Vikonu grounding of electrical installations. Grounding pieces and natural. Grounding outbuildings in areas with a great pet support of the earth
Watching the video (clicking on the picture)
The shards of power supply security in the field of electricity supply may be of great importance, today I will present one article on this topic and a small video clip. Let's talk more about grounding, three reports are relevant to the Rules for the Improvement of Electrical Installations (PUE). Our vape needs to know about the electric supply of the fuel individual booth, To what extent in the absolute majority of fluctuations a single-phase voltage is applied. To that beastly respect itself on those stats, that position of the PUE about grounding, as if they themselves are in such a state of mind.
Let's look at these stats:
1.7.57. Electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV of residential, communal and commercial life and state-of-the-art installations are, as a rule, responsible for removing live power from a dead-grounded neutral from a TN system.
"Electrical installation with a voltage of up to 1 kV live ... budіvel" - all those that are connected to a single-phase electrical power supply of 220 volts at our booth. Refrigerators, televisions, light bulbs... All electrical installations.
And the axis "jerelo with a dead-earthed neutral" is a transformer, the transformer has three windings installed in the transformer substation. From the third transformer go to the three-phase relay and one neutral. Tsey neutral wire on the cob itself, without intermediary, it can be taken from the ground (earthing).
True, there are no other obov'yaskovyh elements of TP shown here: vimikachi, zapobіzhniki toshcho. Only three windings are shown, one end of such connections with N (neutral) wire and grounding. Other ends of the windings through the windings and vimikachi are located near the line: phases L1, L2 and L3. The very three darts at once from the fourth movement on the supports and bring the tension to the life-boats.
Now about those that such a TN system (or TN type).
The first letter in the designation shows how the neutral of the transformer is grounded. T - grounded, I - not grounded.
Other and offensive (like є) - a method of grounding the body of the rescuer. T - its grounding. N - through the zahisny explorer.
On the guidance diagram of the images, type TN, the neutral of the transformer is grounded, and the body of the auxiliary (for example, water heater) is grounded through a protective conductor.
There are two additional types: TN-C and TN-C-S. I'm not going to look at it, so as not to make a lie to the swindler. More importantly, stinks are little breathed into the TN type.
And the axle type TT deserves special respect. From the knowledge, it was already clear that the water heater (our water heater) can be well grounded.
PUE does not goiter to win over the TN system, even if there are: ...mayut, as a rule, ... І at PUE є the appointment of this understanding:
1.1.17. ... The words "as a rule" mean that chia vimogaє we will override, and the entrance to the new one may be buti primed.
I'll try to wrap it up. I realized that for the rich-surface goosebump this system is more suitable. But if there is a question about the electric supply of a closed private booth covered with lines, dragged on wooden supports - the power supply should be installed otherwise.
The supports are rotten for an hour, get clean and are trimmed at the vertical position only for the wires. I keep such a watch for a little more than a day. On these pillars of the quarters (zero), the conductors are lowered to the lowest, and cut off like a lumber carrier, to pass along the line, do not become any problems. Especially, it’s like sitting at a kerm with a slob under a turah, which, well, we’re not so rare.
And if so, then the superiority of the TN system is able to outrage people in the face of shock electric jet in the minds of the village is far from stovidsotkova. In case of damaged insulation, for example, an electric boiler or a concrete mixer, its body can be under tension or its part. Being ungrounded when broken zero dart, the whole corps is a serious problem.
All the same, it allows you to use a grounding system of the TT type, as it is possible for an authoritative grounding and building protection of a person in a similar situation.
Now about those, how the PUE sets the parameters, with which the next keruvatisya at the hour of the grounding at your booth. First, the text has table 1.7.4:
The smallest number of grounding conductors and grounding conductors, laying near the ground
| Material | Revision profile | Diameter, mm | Cross section area, mm 2 | Tovshchina of the wall, mm |
| black steel | Round: | |||
| 16 | ||||
| 10 | ||||
| Rectangular | 100 | 4 | ||
| Kutovy | 100 | 4 | ||
| Trubny | 32 | 3,5 | ||
| Steel galvanized | Round: | |||
| for vertical grounding; | 12 | |||
| for horizontal grounding | 10 | |||
| Rectangular | 75 | 3 | ||
| Trubny | 25 | 2 | ||
| Mid | Round | 12 | ||
| Rectangular | 50 | |||
| Trubny | 20 | 2 | ||
| Rope | 1,8* | 35 | 2 |
* Diameter of the skin dart.
