The period of changing the changing struma. What is the changeable stream and the changeable voltage
Postiyny electric strum - a whole bunch of particles from a charge in a straight line. That is why the voltage or the force (to characterize the quantities) may have the same value directly. Tse those, whose post-strum rises like a snake. Let's take a look at everything.
The history of the appearance of that "war strum"
The posthumous strum was previously called galvanic because of those that it was vibrated after a galvanic reaction. trying to transmit yoga with electric transmission lines. At that hour, neabiyakі superchki mіzh vchenimi zgogo pitanya sharpened. The stinkers navit took away the name "warriors strums". Virishuvalosya food about choice as the main, change or post. "Borotba" was won by a change of sight, the shards of the past know the essence of the costs, being transmitted to the air. Then, transforming the changing look does not add up any difficulties, those that make the permanent strum look like a changing one. To that the rest is easy to convey to the people on the great vіdstanі.
Dzherela permanent electric strumu
As a dzherela, batteries or other accessories can serve, de vine blame for the help of a chemical reaction.
Tse and generators, de vin go into the result, and the next one is straightened out for the collector's rahunok.
Zastosuvannya
IN outbuildings postiyny strum zastosovuєtsya dosit often. Work with him, for example, richly someone buttovі attach, chargers that car generator. Whether a portable device is powered by a dzherel that vibrates a constant look.
On a commercial scale, yogo zastosovuyut in engines and batteries. And in some countries they are equipped with high-voltage power lines.
At medicine for help fast electric struma carry out health procedures.
On the zaliznitsi(For transport) vicorist and change, and post_y see.
Zminny strum
Naychastishe, prote, zastosovuyut yoga itself. Here, the average value of the force and voltage for the singing period is equal to zero. For the magnitude of that directly wine constantly changes, moreover, with equal intervals of the hour.
Shchob vyzvati change strum, vikoristovuyut generators, at some point in the hour of electromagnetic induction, it vibrates for an additional magnet, which is wrapped in a cylinder (rotor), and a stator, wound around a seemingly indestructible heart with a winding.
The change strum is victorious in radio, television, telephony and other systems through those that can change the voltage and strength without wasting energy.
Widely zastosovuyut yoga and in craftsmanship, as well as with the method of hanging.
Vin can be single-phase and rich-phase.
Which is changed by a sinusoidal law, which is single-phase. Vіn zminyuєtsya by stretching the song interval to an hour (period) for the magnitude of that directly. The frequency of the strum is equal to the number of periods per second.
The other type has the largest width of the boot three-phase option. The whole system consists of three electric lanterns, so that they can have the same frequency and EPC, shifting in phase by 120 degrees. Її vicorist for the life of electric engines, furnaces, lighting fixtures.
Rich in roses in the sphere of electricity and practical stosuvannyam, as well as infusion into the high-frequency strum, the people goiter is attributed to the great venerable Nikola Tesla. Dosi all yogo pracі, have been deprived of tips, є pіznami.
Why does the post-yny strum rise from the changeful one, that kind of yogo path from the dzherel to the spozhivacha?
Otzhe, change the name of the strum, the building change for the direct size of the stretch of the singing hour. Parameters, on yakі with whom you turn respect, tse frequency and voltage. At Russia in butovih electric lines apply a changeable stream, which has a voltage of 220 and a frequency of 50 Hz. The frequency of the changing struma is the number of changes in the strength of the particles of the singing charge per second. To come out, that at 50 Hz the wine changes directly fifty times, for which the constant strum is blown out of the change.
Yogo dzherelom є sockets, which are connected by buttovі attach under different voltage.
The change strum starts its own flow from electrical stations, de є iron generators, the stars of the wines come out of the voltage of 220 to 330 kV. Dali to go to the yaks are located near the houses, enterprises and other structures.
At the substation, the jet consumes a voltage of 10 kV. There wine is transformed into three-phase voltage 380 V. In the case of such an indicator, the strum will pass without intermediary to the objects (there is an organized effort of virobnizstvo). Ale zdebіlshoy yogo is reduced to the level of zvichnyh in all houses 220 Art.
Reincarnation
I realized that at the sockets we take a change of strum. But often for electrical appliances a permanent look is needed. For this purpose, special straighteners serve as a method. The process is composed of the next steps:
- connection of the bridge with chotirma diodes, yakі mayut nebhіdnu potuzhnіst;
- connecting a filter or a condenser to the output of the bridge;
- connection of voltage stabilizers to change pulsations.
The transformation can be seen as from a change in a constant strum, and navpaki. But the rest of the moment is much more important. You need inverters, yaki, krіm іnshoy, it's more expensive.
