the pipeline would be easy to pick up at any time. Reviews and meetings are carried out at boxes with lids. The boxes are closed with pipes on the cut or for additional zatiskachiv.

In case of installation and installation of steel pipes in Syria, especially in Syria, fire-insecure premises, hills and old installations of steel pipes, it is necessary to strengthen them. Enlargement of the place for the installation of pipes and the place of introduction into the boxes to be wrapped with standard couplings on cut with hemp on drying oil, red lead.

When laying steel pipes in dry, non-powdered applications, the pipes themselves, as well as the pipes with boxes, should be carried out without indentation: sockets, cuffs on screws and bolts, sleeves, etc.

Laying of plastic pipes. For water laying in dry, watery, especially blue and dusty applications, in applications with a chemically active medium and in external wiring, along fire and high-energy installations, install plastic pipes.

Installation of plastic pipes and vuzlіv zdіysnyuєtsya zavaryuvannya іz zastosuvannya spetsіalnih palnikіv, іnstrumentа і pristroїv. The radius of the bend of plastic pipes is not less than 6 times the diameter of the pipe. For electrical wiring, it is necessary to twist plastic boxes.

Fasten plastic pipes with brackets, which allow pipes to move freely at temperature deformations up to 5 mm per 1 m of pipe.

Selection of steel and plastic pipes for laying electrical wiring is carried out at a tab. 13.

Table 13. Selection of steel and plastic pipes for laying insulated wires

How do I move the life of a sustainable pipeline:

50 m - for the presence of not more than one wigu;

40 m - for the presence of two virgins;

20 m - for the presence of three virgins (cut 90 ° and more), then install the intermediate stretching boxes and, if possible, put pipes of a larger diameter in the extreme slope.

Z'ednannya and termination of wires

Installation of electrical wiring, connection of vimics, plug sockets, sockets, cartridges can not be done without connecting that end of wires. The correct connection and connection to the greater world signifies the reliability of the electricity supply.

Wimogi to z'ednan drotiv. Z'ednannya lived among themselves and came to electrical installations due to the mother's necessary mechanical strength, maly electric support and save power for the entire hour of exploitation. Contacts are energized and cooled down cyclically. Changes in temperature and moisture, vibration, presence in the case of chemically active particles also give an unfriendly influx on the contact surfaces.

Physical Chemical power aluminium, of which it is important to prepare lived wires, to complicate the construction of the superstructure. Aluminum maє (near the pov_vnyannі z middyu) pіdvishchen plinnіst i vsoku okislyuvanіnіst, at tsom stremoprovidna plіvіdnі plіvіkі okіdі, yak іє є on kontaktnymi surfіnіє rіgіdnіy opіr. It is necessary to remove the heat from the contact surfaces and live in it before the viconnannya z'ednannya. All the work is done with difficulty when firing aluminum darts.

At middle conductors so oxidized smelting, ale, on the surface of aluminum, it is easily seen and impinges insignificantly on the quality of the electric power plant.

The difference in coefficients of thermal linear expansion of aluminum against other metals is also great, and it can also lead to destruction of the contact. Vrakhovuyuchi tsyu power, aluminum darts can not be pressed against copper tips.

In case of trial operation under the pressure of aluminum, the power of the flatness, destroying the electrical contact, cannot be pinched, and in the process of operation it is necessary to periodically press the contact. Contacts of aluminum conductors with other metals on a wide range of surfaces up to atmospheric splashes.

Under the influx of water on the contact surfaces, water spitting is established from the power of electrolyte, after electrolysis, shells are established on metal. The intensity of the shells' priming increases as the hour passes through the contact area of ​​the electric jet.

Particularly unfriendly to those who wear aluminum with middyu and alloys based on midi. Therefore, it is necessary to protect such contacts from hitting the water, or to cover them with a third metal - tin and solder.

Z'ednannya and ending medium darts

Z'ednannya, vydgaluzhennya midnih wires with a peretin up to 10 mm 2, it is recommended to twist the twisting of the foot soldering, moreover, the middling one-shot wires with a cross section of up to 6 mm 2, as well as the bagatod wires with small squares, resize by soldering. They lived with a perimeter area of ​​6-10 mm 2 with a bandage soldering (Fig. 14 a), and the darts were twisted behind the front braiding of the darts (Fig. 14 b). Dovzhina mіsts z'єdnan twisting or bandage soldering is to blame for becoming no less than 10-15 zvnіshnіh diametrіv lived, scho z'ednuyutsya. Solder lead voles with solder with rosin-based flux. It is not allowed to stop acid and ammonia when soldering copper wires;

Rice. 13. Z'ednannya twisting with advancing soldering: a - z'ednannya wires PR and APR; b - wiring of PR and APR; c - launching of PRVS darts; PC - soldering space

Rice. 14. Z'ednannya that vіdgaluzhennya provіdіv: a - z'єdnannya odnorodtyanny bandages with soldering; b - twisted wires; in - vіdgaluzhennya bagatodrotyany wires; d - s'ednannya rich money wires to pressurization

Z'ednannya opresovuvannyam. Widely vikoristovuyut method zadnannya midnih darts pressurized (Fig. 14 d). The ends of the darts are cleaned by 25-30 mm, then they are covered with copper foil and pressed with special tongs of the PC type.

Z'ednannya and termination of aluminum wires

Aluminium, lived wires to zvaryuvannyam, soldering and mechanical way (Fig. 15).

Rice. 15. Z'ednannya wires for welding and soldering: a - wiring of single-stranded aluminum wires for welding near the sleeve; b - starlets; in - soldering

Zvaryuyut aluminum rods in a special form for the help of carbon electrodes, which take the life out of the zvaryuvalny transformer.

