Rozrahunkovy strum for single-phase merezhi. Supply of electricity to a private booth and rozrahunok

Whether any electrical appliance is characterized by dekilkom basic parameters, the middle of which is strum and tightness. Some people show less tightness and tension, it’s easy to know the strum at this moment, having shrunk with the famous Ohm’s formulas (it’s understood, with a low guard - for example, buti vіdomy cos is to blame). So it’s self-righteous: knowing the strum and the strain, you can fix the pain of tightness. The global Merezhy has a lot of materials on this topic, and more of them are covered by fakhivtsiv.

Let's take a look at what we can understand under the term "electrical tension", how it can be different and how it is possible to develop tension. The physical sense of tightness shows how fast in the installation (attachment) there is a transformation of electricity on the same type of core robot. Otak mustache is simple! For non-electric outbuildings as a whole, it is permissible to win the term "productivity".

In electrical engineering, it is accepted that it is, as a rule, it is active and reactive sweating. The first one relentlessly transforms into corisnu the robot that vvazhetsya the main. To serve as a single unit of the world Watts and pokhіdnі - Kilowatt, Megawatt that іn. butovy electric appliances show yourself out. Wanting to know does not mean that there is no reactive warehouse. I have a friend of my own - nebazhan, to that the robots do not take part in the vikonan, but are stained on see different cost. Vymiryuєtsya in "var" (volt-ampere reactive) and similar - kilovolt-ampere reactive just. The sum of active and reactive storage forms the same intensity (volt-ampere, VA).

Yaskrav butt active interests- Electric TEN. When passing by an electric jet, heat is generated, moreover, in a straight fallow. So the very thing is the saving of reactive energy - a classic transformer. With yoga robots, a magnetic field is created at the turns of the winding, which by itself is not needed (the power of electromagnetic induction is won). Magnetic conductors are magnetized, they are spent. In other words:

de sin Fi - the sine of the cut between the vectors of the struma and the voltage. It is a sign to lie down due to the nature of the venture (єmnіsne or inductive).

The rise of tension is repaired from the assigned genus of the struma: the constant chi is changing, the shards of the formula are universal.

At the first point of view, there is a consequence of the classical Ohm's law. Tension P є additional stream I on the tension U:

P \u003d I * U (B \u003d A * B).

With a lancer with a dzherel, livelihood is directly insured by EPC: it is necessary for the support of the dzherel itself to be supported. So, a generator or a battery, in some streams flow from “-” to “+”, seeing the energy of the lancer’s vanishing, seeing the tension. Yakshcho perebіg strum opposite to the applied potential (charging battery);

Formula for pain relief for ( single-phase lanceug) vrakhovuє coefficient - "cosine fi". Vіn є vіdnoshennyam aktivі ї warehousing ї tuzhnostі to povnoї. It is obvious that the cosine value of 1 (ideal option) is equal to TENOM, so there is no reactive warehouse. Otherwise, the reduction in costs for the generator will require different compensators and other technical solutions.

In this manner:

The rise in tension is calculated for the skin phase, and then the values ​​are taken away. For snake struma Povna potuzhnіst razrakhovuєtsya as from the sum of the squares of the active and reactive storage. For generating outbuildings (substations), it is more important to know the actual tension itself, since on the basis of this, the elements of the offensive lances are selected. It is obvious that the nature of the adventure cannot be determined in advance in the majority of moods.

Under the hour of designing, whether there are any electric kіl, there will be a rise in tension. On this basis, a selection of the main elements is carried out and the admissible profitability is calculated. Yakshcho rozrahunok for lanceug fast strumu not to become collapsible (according to Ohm's law, it is necessary to multiply the force of the struma by the tension - P = U*I), then it is not so simple to calculate the tightness of the snake struma. For clarification, it is necessary to go back to the basics of electrical engineering, without going into details, we will introduce a short summary of the main theses.

In the lancets of a zminny struma, the increase in tension is carried out by adjusting the laws of sinusoidal changes in the voltage of that struma. At zv'yazku z tsim zaprovadzheno understanding again(S), which includes two warehouses: reactive (Q) and active (P). A graphical description of these values ​​can be made through the tightness tricot (div. Fig. 1).