Speaking about the post-yny strum (div. razdil "About strum"), we explained that the wine flowed in one straight - from the plus to the minus (it was accepted that way, wanting to be true). However, most of the vipadkivs are brought to the mother on the right with a change of strum. With a changing stream, electrons collapse over one directly, and alternately first one, then another, changing their own direction. To that, if the lighting lamp is turned on, the electronics in the її ignited threads (the one on the wires) collapse first into one, then into the next beak. Tsei Rukh is mentally shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Try to get through one, then the next day. It doesn’t matter if you figure out that in such a Russian, you’ll change your mind straight ahead, you’ll need a little help, then you’ll be caught in the mist, and then you’ll rush into the next world. What is the relationship with the strum? Before that, how to change the ruh, electronics are guilty of galvanizing (everything can be seen at the right time). It means that the strum will change, and the lamp will change its brightness. And if the stink stinks in front of the serpentine flurry - and zovsim is guilty of dying out. Ale mi tsogo is not bachimo. Why? Because the thread is fried, it is thermally inert and cannot be cooled down in a fraction of a second. That’s why we don’t care about the moment. However, the skin of us is the feel of a practical transformer, which is connected with a straight line to the swing of the struma.
And now varto zamislitsya. Chi means that in a fraction of a second, the electronics from the power plants hit the booth, and in a fraction of a second - back? Earlier, in the "Pro Strum" section, we explained that electrical field in conductors, they expand from a speed of 300,000 km / s, and the electronics themselves collapse in conductors from a speed of approximately 0.1 mm / s. Ale for 1/100 part of a second (the same style three times one time, the stretch of such an electron collapses in one beat), the electrons are less able to move in one straight line, as the electric field is more likely to work in the opposite direction. The axis of why the electronics enter either one or the other day and do not leave between our inhabitants. Tobto, you have your own “home” electronics in your booth. If only we could increase the hour and plugged a voltmeter into the socket in parallel with the voltage, tobto. lamp (Fig. 3) or the ammeter sequentially through the voltage (Fig. 4), then it would be pumped like an arrow, the attachment smoothly changes its indication from zero to the maximum value when the voltage is reduced (Fig. 3) or the struma (Fig. 4). The bail was demonstrated on the little one. Really, obviously, we can’t help it. The reason is the inertness of the arrow, through a yak won you can’t make a hundred in a second. Before the speech, before Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, an explanatory Fig. 5 is given, definitively, without special zusils, you can tell how a voltmeter and an ammeter are connected when the voltage is switched off and the struma in electric lansyug. De voltmeter, and de ammeter, I think you can easily guess. On the diagrams, stench is indicated as V and A clearly.
Then, first, what you need to know is those who change the struma and the voltage in the electric lance are subject to the so-called sinusoidal law. Another - be it sinusoidal colivannya (strum or voltage) are characterized by such important values:
Period T- an hour of zdіysnennya one povnogo kolyvannya. Half of that hour is called a new period. Obviously, in one pіvperіod flow (well, as we discussed - electrons collapse) in one straight line, which can be mentally taken as positive, and in the next pіvperіod vіn flow in another straight line, which can be taken as negative. On the graphs, the positive navperiod will be represented by the upper navvilova over the X, and the negative - by the lower one. Speaking about the measure, it is possible to indicate that the period of the streak is T = 1/50 sec - 0.02 sec.
Frequency f- Tse number of kolivans per second. Now let's cheer up. If we have one injection for the period T, if it takes 0.02 seconds, then in one second we will have 50 injections (1 / 0.02 = 50). And one colivannya є ruh electrons in a row in one bіk, then in the next (two napіvіrіodi). Tobto. for 1 sec, the electrons will crash over the earth in one or another 50 times. Axis to you and our frequency stream in the measure, which is more expensive 50Hz (Hertz).
Amplitude- the largest value of the stream (Imax) or voltage (Umax \u003d 310V) for the period T. Obviously, for one period sinusoidal strum and the voltage reaches its maximum value.
Mitteve meaning - we already know that the changing strum is constantly changing its value directly. The value of the voltage is called at once mittevim meanings voltage. Tse itself stands for the size of the struma.
As an illustration, Fig. 6 shows the value of the voltage (200V, 300V, 310V, - 150V, - 310V, - 100V) of the voltage in the electric line for a single period. It can be seen that at the cob moment the voltage reaches zero, after which it incrementally increases to 100V, 200V, etc. Having reached the maximum value of 310V, the voltage begins to gradually change to zero, after which it changes its direct line and grows again, reaching the value of minus 310V (- 310V), etc. It’s important to show that such a change is direct, you can show that the plus and minus of the rosette are changed by objects - that’s it. so we mentally accept zero as minus, and phase as plus. І v_dbuvaetsya tse 50 times per second. Well, the axis here is something like this ...
Chinne meaning
Otzhe, let's put food - and what a constant pressure one for our own deed is ours changing voltage at the border, shown in Fig. 6? Theory and practice show that it is worth the constant voltage of 220V - fig.7. It’s not so easy to take the price on faith, the shards are clumsy, the voltage, which can be seen for a stretch of one period, the value of 310V can only be in two moments, and at the last hour it’s less. Bo our sinusoidal voltage changes without interruption, then it was dotally bulo to make it clear like that -strong voltage . Even though it’s not a certain specific value of the voltage (or struma), and not some value that changes, we can “estimate” this force. So axis, under the chinnym values of the changeable strum (well, or the strain), we understand such a steady strum, which for that same hour creates the same work (otherwise you see the same amount of heat), that this change strum.