For soldering aluminum, the darts are twisted (small 15 c), and then the place of twisting is heated in a half-light blowtorch and soldered with solders, store them in tab. fourteen.

Table 14

Soldering technology for aluminum wires:

From the ends of the wires, which are closed, remove the insulation, after which they lived bare, strip them to a metal glare and overlap with a twisted twist with a groove in the center of the torsion lived. Dovzhina zholobka for z'єdnannya and vіdgaluzhennya for rіznyh rerіzіv veins is marked in fig. 16;

Rice. 16. Soldering single strands

Heat the twisted rods to the half-lights of a gas burner and blowtorch to a temperature close to the melting point of the solder. Then wipe the groove (with an onslaught) from one side with a stick of solder, inserted in front into the half-light of the lamp. As a result, rubbing oxide smelting heals, the groove begins to clog and fill with solder at the world's warming up month of the day. Flux is not necessary for this. Then we will serve and solder the zholobok from the other side of the day. At once wipe and irradiate with solder the surface of the surface and twisted the living quarters of the log house, which will swell;

Wipe the soldering wire with a cloth soaked in gasoline, cover with a lag-resistant varnish and insulate with an insulating stitch.

The completion of the wires will be completed after their laying. One-shot darts with a cross-cut area of ​​up to 10 mm 2 and bagatod-shot darts with a cross-cut area of ​​up to 2.5 mm 2 should be attached directly to the strum-receiving machine. I will expose the vein at which I will introduce a pinned contact screw. Kіntsі rich drotіv twirl and solder. In the fallow type, the type of contact with the end of the dart can be given the appearance of a uterus (Fig. 17 a) or a ring (Fig. 17 b).

Rice. 17. Completion of wires: a - queen; b - ring; c - soldering the tip: 1 - tip; 2 and 3 - insulating stitch or bandage thread

Points of one-handed darts with a span of more than 10 mm 2 or rich-hearted darts with a cut of more than 2.5 mm 2 are attached with tips (Fig. 17 c), soldered or welded to the lived, and pressed in deaky depressions.

In all types of windings, at the end of the wire, the place of closing of them is wrapped around with a tip with an insulating line at the sprat of balls. Vіdpovіdno up to the rules of the electrical insulation in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bz'dnannya, but the fault is not lower, but not less than the mіtsnіst іzolyatsії as a whole.

For dacha minds, for shooting aluminum and copper darts, it is the most convenient way to shoot with screw grips, since there is no need for a special tool and attachments. The design of the contact is responsible for ensuring the constant pressure and the surroundings for seeing the darts. It is necessary to select a clamp when attaching aluminum wires with the necessary factory parts (screw, pressure washer, flat washer, contact plate), so that any details of the shoe and tongue will be brought to the point of contact deterioration.

For the arrival of the dart to the end, the dart must be insulated. Lower trim under the kutom 10-15 ° to the surface of the lived, cym turns off the aluminum lived. They clean the wire to a metallic glare and smear it with quartz-vaseline paste, then they die the end of the life at the sight of the ring. Fold the trace for the year's arrow, so that for the direct wrapping of the gwent, what to creak.

The inner diameter of the ring can be larger, the lower diameter of the contact screw (Table 15).

Table 15

The installation of wires using the pressure method is widely used during the installation of internal, outdoor electrical wiring and overhead power lines.

This way to secure the overhead contact, the necessary mechanical strength, is simple for the Vikonan. Pressing is done with manual tongs, mechanical and hydraulic presses for additional replacement dies and punches.

For the end of the vein, the sleeves of the GAO, GA serve, for the termination - the tips TA, TAM and others.

Aluminiums lived in good sleeves to test for such technology:

Choose the type and size of the sleeves, as well as the matrix and punches in the same way to the size of the sleeves;

Revisit the presence of the factory oil in the sleeves and tips;

Znіmayut z kіntsіv lived _izolatsiyu: when terminating - on the dozhinі, scho old dozhinі tubular part of the tip, and when zadnanny - on the dovzhinі, that dorivnyuє halves of the dozhina sleeve;

Clean the ends of the strum-leading veins with an emery paper to a metal sheen, wipe with a cloth soaked in gasoline, and cover with a quartz-green paste;

Putting on the preparation lived a tip or a sleeve;

When ending, the vein is inserted into the tip until it stops, and when it is closed, so that the ends of the veins, which are z'ednuyutsya, stuck together in the middle of the sleeve;

Install the tubular part of the tip or the sleeve matrix and carry out the pressing;

Isolate the z'ednannya kіlkom with balls of insulating stitch.

It is not allowed to press a copper tip on an aluminum core, so that it will be German through a large difference in midi and aluminum of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion.

Pressing one of the bagatodiretnyh midnyh veins with a retina of 4 mm 2 and more vykonuyutsya in the middle tubular tips of the T type or with the best midnyh sleeves of the GM type. The technology of pressing copper wires is similar to the technology of pressing aluminum wires with a vignette overlay of quartz-vaseline or zinc-vaseline paste. It is necessary to carry out pressing for the help of a hammer and a chisel.

Installation of vimics, socket outlets

Before electrical installations, one can see: vimikachi and peremikachi; plug sockets - plugs and socket; cartridges for electric lamps; zabіzhniki.

Virib cannot be changed by strum. It is necessary to cause pressure above the nominal strum until the contacts are burnt, unacceptable overheating and can cause fire.

Switches and plug sockets are equipped with two plugs: for wiring and for connecting wires.