Under the active storage (P) there is a pressure on the core supply (irreversible conversion of electricity to heat, light, etc.). The value of watts (W) is vimiryuєtsya, on a butt-by-button level it is customary to carry out a survey in kilowatts (kW), in the field - megawatts (mW).

Reactive warehouse (Q) describes the difference and inductive electrical stress in the lances of the strum, the unity of the value Var.

Rice. 1. Tricot tension (A) and tension (B)

Clearly to the graphical presentation, spivvіdnennia in the tricutnik of tightness can be described from the stagnation of elementary trigonometric totologies what gives you the opportunity to win offensive formulas:

• S \u003d √P 2 +Q 2 - for general tightness;
• і Q = U*I*cos⁡ φ і P = U*I*sin φ - for reactive and active warehouses.

Cі rozrahunki zastosovnі for single-phase mesh(for example, on the butt 220 V), for the calculation of tension three-phase mesh(380 V) it is necessary to add a multiplier to the formula - √3 (with more symmetrical) or add to the tightness of all phases (which is why the bias is not symmetrical).

For a brief understanding of the process of adding warehouse tension, we can look at it “cleaner” by showing an interest in an active, inductive, and imaginary look.

Let’s take a hypothetical scheme, in which there is a “pure” active opir and a viable dzherelo variable voltage. A graphical description of the operation of such a lancet is shown in small 2, the main parameters for the singing hourly range (t) are displayed.

Figure 2. Tension of an ideal active tension

We can work out that the voltage and the stream are synchronized both in phase and frequency, the tension can subvert the frequency. To give respect, that directly tsієї values ​​are positive, and it will grow steadily.

As can be seen in the little 3, the graph of the characteristics of the omnipotent drive is slightly different from the active one.

Malyunok 3

The frequency of coliving of the mucosal tension in the veins outweighs the frequency of the sinusoidal pressure change. For the total value of the parameter, stretching one period of the harmonica will be equal to zero. With any increase in energy (W) it is also not to be feared. Such a result indicates that the movement occurs in both directions of the lancer. That is, if the voltage increases, there will be an accumulation of charge in the container. When there is a negative accumulation period, the charge is discharged into the lancet circuit.

The process of accumulating energy in the capacity of the charge and the offensive discharge does not win over the core work.

The presentations below the graph demonstrate the nature of the “pure” inductive drive. Like a bachimo, it changed less and less directly to tightness, which is worth the extension, it is more expensive to zero.

Negative jet injection

In aiming more butts, options were seen, de є “cleaner” reactive vanity. Chinnick vlivu active support without respect. In such minds, the reactive infusion is equal to zero, and then, you can not take it to respect. As you can see, it is impossible for real minds. It would be impossible to turn on the opir of the middle or aluminum cores of the cable, which is necessary for connection to the zherel zhivlennya.

Reactive storage can be manifested in the presence of heating of active components of a lance, for example, a motor, a transformer, connecting wires, a live cable, etc. On the spot, there is a lot of energy, which leads to a decrease in the main indicators.

Reactive tension is injected into the lancet like this:

• do not viroblya zhodnoї corisnoї roboti;
• viklikaє serioznі spend that poshtatnі navantazhennya on elektropriladi;
• may cause a serious accident.

In addition, it is impossible to turn on the factor of inductive and eminent pressure and, as necessary, to transfer the charge technical systems for її compensation.

Rozrahunok relieved tension

You often have to deal with the calculation of sweating, which, for example, to reconsider the allowable tension on the wiring in front of the connection of a resource-consuming electric heater (air conditioner, boiler, electric stove and etc.). Also, for such a rozrahunka, it is necessary when choosing automatic machines rose shield, through which connection the apartment is connected to the electricity supply

In such cases, there is an increase in tension behind the strum, and it is not obov'yazkovo, it is sufficient to sum up the energy of all devices, which can be turned on at once. Without zv'azuyuchis s rozrahunki, you can find out about the qiu value for the skin attachment in three ways:

In case of rozrahunka, it is necessary to check that the starting tension of some electrical appliances can be adjusted according to the nominal value. For butovih outbuildings, this parameter is practically in no way indicated in technical documentation Therefore, it is necessary to return to the relevant tables, where the average values ​​of the parameters in the starting tension for various fittings are calculated (it is necessary to choose the maximum value).