Do not take into account the fact that the parameters shown in the tables are not only for vertical grounding devices, but also for conductors that lie near the ground. For example, pins hammered into the ground made of black steel with a diameter of 16 mm can be joined together for an additional shank with a peretina of 100 mm 2, tobto 25x4 mm.
Dali the earthing worker is guilty of backing up with the head bus, which is grounding. It is possible to use a steel or a mid-plate, aluminum in which case the PUE is not allowed:
1.7.119. ... The main grounding bus may be, as a rule, copper. It is allowed to stop the head tire from steel. The use of aluminum tires is not allowed.
At the design of the busbar, the possibility of an individual view of the conductors coming to it can be transferred. Vіd'єdnannya may but we can only do it for the help of the tool.
...
About wires to connect the bus from the grounding device to the housings of electrical appliances. About them go to the article PUE 1.7.121:
Zahisnі conductors(PE conductors)
1.7.121. As PE-conductors in electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV, they can vicorate:
...
- lived in multi-core cables;
- isolated insulated darts at the bedroom shell with phase wires;
- stationary laying of insulated and non-insulated conductors;
And article 1.7.123 PUE is ahead of the inadmissibility of vikoristannya as grounding of such engineering measures:
1.7.123. It is not allowed to vicorate as PE-conductors:
- metal shells of insulating tubes and tubular darts, carry the ropes with electrical cables, metal hoses, as well as lead sheathing of wires and cables;
- gas supply pipelines and other pipelines of combustible and vibration-resistant speeches and sumishes, sewerage pipes and central scorching;
- water pipes for the presence of insulating inserts in them.
Before rewriting the conductors, then table 1.7.5 is presented:
Hire a travel guide
| Resection of phase conductors, mm 2 | The smallest pererіz zahisnyh provіdnіv, mm 2 |
| S ≤ 16 | S |
| 16 S ≤ 35 | 16 |
| S > 35 | S/2 |
Mostly for a private booth, you can win the first row of the PUE tables. It is indicated that the overflow of the grounding dart is grounded in the form of a phase overpass. Tobto, at any time, there is no need for a mother to cut a smaller one, a lower one for a phase one. More - be kind.
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Entry
Description, characteristics of the enterprise
short description workshop
Characteristics of the viking robots
Grounding and zeroing electrical control. Vikonannya is null. Installation of outbuildings zahisnogo grounding
2 External ground loop and installation
3 Reconstruction of supports of grounding outbuildings
4 Installation of internal grounding bar
5 Vimogi PUE to the grounding of electrical installations
Safety equipment
1 Organization of the work place of an electrician
2 Wimogi safety in front of the cob of roboti
3 Wimogi security pіd hour work
4 Security assistance in emergency situations
5 Vymogi security after the completion of work
List of references
Entry
The electrical engineering industry plays an important role in the accomplishment of the tasks of electricity, technical redesign usikh galuzey popular government, mechanization, automation and identification of manufacturing processes
Until 2005, Russia will spend 1 trillion rubles on the generation of electricity. kV/year. Inserted electrical pressure okremih enterprises reach 3 million kW, and the number of electrical machines on them - 100 thousand. PCS. In order to save electricity at the low end of the business, it is now moving 5 billion kV/year. Over the course of 10 years, the rate of reduction of electricity in the world increases by about twice. Increasing the productivity of the practice, development of electrical engineering processes, implementation of the entrances to a good conservation dovkilla, The promotion of progressive technologies is given in the period 1999-2010. to a distant rise in the electric shock of enterprises.
An important role in the development of domestic electrical engineering was played by Russian scientists and winemakers P.N. Yablochkova, O.M. Lodigina, M.O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky and in. priority for creation and zastosuvanni three-phase system snake struma lie down M.O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, who was born in 1891 zdijsniv transmission of electrical energy at a voltage of close to 150 kW at a pressure of 15 kV on a distance of 175 km. We also created a synchronous generator, a three-phase transformer and an asynchronous motor.