Sockets for open wiring install on sockets. Socket outlets with disks 60-70 mm in diameter, not less than 10 mm thick, made of non-conductive material (wood, textolite, getikans, orgsklo, etc.). The sockets are fixed on the wall with countersunk screws or glued BMK-5 or KNE-2/60. On the smooth or benton walls, the sockets are also fixed with self-tapping screws, having drilled an opening at the wall in front of it, having installed a dowel or a wooden cork.

On the bases that are burning, it is recommended to install gaskets on wooden sockets with asbestos thickness of 2–3 mm, so that they protect the socket from lighting up in case of a contact failure at the vimikachi or plug socket.

The electrical installation brackets are fastened to the two socket outlets with screws with a round head (when the upper cover is removed). Let's go to the terminals of the electrical installation swivel to bring the wires of the electrical wiring forward.

Vimikachi install opening the phase dart, which goes to the lamp holder. This allows you to quickly fire the electrical circuit with a short flicker and ensure electrical safety when replacing lamps and cartridges. During the installation of vimikachiv, pay attention to those, so that the increase in electric lighting was carried out by pressing on the upper part of the key or the top button of the vimikacha.

Plug sockets are connected in parallel to the main wires of electric lines.

Weave a metal base in front of the steles, attach them without a middle to the wall without a socket. The presence of empty pipes under the cover for the placement of wires allows you to move out of the galley box.

When attaching vimic wires and plug sockets, metal or plastic boxes of types U-196, KP-1.2 with a diameter of 69 mm and a height of 40 mm are installed. Boxes are installed in burrows near the wall and are fixed with alabaster rosette.

To close the vimikach or the socket in the box, take out the upper decorative cover from them, attach the wires to the terminal end of the wiring, twist the screws from the plates of the rose brackets, so that you can put the vimikach or the socket into the box. When the guttural twins are roaring, the paws are rozsuvayutsya and close mіtsno vimikach or socket in the box. The gwenti gorge up to the stop on the cheeks, not allowing the skewness of such susillas, so as not to split the base. After fixing the bases of the vimikacha (sockets), decorative caps are fixed with them.

Installation of luminaires

Piece electrical lighting in living quarters can be provided with normal hygiene and visibility, the necessary comfort and calmness. For vikonannya tsikh minds zastosovuyut system zagalnogo and combined lighting.

Zagalne visvіtlennya serve for visvіtlennya all areas of the premises.

Combination of lighting is used for additional lamps of luminous lighting, which will ensure the need for lighting in the whole place, and the lamps of office lighting create increased lighting in the working area. Combining lighting is the most economical, allowing you to create the best wash for work and repair.

For rozpodіlu light stream at the required direct connection, the light bulbs are installed in the fittings. The lamp together with the armature is called a lamp.

Types of lamps are selected in fallowness according to the nature of the necessary middle ground, height of height, light engineering can be used for the interior.

Fallow in the type of dzherel light, luminaires with heating lamps and fluorescent lamps are distinguished.

The lamps are lit by the lamps of light, which is based on the principle of temperature variation. The lamps are lit with the widest flasks of light. On fig. 18, a day of heating lamps was put in place. Like the threads of roasting in modern lamps, a spiral of refractory metal, most of all tungsten, is made of vicor. The filament thread can be single-spiral or multi-spiral. Colby lamps are heated under vacuum and filled with neutral gas (nitrogen, argon, krypton). The temperature of the heated thread is 2600–3000 °C. The spectrum of the lamps of roasting rises from the spectrum of daylight to the red and yellow spectrum of changes. The light coefficient of the brown light of the heating lamps, which is shown as an increase in the intensity of the change in the visible spectrum to the intensity, which decreases in the electric line, even small and does not exceed 3.5%.

Rice. 18. Types of lighting lamps: a - gas-filled; b - bispiral; c - bispiral krypton; g - mirror

By industry, different types of lamps are released, which are adjusted by nominal values ​​of tension and voltage, sizes, shape of flasks, material and size of socles thinly.

In the lamps, the letters of the roasting of the letters mean:

B - vacuum;

G - gas filled;

B - bispiral;

BK - bispiral krypton;

DB - diffuse (with a matted ball in the middle of the flask);

MO - lightly illuminated.

The number following the letter means the tension of life, and the other - the intensity of the lamp at the wool. Mirror lamps are produced with concentrated light rose under (ZK), medium (ZS), wide (ZSh), mirror lamps with concentrated neodymium or wide light rose under - ZKN, ZSHN. Mirror lamps are used for lighting high places and open spaces, decorative lighting. The neodymium lamps vicorist there, where the high quality of the color is needed.

Decorative special lamps (D) can be changed white (BL), yellow (W), green (G), red (K), opal (O) change.

The lamps for heating are produced from a mirror-type lamp - thermo-industrial lamps, quartz halogen lamps (KG-220-1200; ІКЗК-220-500).

Cartridges for electric heating lamps are divided into two main groups: threaded and pinned. At buttovіy illuminating fittings, as a rule, threaded cartridges are fixed and are refitted behind the size of threaded sleeves - E14 - with a diameter of 14 mm (for minions), E27 - with a diameter of 27 mm, E40 - a diameter of 40 mm (pressure of 10 kW) .

Cartridges are made from colored metals, steel, porcelain and plastic. According to the shape of the vikonanny, the cartridges are divided into cartridges for screwing on the nipple, cartridges with a flange and cartridges for hanging.

If the cartridge has a screw sleeve, then the sleeve must be brought to zero, and not to the phase conductor. Tsim bezpechuєtsya elektrobezpeka pіd hour zameni elektrolampi.

Electric lamps, in which electricity is transformed into light without a middle, independently from the thermal stage of the speech, for the light of luminescence, are called luminescent.