Peredmova

The correct supply of electricity to a private booth can only be broken down after the relay planning, which is based on data taken from the front of the building.

Zmist

Supply of electricity to the booth by one of themselves important moments preparatory work before commissioning. The correct supply of electricity to a private booth can only be broken down after the relay planning, which is based on data taken from the front of the building. In the article, it is told about those how to carry out the construction of electrical installations at a private booth with a method of improving the economy and safety of operation of the appliances.

Individual budinok roztashovaniya at mіstsevosti, de vykorivuyutsya elektrichnі repeat lines. In this way, uninsulated darts are mounted on porcelain or glass insulators, reinforced on wooden, cast-iron concrete and metal supports. In some cases, power transmission lines transmit street lighting, and one more wire is laid in this direction, which is mounted on quiet supports themselves. Street lighting is connected to the “phase” one zero wires, and for keruvannya put vimikach abo magnetic launcher, before contacting any, bring darts for illumination.

Chotiriprovidnykh electric lines null wire is to be grounded at the transformer substation, and then through the skin 100-200 m by a route, for which we install on the supports re-grounding. Vіd chotirioh-аbo p'yatiprіdnoї (with "lіkhtarnym" wire) lines, scho to pass vdovzh ulitsi, rozhat vіdvednya to budinkіv, rozpodіlyayuchi navantazhennya on the skin phase more less evenly: in case of single-phase vіdnіvnіnіnіnіnіy dlya vіdzhіnnya vіdvzhі vіdіnі ї ї , in the other - to the other, in the third - to the third, to the fourth - again in the first place). Another type of dermal double penetration should be brought to zero line.

Formula rozrahunku navantazhennya, tightness and strength strum

For carrying out the investigation, the formula for the rozrahunka of the struma can be zastosovuvatsya, as it is the responsibility of protecting the sprat of parameters. Razrahunok approximate, that is why it is necessary to protect the coeficient of tension, which is more expensive than electrospazhivachiv 0.9-1. If you turn on a 100 W electric light bulb in a 220 V voltage, then a stream at the wires that supply 100 W / 220 V, or 0.45 A (with a coefficient of tension equal to 1). If the electric receiver has an intensity coefficient of 0.9, then with an intensity of 100 W and a voltage of 220 V, the power of the struma is increased by the onset: I = W / KU = 100W / 200Vx0.9 = 0.5A. What is the lower coefficient of tension, tim more strum i, otzhe, spend more energy in drota for the heat of their heating. The formula for rozrahunka navantazhennya can be adjusted in view of the changes in these parameters.

The formula for the intensity of vanishing is victorious, in order to boost the electrical needs of a number of electrical consumers, it is necessary to sum them up nominal streams In some cases, all electrical devices have a coefficient of tension, however, or it can be close to one. With different values ​​of the coefficient of tension, it is known to be an average value, and more often, the value of 0.8-0.9 is calculated and the strength of the struma is calculated, depending on the sum of nominal tensions. The focus on the phase drіt in the case of a three-phase electrical receiver is improved, depending on the fact that one third of the tightness falls on the skin phase and that the phase stress is 1.73 times less per linear: the tension of the three-phase electrical receiver is divided by nominal line voltage and the coefficient of tension by 1.73. Calm down three-phase strum, One of the phases is seen for the life of single-phase electrical receivers, the strength of the strum in the second phase is determined, subsuming the power of all three single-phase electrical receivers. Do not add single-phase electrical receivers to the jet in the other phase wires, but stench should be used as a jet zero dart(When only three-phase electric pickups are turned on, the struma is not in the zero wire).

The formula of rozrahunka strength struma with the correct zastosuvanni allows shaping stіyku to fluctuations in the tension of the thread. Practically all electrical receivers in your booth may have a different electrical opir, which is the result of a difference in values electrical voltage the power of the electric stream. Electric Opir(conductor, electric spray, TV too thin) in ohms (Ohm), equal to electric voltage in volts (V), divided by the power of the stream in amperes (A): R \u003d U / I. If a voltage of 220 V is applied to the electrical receiver, and when a stream is flowing with a force of 0.5 A, then the opir of the lance becomes 440 Ohm. If the opir is increased, then the strength of the struma will proportionally change. Vykorostovuyuchi fallows: I = W / U and R = U / I, arithmetic path is taken: WR = U2.