In 1920 The All-Russian Star is glad to have approved the Sovereign Plan for the Electricity of Russia (GOELRO), which has delivered over 10-15 years of life thirty new regional power plants with a total energy production of up to 8.8 billion kWh per year. This plan was vikonan for 10 years. Z 1930 large towns district thermal power plants began to step by step combine in the electrical system, as ninth stations are filled with the main generators of electricity for the most important industries.
Before 1960 the intensity of the great generators of thermal power plants became 100 MW. At one power plant, six generators were installed. Therefore, the intensity of the great thermal power plants was 600-800 MW. After the development of blocks of 150-200 MW, the intensity of the great power plants increased to 1200 MW, and after the development of blocks of 300 MW - up to 2400 MW. In the given hour, to introduce thermal power plants with a capacity of 6000 MW from blocks of 500-800 MW.
Efficiency of interconnection of energy systems by saving the total installed pressure of generators with additional summation of the maxima of energy systems disruption, which are broken at the hour.
During the period of market reforms in Russia, the electric power industry, as before, was the most important life-saving country in the country. The warehouse has over 700 power plants with a heat output of 215.6 million kW.
The Unified Energy System of Russia is one of the world's largest high-automated electric power complexes, which ensures the generation, transmission and distribution of electric power and centralized operational dispatch control of these processes. At the warehouse єz Rosіino parallelno babeline 450 Great Elektrotanzi Rіzno-ї додомужной поднажножності, SUMARY WORDSHOE PONADE 200 million kWh, and Tozhe є Ponads 2.5 million km Lynіy ECELTRADASS RІZNY NARY, THEN NORMA 30 TSAKHY KM SYSTEM SYSTEMBARY LEP HIGH 50, 1150 KV .
Maintenance of electrical installations industrial enterprises hire hundreds of thousands of electricians, depending on the qualifications of some of them uninterrupted work electrical installations. Personnel are obliged to know the basics of the Rules technical operation electrical installations, state standards and other directive materials, as well as the power of electrical machines, transformers and devices, to win the materials, tools, attaching that possession, which is to be stopped during the operation of electrical installations.
1. Description, characteristics of the enterprise
"Omskshina" plant is one of the leading enterprises chemical industry Omsk region. The plant reached the holding SIBUR - Russian tires from 1 September 2006, until which also enters all Russian enterprises of the tire industry. Finished products to the plant of automobile and aviation tires of various assortment.
The enterprise is located near the center of the city in the industrial zone of the city along Buderkina budinok street 2. In fact, the main life of the plant began in the autumn of 1941 Yaroslavl and Leningrad tire backwaters were evacuated to Omsk. February 24, 1942 from the conveyor, the plant received the first tire with a size of 6.50-20 (for the "one and a half"). This day is celebrated as the People's Day of the Omsk Tire Plant. In 1944 the factory was handed the Chervony Ensign of the Sovereign Committee of the Defense of the SRSR.
Today "Omskshina" is the other largest tire manufacturing enterprise in Russia. There are three stages in the history of the Omsk tire industry:
From 1942 to 1964 - the period of formation and development of military and military fates;
From 1964 to 1993 - an hour of expansion of growth, the achievement of high economic indicators and the development of the social sphere, which ended with a period of decline in production;
Z 1993 to the present hour - the period of privatization and development, gaining new positions on the market.
2. Brief description of the workshop
Finished products for the workshop - car cameras of a different assortment, as well as commodity gum.
The possession of such equipment for the autocamera shop and its size is presented in table 1.