The principle of dії tsikh lamps for a simple subject is brought up to an offensive one. As far as the electrodes, inserted at the end of the glass tube, as if filled with a discharge of inert gas or metal vapors, apply a voltage to the discharge not less than 500-2000 per 1 m of the length of the tube, then the free electrons in the empty tube begin to fly into the battery of the positive electrode. If you have reached the electrodes changing voltage, directly the flow of electrons changes with the frequency of the struma. In their own Russia, electrons streak with neutral atoms of gas - filling the empty tubes and ionizing them, vibrating electrons from the upper orbit from the space or from the lower orbit to the upper one. Atoms awakened by such a rank, again sticking with electrons, are again transformed into neutral atoms. This transformation is accompanied by a change in the quantum of light energy. Skin inert gas and metal vapours, show their own spectral warehouse of the light produced.

So, tubes with helium glow light yellow or pale erysipelas light, with neon - red light, with argon - black light, etc.

Luminescent lamps of that white light wiggle around a straight or arcuate tube with a sizable fold, which does not miss short ultraviolet exchanges. The electrodes are made from tungsten rod. Fill the tube with the sum of argon and mercury vapor. The entire surface of the tube is covered with a luminophore - a special warehouse that glows under the influx of ultraviolet changes, which blames mercury vapor during an electrical discharge. Argon is sprayed to the upper chamber in the tube

The main advantage of fluorescent lamps in paired with heating lamps is a higher coefficient of brown light (15–20%) and a 7–10 times higher term of service.

Order of positive qualities fluorescent lamps toil and shortcomings:

Folding scheme included;

Fallow in the temperature of dovkil; at low temperatures, the lamps can go out or become lit;

Dodatkovі spend energy in ballasts, which reach 25-35% of the intensity of the lamps;

Shkіdlivі for zor pulsatsії svіtlovogo flow;

Presentation of the radio transmission code;

Dzherelo svіtla that armature utvoryuyut svіtilnik. The armature redistributes the light flow from the right direction, protects the light from the saw, the vologists and the other. Luminaries may be at their disposal according to their ability in places, handy and safe for service.

Lamps are charged by mids bent wires with a peretina lived not less than 0.5 mm 2 in the middle of the budvelt and 1 mm 2 - for the outer installation and to be connected with the wires of the fence behind the auxiliary plug roses or the luster zipper.

For the decorative design of the space of the pedestal of the lamp, there is also a stele rosette of the lamp, in the middle of which is a luster zatyskach. It is allowed to move the lamp without a middle on the wires, to revive yoga for the mind, that the stench is designated for the mind.

Chandeliers, suspended on hooks (Fig. 19). Bezperednya pіdvіska svіtilіnіv іn the darts are harrowed. So at the stele can be insulated from a chandelier, a lamp for an additional polyvinyl chloride tube. Insulation is necessary to prevent the appearance of an unsafe potential in metal fittings of concrete slabs or steel pipes of electrical wiring in case of damaged insulation near the lamp. In times of reinforcement of hooks to wooden ceilings, the insulation of the hook is not needed. To install a hook in an empty slab, it is necessary to open the opening, and then fix the hook (small 19 b). At sucile concrete ceilings, the lamp is moved up to the hairpin, which is passed through all the ceilings.

Rice. 19. Gaki for hanging lamps: a - on wooden stelae; b - on hollow concrete slabs

All attachments for hanging lamps should be tested for five times the weight of the lamp. The details of the fastening of the suspension, in case of which the mother is not to blame, there are some extra deformations.

Electrical wiring at lohah and pidvalah

Burials and pits, as a rule, will be made of fire-fighting materials and constructions (ceiling masonry, concrete blocks, overlapping thinly). Pdlogs sound strumoprovidnі, and at the same time: earthen, concrete, with beaten chains and іn. to especially unsafe places.

Before electrical wiring at lohah and pіdvalah are presented promotion of the vimoga, and itself:

The next step to stop the voltage is not more than 42 V.

The electrical wiring should be wired without intermediary on the basis of insulators and rollers with insulated protection wires or cables. When attaching wires, it is necessary to bury steel pipes from solid walls of 2 mm and less;

Close the luminaires of hermetically sealed design to prevent water from getting into the electrocartridge;

Vimikach slid roztashovuvati posture with a loch and a pidval.

Wiring in hillside dwellings

The mountainous place is called the place above the upper surface of the life, the stele of some kind of life and how it can carry structures (covering, farm, krokvi, beams thinly) from materials that burn.

Electrical wiring in the hills is built mainly for laying inputs from the overhead lines to the budding of the apartment shield. In dacha cottages, illumination of hills is not needed.

Installation of any electrical wiring, creme bushings of inputs, on hills, which can be used for constructions from materials, which burn up, rather not wink.

Gorishchni pom_schennya mayut a number of features. The stench is cool to the point of temperature, as a rule, drunk, may move pozhozhnoy unsafe. Ushkodzhennya electrical wiring, scho viniklo vipadkovo, can lead to borrowing. wooden structures she pushed until the fire. To that, before the electrical wiring on the hills, there are rises of vimoga.

In mountainous areas, it is possible to vicorate the following electrical wiring:

Vіdkrita - by wires and cables laid in steel pipes, as well as by wires and cables in sheaths of fireproof and important materials at any height;

Unprotected insulated single-core wires on rollers and insulators at a height of at least 2.5 m from the bottom.

At a height of less than 2.5 m, they protect against dots and mechanical damage. Vіdstan between points of fastening of rollers can be no more than 60 mm, insulators - not more than 1000 mm, between rods - not less than 50 mm. The height of the rollers may not be less than 30 mm. The rollers are installed on boards that are soft to the touch.

The electrical wiring is fixed in the walls and ceilings with fire-fighting materials at any height.