It is possible, knowing the magnitude of the electrical voltage and the tension of the electric damper, to calculate this opir. Or calculate the intensity, knowing the values ​​​​of R і U. For example, the opir of an electrical voltage of 220 W becomes 484 ohms, and the opir of an electrical voltage of 1 kW is 48.4 ohms.

Opir wires of electrical wires sound to be found in the boundaries of the chasms of Ohm up to 1-2 Ohm, heating of wires electric jet to lie in the support of that strength of the strum, so that the electric power is rotten (insufficiently tightened screws, not enough twisted and cleaned darts), this opir appears larger and blames unsafe overheating, it is possible to catch fire. At short flicker the tension of the rope is applied to the darts closed between themselves, the opir is small, and the strength of the stream grows, exceeding the allowable values. Even if there are no necessary visits to the defense (for example, daily guards), the darts can catch fire.

Do housekeepers blame the power supply: with what kind of dart is it better to mount the electrical wiring - with copper-colored aluminum housing? Obviously, the food is correct, as they toil on the same darts: they lived, the type of insulation, etc. Pitomy opir midi is 1.6 times less, lower nursery opir aluminum. For transmission of one and the same electrical pressure before the unsafe heating, it is necessary to choose the aluminum ceilings lived 1.6 times more, equal to the midway.

Thermal conductivity coefficient midi 390 Vk / m x K, and aluminum 209 X \u003d Vk / m x K, then in midi 1.7 more. Tse means that, as in the same place in the middle they lived, for example, for a rotten contact, the vine of overheating - the temperature increased, then the same temperature increase and more rose up along the middle vein, lined with aluminium. Father, victoria middle conductors May be without any perevagi compared with aluminium.

For the specified exhaustion є energy for one hour, electric energy E is more expensive: E \u003d Wt, de t - hour.

Vymiryuyut the value of E for the help of electric chillers. If the power consumption of electrical appliances is to become 1 kW in total, then for 1 year of work 1 kW / year will be consumed, the same amount of electricity will be spent for 4 years of electrical power consumption of 250 W or electric lamps of 100 W for 10 years.

You will need: a lot of electric heaters are included in the booth - electric bulbs, a refrigerator, a TV set, electric heaters, etc. Ring out all the stench of the day in parallel, prote in rare fluctuations sharpen and last day condolences. For example, you need to loosen up, having bought a new electrical attachment (and knowing the tightness and tension, if you are guilty of putting it in your passport), not only the power of the strum through this attachment, but also some kind of automatic safety device, it is necessary to put the attachment in the lancets, as it is connected in parallel to the one already connected others. Tobto nebhіdnі shortest data for rozrahunku electric kіl.

Dali, as you have є specific electric lanceug, submitting the values ​​of U, Rv R2, etc., and taking the necessary numerical values, just do not forget to write down all the values ​​\u200b\u200bin the International System of units of SI - volts, amperes, ohms and watts. Vtіm, as if you have called to kіnskih forces (k.s.), then remember that 1 liter. from. - 735.5 W.

Information about electrical engineering has been provided - that technical minimum that you need to know in order to competently operate electrical systems at your booth.

Instructions on how to designate and adjust the tightness of electric fittings for electric appliances with butts

They gave an introduction to the rozrahunku elektrichnyh navantage at a private homeowner to improve the productivity of the land. Carrying out expenses for the expenses of electric appliances also allows you to speed up the financial expenses to pay for the expenses for electricity.

We choose for folding the scheme to complete the typical variant of a double-topped booth and, consequently, we can look at all the stages of folding electrical circuits electrical wiring.

In order to carry out the designation of electrical installations, it is necessary to proceed in the following order: we place a booth on the plan according to the placement of all electric heaters, which can be included in the booth. Dali given practical application of the rosary electrical tethers, yakі it is possible to vikoristovuvatime folded vlasnogo plan.

First over.