Table 1. - Change of ownership installed in the camera
No. p / p Name of the property Kіlkіst 1 Gumovozmіshuvach RS 270 ×30 32Rezinozmіshuvach RS 270 ×40 38RAGRANTER 380/450 34 Resilk Drum for granules35wants customized cm 2100 660/66046 Wanders customized CM 2130 660/66027 WHAT Customized PD 800 550 / 55018Vallers Customized PD 630 315 / 31519Vallers Customized PD 320 160 / 160110Vallers Customized DR 800 490 / 610111Valtsa Aggregate CM 2100 660 / 660312Turbovozduhoduvka TV - 80 - 1,6813Agregat crushing waste rubber APR 420 / 400114Mashina single screw MCHT - 250 single screw 315Mashina MCHT - 200116Agregat kamernyy317Agregat fleppovyy118Stanok docking sled for IUI EPE1319Stanok docking chambers for driving chambers MINLAND520Stanok for docking sled chambers ROSSIYa221Individualny vulcanizer chambers VCI - 458122Individualny vulcanizer chambers VCI - 552723 Individual chamber vulcanizer IVK - 75924 Individual chamber vulcanizer IVK - 85225 ok for punching openings at flaps431Verstat for cutting valves 132Attachment for throating spools433Pneumatic installation3 and rechecking autocameras for tightness2 3. Characteristics of victorious robots
Under an hour of virobnichoy practice, I was engaged in various robots, intervened without interruption in my specialty - an electrician. A leather working day began with a bypass of the possession and an inspection of electrical installations. So the bones were twisted in their black individual zakhistu: kilimki, boots, mittens technical service and the repair of electrical equipment. Likewise, the journal fixed a change of work, the manager of the change. Crimea singing factory it was necessary to vikonuvati roboti z usunennya problems scho zavazhayut productivity pratsі main virobnitstva, tobto. replacement of a burned-out light bulb over the vulcanizing chamber or replacement of a burned-out engine with a puncher, another machine syringe. Vimknennya that the launch of the possession (after the weekend) is registered in the journal. I had to deal with the sluice robots, preparing the fixing elements for the timchas. So it was necessary to pick up the rigging robots on their own, not directly related to the installation, but to the service, to bring the electric motor, which was fired, for rewinding. The technical maintenance was carried out at transformer substation No. 26, maintenance of electrical machines (electric motor), as well as at a 10 kW extension. The service was a cleaning of the installation for drilling and saw, broach of the bolted connections. 4. Grounding and grounding of electrical control. vikonannya zeroing. Installation of outbuildings for grounding
.1
In case of poor electrical insulation, different metal non-current-carrying parts can be shocked under tension, creating an unsafe electrical shock to people. Sticking around in the possession of poor insulation, people become a guide for the strum into the ground. Strumi vіd 0.05 A is not safe for a human being, but strumi 0.1 А is deadly. The significance of the struma, which is to pass near the ground, to lie in the electric support of the body of a person and the voltage of a low-voltage installation. Opіr body of a person kolivaєєєєєєєє in wide ranges: in іді іділкох hundreds to thіsіyach Ohm, that's not safe for your life and health, I can represent installations and visibly small pressure on the vіdnoshnennia to the earth. The stress of the earth when it is zipped onto the body is the voltage between the body and the points of the earth, which are located in the zone of the rise of the streams near the earth, but not closer than 20 meters to the center of the zone. One of the main entrances to the attack of people in the form of an electric shock at the dotik to the installations, which vipadkovo opipilis under the pressure, є attachment of the arresting grounding. Grounding - navmisne electrically grounding whether parts of the installation are from the ground, as if to help grounding and grounding conductors. Grounding - cement conductor or a group of conductors, laying at the ground. Grounding conductor - a metal conductor, which is the rear part of the electrical installation, which is grounded, from the grounders. A grounding extension is a collection of grounding devices and grounding conductors. The safety of people can only be reached in that moment, as the earthing attachment of the mother is richer than the opir, the smallest opir of the human body. The support of the grounding outbuilding is the sum of the supports of the grounding earth and the grounding conductors, and it may be in the boundaries, designated by the front rozrachunk. The maximum allowable support for grounding outbuildings depends on the voltage of the installation, the values of the earth flicker, the presence of neutrals and other minds and are installed by the PUE (rules for powering electrical installations). Strum zamikannya on the ground - strum, scho to pass through the ground at the mist zamikannya. For the protection of people in the event of an electric shock, at the times of the metal insulation, the non-conductive parts of the electrically controlled parts are grounded. Complex