Vіdkrіtі electrical wiring in the city halls should be wired with wires and cables from the middle conductors. Conducting that cables with aluminum conductors can be laid in fireproof junctions or laid in steel pipes or riveted in refractory walls and junctions. Transit lines on mountains with a length of up to 5 m are allowed to pick up darts with aluminum veins.

When laying steel pipes, it is necessary to turn on the penetration of the saw in the middle of the pipes and good boxes, for which it is necessary to tighten the threaded grooves. The trumpets can be connected behind additional couplings without cracks, only in dry and rough hills.

The trumpets are laid behind the knuckle so that they cannot accumulate a volog.

Z'ednannya that vіdnannya mіdnyh аbо аbоlіnіієvykh veins wires аnd kabelіv іn carried out і mаlеvіh sluchnyh (vіdpovіdnyh) zvaryuvannya zvaryuvannya zvaryuvannyam or zapomogoyu stiskiv, scho vіdpovіdatі material, perіzu ііlkostі lived.

Width in lines, laying on hills, to electric primaries, installed in poses of hills, it is allowed for the mind to lay like lines, so it is in steel pipes, nailed in the walls, so that they do not burn, and in overlaps.

Vimikayuchi aparati in lancets, to bring to life the lamps, spread without a middle on the hills, set the pose with the hills, for example, beating the entrance to the hill.

Steel pipes, metal cases of lamps and others metal structures electrical wiring may be grounded.

On the hills, they are harrowed to lay non-metal pipes.

Installation of apartment shields

The shape of the stained electricity and the distribution of electricity for it with the energy supply organization is being changed for the lichnik. The lichnik, as a rule, is mounted on the apartment shield at once with the necessary switching and switching devices and outbuildings. It is allowed to mount the lichniks on wooden, plastic and metal shields.

Promislov_st is letting out single-phase and three-phase lighters for different voltages and struma strength. The main types of characteristics of the pilots in the tab. 16.

Table 16

At the Lanciugs single-phase strumu active energy is controlled by single-phase induction lamps without a middle switch (Fig. 20 a) or switched through a struma transformer (Fig. 20 b). When connected through the transformer to the stream, the indication of the lichnik is multiplied by the transformation coefficient of the stream transformer.

Rice. 20. Switching on a single-phase lichnik: a - single-phase lichil without intermediary switching on; b - inclusion of a single-phase lichilnik through a struma transformer; G - generator clamp; H - zatiskachi for advancement

In tripartite lancers triphasic struma with equal or uneven voltages of the phases, the energy is controlled by two-element switches, for example, type SAZ-І670M or SAZ-І677 without intermediary switching (Fig. 21) or switched on through the winding transformers of the stream (Fig. 22). In both phases, the transformer is to blame for the same transformation coefficient.

Rice. 21. Inclusion of three-phase lichilniki SAZ-І677 and SAZ-І684 without a middle to a three-wire line

Rice. 22. Scheme of switching on the lichilniks SAZ-І670M and SAZ-І681 through the streamer transformers in a three-wire line

Vitrata energy is shown as an additional indication of the lichnik on the coefficient of transformation of the transformer in the stream and the coefficient of transformation of the transformer in the voltage, as if the stink of the stasis.

In chotiriprovidniy merezhі triphasic strumu with equal ta uneven ambition phases of energy can be protected for the help of three single-phase lichilnikiv, including, as shown in fig. 23 or for the help of a trielement chotiriprovid litter type CA4 or CA4U (Fig. 24). When looking at the trom, single-phase lichniks show energy more money display of all three lichniks, multiplications of the transformation coefficients of the transformer in the stream.

Rice. 23. Scheme of the appearance of energy in a choti-pipe line with uneven phase loading for an additional three single-phase lichilnik, switched on through transformers stream

Rice. Fig. 24. Scheme of the appearance of energy in a chotyriprovided line with uneven phase loading behind an auxiliary three-phase lichnik CA4 without middle inclusion

In front of the lichnik, we will install it on the apartment shield, it is necessary to install a knife switch or a bipolar vimikach for a safe replacement of the lichil.

Navantage to the lichilnik obov'yazkovo connects through the attachment of the zakhist. Zahisni pristroi zastosovuyt in order to ensure that in case of a malfunction of the internal electrical wiring, or in case of an emergency rewiring, it was automatically switched on to the main line. With the help of a method, guards are installed in the lancets of various darts in the fence, automatic vimikaci and devices of a good switch-on.

Inclusion is due to the path of opening the line of the phase door. To that zapobіzhniki, as well as unipolar zahisnі abo switching devices for example, automatic devices A3161 or AB25 are installed only at the phase wire. The installation of cih devices zgіdno z PUE at zero dart is not allowed.

The line of the zero port can be explored more than once with the line of the phase port. Tse bezpechuetsya bipolar switching devices. It is possible to block a tripolar device, but with a single-phase (double-wire) input, one of the poles does not vicorate.

In fact, the installation of zapobіzhnikіv at the line as a phase, and th zero droti, is expanded, so that it is super-ready for the help of the PUE.