• Vitalnya 30 m2. There is a TV set (60 W), a music center (50 W), a video player (10 W) here. For lighting, chandeliers are used (5 bulbs of 60-300 W) and two sconces of 100 W each - 500 W at a time.
• Corridor, gangway - lighting with electric lamps of 100 W each (200 W in total).
• Kitchen: electric stove (1.5 kW), washing machine (1.8 kW), electric heater (1.5 kW), refrigerator (400 W), lighting - chandelier (200 W) and wall lamp (100 W), total 300 Tue

Another on top.

• Bedroom - lighting - sconces (200 W).
• Toilet room - lighting (100 W).
• Hall - lighting (200 W).

For the inclusion of all the appointments of the guards, mount a group fence. Group merezhu vykonuyut, as a rule, three groups. The first group is recognized for eating lighting fixtures, another to serve for the connection of plug sockets for 6A without neutral (zeroing or grounding) contacts, the third to live electrical receivers, which require the neutralization of the body of an attachment, for example, a kitchen stove. To the group group, attach sockets with their own contact.

Can't combine null conductors different groups of wires, which serve to connect the back contacts of plug sockets to zero wires, it is not possible to enter either names or indicators. It is allowed to change the life of plug sockets and lighting.

If you follow all the rules, so that you combine lighting fixtures in one group, 6A socket outlets in another, socket outlets with a closed contact in a third, then as a result, a large amount of wires is taken away. How to carry out electrical adjustments, take the butt as a basis, varto carry out the adjustment of tensions according to the passport data of electrical appliances.

The methodical formula for the calculation of the support for the voltage of the electric voltage

Opіr navantazhennya formula allows you to reschedule as accurately as possible when planning the most efficient work merezhі. In order to determine the load voltage, the formula must include all the parameters of the working devices. Methods of rozrahunku elektrichnykh navantazhen at a private homeowner can be looked at on this side in the butts of the conducted investigation.

Group #1

Combined plug sockets and lighting fixtures at the vitals up to group No. 1. The total pressure of all appliances turned on overnight is 620 watts. Apparently, that vinyl needs to include a floor lamp, a hair dryer, a cavo grinder, an electric soldering iron, etc. - little is to blame for the situation. Dodamo on such non-transferred windshields of 300 W - let the maximum intensity of all electric springs, switched on at once at the vital, reach 900 W. Do not fight in the reasonable borders of dependency on the tightness of the electricians - small additional costs for electrical wiring will be paid off in excess during the day of unsafe sleeping at your booth. The maximum power of the struma lansyug is: I = (900W) / 200V = 4.1A.

The magnitude of the struma on the way to the lancer's guard, and the strum at the wires leading to the sconce, will be significantly smaller. If you pass the sconce through the wiring box to enter the central cores, then the power of the struma in the new: 100W / 220V = 0.45 A.

Before the sconce, you can lay the wire with a significantly smaller peretina.

The maximum admissible drive on socket without grounding contacts 1500 W, and the number of sockets per 30 m2 is 3-5 pieces (according to BNip - 1 socket per 6-10 m2 of living space). Nareshti, the highest maximum strum does not exceed 6 A, so you can beat the 6 A for the main part of the group line. At the same time, automatic wiping, rozchіpluvachі such rozrakhovanі on 16 A - illuminating the string and string of plug sockets.

We have a great “reserve of electricity”, close to 12 A (16 A - 4 A), to which group No. 1 you can turn on the lighting of the kitchen, corridor, gangway, toilet room and garage. The total intensity of all electric heaters in the vital and lighting fixtures in other rooms in the warehouse is close to 1.6 kW, the power of the struma is not to exceed 7.3 A, and for group No. And, or 3.6 kW - ce the intensity of all the one-hour inclusions of the spares.

Group #2

In group No. 2, you can see sockets with a cold contact for an electric stove, electric heater, refrigerator, etc. cleaning machines. The total power of the circuit is 5.3 kW, and the power of the jet of the lancer group No. 2 in stock: I = 5.3 kW / 220V = 24A.

Practically turn off one-hour turn-offs for all listing of accessories, and for tsієї group you can win automatic wimicach with a difference in the strength of the struma 25 A.

Group №3

Nareshti, up to group No. 3, increase sockets and light the other on top. If more alarms are indicated, set the automatic switch to 16 A.