Therefore, our original light bulb (or, for example, a heating appliance) will work as well with a changeable voltage, which changes from zero to 310V, and with a constant voltage of 220V. A 12-volt light bulb, however, is bright as if it were a variable voltage of 12V (changes from zero to 16.8V), so it’s like a battery or a battery (and stink, as it seems, with a constant voltage).
Oh, remember!
An electric strum (voltage), which periodically changes its directness and magnitude, is called a changing strum. Whether any strum is characterized mainly by its frequency, amplitude and chinnym values;
Attach, recognize the vimiryuvannia of the snake struma, show yoga chinne meaning;
The voltage is measured with a voltmeter (or with a combined attachment - an avometer), a strum - with an ammeter (or with a combination attachment - an avometer). You can also win the strum with the so-called strum ticks. To serve as a stench for non-contact vimiryuvannya strum - the working part of the attachment is set up for a little vimiryuvanny dart that for the magnitude of the electromagnetic field, which affects the working part of the strum, information is displayed on the small display about the size of the strum that flows through. An avometer is a combination of attachments (yogo is commonly called simply a tester), which is often called an ampere-voltmeter in its technical passport and serve for vimiryuvannya and struma, and voltage, and support. And digital models can change the frequency of the voltage (struma), and the capacitance of the capacitors and other words - just think of the retailer;
Knowing the value (dіє) of the variable voltage, you can always find out about its maximum value (do not forget - it changes according to the sinusoidal law). And the sound is like this -Umax = 1.4U, de U - chinne value, and Umax - maximum value (amplitude).
Strum buvaє two main species - postіyny and change. In order to understand these terms, it is necessary to guess what the strum - ce orderings of electronics. І axis if the electrons are collapsing all the time in the same straight line, then such a strum is called fast. Ale pіd pіd pіd opnіtyatty ordering ruh sіd razumіt those scho at one moment elektroni ruhayutsya in one straight, and at another moment - at the gate and so without zupinki. The axis of such a strum is already called changeable. If you talk about a constant and a changing voltage, then you may be on the verge, that at a constant voltage + and forever “to be in the same place”.
butt constant voltage You can use a spare battery, you will always know the meaning of + and -. And at the changeable + i change in a deyaky vіdrіzok hour. Otzhe constant voltage I create a constant strum, i vіdpovіdno changing voltage - changing strum. The butt of the changeable voltage can be a significant electric circuit. The standing strum is signified by one straight line, and the changing one by a sagging line.
I think you have more than once had a chance to write 220V, in front of which there is a horizontal sagging line. Tse i є oznachennya zminny strumu.
To give respect to those who are attached, in a kind of victorious strum, at the most important number, they do not allow that, when connected to them, live contacts + i - intertwined among themselves, the shards of how to confuse them, then the attachment can simply “burn out”. And the axis for the changeable voltage is no longer relevant, it’s acceptable, you plug it into the outlet ... the one that’s always good, and it’s not important to insert the plug into the outlet with the side itself, it’s all the same pracyuvatime. Surely, you also happened to write 220V and write type 50Hz. Tse frequency zminny struma. І means won; Write 50Hz (Hertz) means that the polarity of the voltage changes 50 times per second.
Charts
In order to show, as the very change of the polarity of the change in voltage, it is necessary to sort out in the graphs, as to show the voltage in different moments of the hour. Let's look at the graph, which demonstrates the constant tension (vin levoruch). Suppose that this graph shows the voltage on the contacts of the light bulb.
Starting from point 0 to point "a", the graph shows that the voltage reaches zero. Abo, seemingly yoga there, there was no sound (likhtarik vimkneniy). At the moment “a” (in our version on the contacts of the light bulb) there is a voltage that is good for U1, which is left without changing the hour from “a” to “b” (light inclusions). At the moment of the hour "b" The voltage rises again (becomes equal to zero). If you marvel at another graph, which shows a change in voltage, then I think it’s not important to figure out what you see yourself with a change in voltage in a different moment. At zero points, it is equal to zero. After an hour from "0" to "a", the voltage gradually increases to the value of U1 and at that moment begins to fall. After that, at the moment of hour "b" it reaches the zero sign. But as you can see on the graph, the voltage continues to fall and becomes negative. At the point "g" it reaches the minimum, and I start growing again. This phenomenon is repeated by stretching the voltage (do not turn on the light yet. It should be noted that the change in the voltage may not only be of this form. It may be, for example, a straight-cut or practical be-such a form. Now take a look at these two graphs again. Guess how the constant and zminny strum (voltage) is signified.