Installation of zapobіzhnikіv like a phase wire, and in the zero one was grounded by unqualified exploitation of the apartment electrical wiring. Indeed, like a melting insert that burned out in the line of one dart, rudely violating the rules, they replaced it with a dart jumper (“bug”), then the defender took care of the right guard at the line of the second dart. In addition, it did not turn out that on the wiring distance to the guards there would be an extra charge between the phase and neutral wires. For this person, the presence of two zapobіzhniks allows you to safely work repair robots, wyvernuvshi offending crusts. Let's guess, that a bunch of electric energy in the butt was more importantly used in living quarters with current-resistant plugs. central scorching has not yet been expanded, pipelines and radiators in the rooms were open daily. In these minds, the dotik to the electrical equipment with poor insulation should sound without causing damage with an electric jet, and zeroing the case, as it is not necessary to ensure the movement of safety. Now electrification has come out of the inter-living rooms, and near the rooms, more and more often, the grounded pipelines of scorching, water supply, and gas have become grounded. Otzhe, Vinikla imovirnіst opinitisya in contact with the earth or with a grounded metal object under the hour of coring with an electric appliance. In such minds, poor insulation creates the danger of damage by an electric jet.

One of the reasons for ensuring safety is grounding, that is, the termination of metal non-current-carrying parts of the electrically controlled parts from the grounding with a zero drotom. Well, if a lancer has a zero-point dart, a zapobіzhnik or an automatic machine is installed, then for the singing minds of the wines you can use it zero wire, but it is equally important to turn on the ground, which ensures the safety of the worker. Therefore, the installation of zahisnyh devices at the zero dart for the presence of electrical devices, which require zeroing, is unacceptable.

Shield installation. Lower the butt to the installation of the apartment shield from the guards. The shield panel is stamped from steel or plastic with a diameter of 360x170x27 mm. Guards are placed at the upper part of the panel, and a lighter is installed under the guards. The lichnik is fastened with trioma with gvints. At the lower part of the shield under the lichnik, open the chotiri, framed with plastic bushings for introducing darts to the stalk attachment of the lichnik. The shield (small 25) is mounted after the completion of the work with the installation of the internal electrical wiring in the booth and the introduction into the building from the overhead line.

Rice. 25. Admission of the housing shield: 1 - introduction dart; 2 - apparatus, which is switched on; 3 – twist line, what to enter; 4 - zapobіzhnik; 5 - screw of the central contact; 6 - seeing the lichnik to the guards; 7 - asbestos lining; 8 - lichilnik; 9 - shield body; 10 - wooden base

The shield is installed on the wall, which has a simple structure, in places that are easy for access to that service. Vіn is responsible for roztashovuvatisya to the side of the zone of possible mechanical inflows (doors, windows, etc.) and in the pipelines of the scorched, water supply, gas pipeline, not closer than 0.5 m to the vіdstanі.

The shield is to be fastened to the metal base vertically with a knuckle no more than 1°. Vіdstan vіd pіdlogi up to the box lіchіlnі lіchіlіnі maє buti in between 0.8-1.7 m-code.

With the installation of an apartment shield in the areas, de-pairing it, for example, at gatherings, the shield is placed at the closet with the end for the lichnik or in the niches.

A fusible defender is one of the widest devices of defense. For single-button fittings, the fittings are made out as single-pole threaded fittings with E27 cuts. Zapobіzhnik is composed of two main parts (Fig. 26 a): a rectangular base and a cylindrical body, which is screwed in, with a fusible insert. The base is installed on the shield in the lance of the phase door. Before the zatyskach, connected with the central contact, connect the wire, which goes to the terminal (2) of the lichnik; to the zatyskach of the threaded part - a guide, which goes to the navantage. The melting insert is placed at the porcelain cylinder from the two with metal caps from the side of the ends. The insert is installed in a cylindrical body, which is screwed into the base.

Rice. 26. Apparatus for electrosurgery: a - zapobіzhnik of the PRS series: 1 - basis of the zapobіzhnik; 2 - cylindrical body, which can be screwed in, with a fusible insert; b - automatic vimikach PAR-6.3 (PAR-10): 1 - on button; 2 - power button

Melting inserts for guards are issued on nominal strum 6.3; 10; 16; 20 and 25 A.

Automatic vimikachi. For zastosuvannya at apartment shields with fusible inserts, automatic switches of the PAR type were broken up for 6.3 and 10 A with additional sizes, the same as for threaded fittings (Fig. 26 b). At the sight of fuse-links, automatic vimikach after spratsovuvannya re-ready to work. To turn it off, just press the button with a large diameter, and by pressing the button with a small diameter, you can turn off the lancet. Automatically mayut combinations of switches: electro-magnetic - for switching on short flickers and thermal switches - for switching on revantation.

On apartment shields, you can also install single-pole automatic switches A3161 or AB-25 with thermal switches for 15, 20 or 25 A or AE1111 with combined switches for jets from 6.3 to 25 A.

In this hour of promistory, the introductions are released apartment shields other modifications and types

Shields can be both open and closed vikonannya vіdpovіdno for installation on walls or in niches. They are equipped with guards for one, two groups or single-pole automatic switches for two or three groups. Shield dimensions - 260 × 150 × 129 mm. The automation and the lichnik are closed with a plastic case (lid) with a lid for the lichnik and an opening for the handles for controlling the automatic machines. The lid is installed on the straps and is easy to take off. The design of the shield allows the introduction and removal of wires from the top or from below, the possibility of their sealing is transferred.

Bazhano main line of plug sockets and lighting lines automatic vimics. It is possible to save lighting in the house with the rewired lines of plug sockets.

The skin of the installation of the rozrachunkovy lichnik is the responsibility of the mother on the twins, to fasten the casing of the lichnik, the seal with the brand of the holder, and on the zatskniy krishtsi - the seal of the energy-postal organization.

On newly restored three-phase lichniks, seals of state verification are put on with a term of more than 12 months old, and in single-phase lichniks - with a term of more than 2 years old.

Sovereign review of the lichnik is carried out once for 16 years.

Tools, attachments, accessories

When vlashtuvannі electrical wiring zastosovuyut razny іnstrument vіdpovіdno robіt.

When installing electrical installations and postings to install a slusar-mounting tool: pliers, round-nose pliers, side cutters (diagonal wire cutters), a set of various twists, pliers for cutting insulation, knives for cutting metal, core, awl, lower, soldering iron, etc. . 27.

Rice. 27. Electrician's tool

With vibration weekly work hammers, sledgehammers, chisels, bolts of various diameters, drills, electric and hand drills, perforators, a set of drills with variable soldering thinly are installed along the laying of electrical wiring.

For rozmіchuvalnyh robots, it is necessary to have a temple, rіven, lines, vimіruvalnі roulette 5-10 m, templates, compasses, calipers, etc.

When working on the z'ednanny, vdgaluzhennya and kіtsyuvannya wires and cables vicorist klіshі KU-1, press klіshі PK-1, PK-2M, shields with cordolents, gasoline soldering lamps, soldering irons too.

For the re-verification of the lances during the first hour of the installation, it is necessary to use special accessories.

The simplest is an electrical conductivity tester that consists of batteries, electric bulbs and two darts (Fig. 28). To re-check the lancet, the tester is connected to the lancet for additional clamping of the “crocodile” type. If the light bulb is on, it means the lancet is shortened, if the light bulb goes out, the lancet is broken.

Rice. 28. The simplest electrical conductivity tester

For the installation of a support for the insulation of the wire rope, a megometer of the M-4100/4 type is used, rozrakhovan on a voltage of 400 V. The support of the grounding outbuildings is checked with an attachment of the M416 type.

To determine the presence of the voltage in the measure, put indicators and indicators of the voltage.

Single-pole voltage indicators UNN-1m, UNN-90, ІН-90, ІН-91 are used for checking the presence of voltage and the designation of phase wires in electrical installations snake struma with the connection of electric chillers, vimics, cartridges of electric lamps, paraphernalia and other.

Wiring, scho zastosovuyutsya in living booths, guilty of being safe, reliable and economical. When choosing the type of electrical wiring, it is necessary to consider the minds of the right middle ground, the rules of electrical fire safety, as well as the recognition of electrical wiring. Incorrectly designed and poorly designed electrical wiring can lead to overheating and borrowing of future constructions and renovations.

Under the hour of vykonannya electrical wiring should be keruvatisya such high positions: insulation of wires and cables is due to the pressure of the wire; zero dart due to the mother the same insulation as the phase.

Therefore, when choosing a brand, the wire should be protected, which works with a voltage, on which the insulation of the wire is insured, it can be more for the voltage of the life-giving electric wire. The voltage of the wire is standardized: the line voltage is 380 V, the phase voltage is 220 V, and the wires are set to a nominal voltage of 380 V and more. To that, as a rule, stinks are attached to the installation of electrical wiring.

Set the darts to blame for confirming the interest that is being connected. For one and the same brand and one and the same recutting of the dart, differences are allowed for the amount of profit, which should lie in the minds of the laying. For example, darts or cables, laying in the air, are more likely to cool down, lower laying in pipes or attached under plaster. Conductors with humic insulation allow the temperature of heating of their cores, but not exceeding 65 "C, and wires with plastic insulation - 70 "C.

Peretin of strum-conducting conductors should be selected outside the maximum allowable heating of the conductors, in case of which the insulation of the conductors is not damaged.

Cables of the type APRN, APRV, AVRG, APRG, AVVG and other protection of darts and cables are allowed to be laid directly on the surface of the walls, insoles. The height of the laying of їх at the insulating pipes from the metal casing and the flexible metal sleeves is not standardized.

At the dwelling houses, that occupancy is visible until Wimogami PUE(Rules for the construction of electrical equipment) it is necessary to block wires and cables only with medium conductors. Pererizi provіdnikіv povnіnі vіdpіdatі rozrahunkovymi znachennyam, but can't be smaller.

All lines of group merezzh can be but three-conductors (phase, zero working and zero working conductors). In case of zero working and null conductors, it is not allowed to connect the switches at the shields to the hard contact plug.

The conductors of the fault line are easily recognized by stretching the wires of the electrical wiring, for which you need to stop color marking. Zero explorer is indicated by a black color. Zahisny chi zero zahisny guides are indicated by a combination of green-yellow color. A zero working and a zero working PEN-conductor is indicated by a combination of a green-yellow color with black marks on the conductor's ends. Phase conductors can be marked with black, brown, red, blue, violet, gray, erysipelas, white, orange or turquoise colors. Wash the laying of the debt and secure an easy replacement of conductors. Laying phases null conductors, which is carried out at steel pipes, is guilty of zdіysnyuvatisya in one spilnіy pipe. It is allowed to lay them in different pipes, as if by stretching the strum for a long time, which flows through, overshoots 25 A.

Crossing of zero workers and zero winter guides in single-phase two- and three-wire lines, as well as interruption of the zero working conductor in three-phase chotirokh and five-wire lines due to interruption of phase conductors.

Width wiring with unprotected insulated wires in applications without elevated security should be laid at a height of at least 2 m in height, and in applications with advanced security and especially in unsafe applications - at a height of at least 2.5 meters. If it is impossible to see the mind in a real situation, then such wiring must be protected from mechanical failures, or to block the protection of wires and cables.

In places where there is a possibility of mechanical protection, electrical wiring is covered with steel boxes, coils, thin-walled pipes, metal hoses, fences, or laid prihovanno.

When laying protected wires and cables with sheathed materials that burn, and unprotected wires, install at the light and wires (cable) to the surface of the burning bases, but not less than 10 mm. For the safety of the cієї, think to stop the rollers, insulators, clips too. In case of impossibility of safety, it is indicated that the cable should be wired or the cable should be waterproofed on the surface with a ball of fireproof material, for example, asbestos, which protrudes from the skin side of the dart, or the cable is not less than 10 mm lower.

When laying wires and cables along the walls, partitions and steles, it is necessary to trim the architectural line of the accommodation. Descents to vimikachiv and socket outlets are laid vertically (according to the scheme); horizontal lines of wiring - parallel to the cornices; vіdgaluzhennya to the lamps - perpendicular to the line peretina wall and stele.

In case of khovanii, the wiring of the I Cable with the Obolonki z Materіalіv, ugly, illy, Іnexisters are the vozposles of the Budіveliy constructions, in the branches of the college of the collections of the Svitriki I Cable, stupid a svіliy ball of the Vognetrivsky Materiali Z sucker Bokiv, de є zgorodzy .

When attaching wires to their residual laying with wet or dry gypsum plaster, the wiring is checked for the daily shaving of the streak-conducting wires of the wires and short flickering in the mesh.

At saunas, bathrooms, sanitary facilities, and shower rooms, electrical wiring is attached. It is not allowed to lay wires from metal sheaths, near metal pipes and sleeves.

If you are planning to vikonati, then you need to remember about those who follow all the rules before installation. Mustaches, connected with electrical installation in residential and non-residential booths are prescribed by GOST, PUE and SNiP. At the same time, we can look at the possibilities before the installation of electrical wiring.

Obviously, in these documents, the norms are prescribed in the general obsyasi, and therefore all officials must be interpreted okremo. So that you can get the fire and electrical safety, then you should learn our power.

Now we can offer not only to the installation of electrical wiring, but also to the cable tie and the rating of the automation. If you want to report on this process, then go to our recommendations.

At the same time, you need to pay attention before installing the electrics. If you follow these steps, then you will definitely be able to complete the installation of electrical wiring.

1. The electric supply of the living house should be connected to the railings of 220 or 380 Volts. Under the hour of installation, you should also create a grounding system, like a matime.
2. obov'yazkovo is guilty of vykonuvatisya only at special cable channels or electric plinths. For other applications, wiring can be installed on insulators.
3. The laying of attached wiring should be laid in overlappings or special niches, which are designated for this. If you see the lining attached, the line of guilt is to pass along the surfaces, so that you don’t get caught up in the fire.
4. For electrical installation, follow the cable, which may have lived. Aluminum darts it is possible to win only for the laying of electricity from the stovpa to the booth.
5. As a matima cable with a special sheathing, it can be laid through the walls without blocking the metal tubes.
6. Unprotected insulated darts can be laid through the outer walls in pipes, as if they were made from polymeric materials. For dry applications, you will need to install a special insulating sleeve. At the sixth place in SNiP it is ordered to vicorist virva.
7. Zgidno z PUE nezashchenii _izolovani droti zaboryaetsya spend vіdkrito on the surface of the wall and wall. Also, lay your conductors in the cavities of the apartment panels. Carrying out unprotected isolation is allowed only on insulators.
8. Phases and zero wires are conserved and carried out okremo.
9. Route the wiring vertically and horizontally. If you are going to install electrical wiring on the shortest path, you may break safety rules.
10. The housing shield should be installed at a height of 80-170 cm from the bottom. Order access to electrical panel. If you want to be vivchiti, if possible, then you should go to the relevant article.
11. It is not possible to lay wiring on surfaces, as they are heated.
12. It is necessary to carry out electrical installation work at temperatures not lower than -15 degrees.
13. The nominal value of sockets can be 16 A.
14. In water applications steps can be used for bathrooms, kitchens or bathrooms.
15. The minimum number of pidlogs is guilty of becoming less than 30 divs.
16. For skin compresses, there should be less than one point of illumination.
17. It is necessary to conduct an electrical wiring line near the bathroom of the room. Also, the line can be equipped with an automatic vimic.
18. Home merging can be made up of three groups.
19. If you win, then according to the rules, no more than two turns are allowed.
20. As you vykonuєte the reinforcement of the socket box, it is fenced with vikoristovuvaty mounting pin.
21. It is not possible to cross over that wall with voids.
22. It is not possible to install a sconce on the bathroom. Under the hour of steaming the water, the lamp may simply flake.
23. IN wooden booths slid vikoristovuvati less non-combustible cable.
24. Under the hour of installation of electrical wiring, it is necessary to fence off the wires of PUNP.

Tse all the best for the installation of electrical wiring in a private booth in an apartment. Like bachite with tseglinymi budinami problems will be less rich, lower with derev'yanimi.

Z'ednannya drotu and vibir recut

Under the hour of the choice of wires, you can close up with singing fences until you can see them:

1. Mіsce nadali not guilty of pіddavati mechanical infusion. Isolation at the mіstsі z'єdnannya can be mіtsnoy and vydpovidati all vimog.
2. See if you are laying the middle walls, obov'yazkovo owed to the mother, the reserve of mіtsnostі.
3. Commutation lived at the pipes to be fenced off. Usі z'єєdnannya nebhіdno vykonuvati less at rozpodіlnyh boxes.
4. Vikonuvati twisting the dart is categorically fenced. The most beautiful vikoristovuvaty special elements, yakі recognized for zadnannya drota.
5. It is possible to pick up the aluminum from the middle only in rozpodilnyh boxes.

The main costs for the installation of electrical wiring in residential and industrial premises. Now you can look at the table, which indicates the minimum wire cuts for electrical work.

You also need to try to choose the correct span for the cable. Vikonati necessary rozrahunok help you ours. Now you can look at the video showing fire safety rules.

Tse all suchasnі help before the electrical wiring at a private booth in that apartment. Like a bachite, at the same time, impersonal nuances, like a trace of healing.