of entrances technical outbuildings, recognized for the purpose of met, call them grounded. Zahisne grounding є navmisne z'єdnannya іz the earth under the special grounding conductors and grounding conductors metal parts electrical installations (handles for drives of roses, casings for transformers, flanges for supporting insulators, housings for transformer substations, etc.). The head of the grounding grounding is covered by the folded between the metal structures, or I will add the body, which is protected, and with the earth of the electric plant to douse a small support; in case of single-phase shortings to the ground or to the body of the jet-conducting low-voltage parts of electrical installations, it is so safe to lower the stream to a value that does not threaten the life and health of people, shards electric opir This body is richer than the support of a metal conductor obtained from the earth. Flooding on the ground of the tse vipadkove electrical installation parts of the electrical installation, which are under tension, without intermediary from the ground, or with її constructive parts, not insulated from the ground. Zahisne grounding is to be taken from all the merezhas insulated neutral the one in the strings with a voltage of 1000 V from a grounded neutral. In the rest there are specks single-phase flicker flow through the ground and call out when the emergency road is turned on. Malyunok 1. − Scheme three-phase mesh from insulated neutral (a) that modes of її work with a dotik of a person to a linear drotu (b); grounding one line dart and dotik people before otherwise (in); dotik of a person to a linear dot in the system grounded neutral (g) and in the system with grounded neutral with other linear darts (d) At the edge of a dead-earthed neutral, electrical receivers are alive in the windings of the jerela struma, connected to the star, the zero point of which is above the earth. A deep-earthed neutral is called the neutral of a transformer or a generator, which is brought to the grounding outbuilding without a middle or through a small opir. Grounded neutral. At PUE, it is stated that the electric wires are over 1000. They are wired with three-phase wires with an insulated neutral, and there are also wires with a voltage of 22, in which there are punches The windings of power transformers of domestic production with a voltage of 110 kV and moreover, they are also protected for the work from a grounded neutral, because the stench may not completely insulate zero windings. On fig. 1 shown secondary windings transformer Tr, to live chotiriprovidna with a voltage of 380/220, the neutral is insulated. Let the Danish moment of isolation be completely right. Prote three pillars R, connected in the sky, neutral as the earth, mentally show the lack of insulation of wires, like a singing world all the same to conduct a strum. Three capacitors, connected to the star, the neutral that also serves as the earth, mentally represent the electrical capacity of the conductors of the earth, which is more important in the electrical installations of the strum, so it is possible to carry out the change of the strum. What kind of voltages are found at electrical installations, what are you looking at? Between the line wires, the voltage is 380 V, and between the skin line wire and the neutral of the transformer - 220 V, so the earth appeared to the neutral star from three equal supports R and three equal capacities C. If the ground, then between the neutral of the transformer and the ground, the voltage is equal to zero, but, obviously, only the line is not energized, but the voltage of all phases is the same. Figure 2. - The operation of the three-phase circuit with a dead-earthed neutral at the dotik of the person to the strum wire (a), grounding (b) and grounding (c) electric motor The dot of a person standing on the ground is unsafe to one of the linear darts, shards through the incomplete insulation of the dart that body of a person passed the strum (Fig. 2). The strength of this stream, then, and the rіven nebezpeka are determined by the values of the supports, capacitances of the capacitors and the phase voltage. And here the person is resting under a voltage of 220 U. But what happens, like one of the line darts to ground, and a man, like standing on the ground, bumps into another line dart? 3 fig. 3 it is clear that a person will now appear not under phase, but under linear tension 380 V, which means unsafe. At the fences from the grounded neutral, a person who stands on the ground and touches the line rod, consumes the phase voltage. If another line conductor is grounded, the burner will burn out, but the voltage increase from the phase to the line one will not occur. The dotik to the strum-conducting element in the mezhі z dead-earthed neutral is not safe, for that, when the short circuits of the lance are established, for which the voltage is applied from the phase A through the body of the person, vzuttya, pіdlogu, the earth and the grounding of the neutral flow vrazhє strum. Unsafe - also a dotik to an electrical receiver, in which it became a flicker on the grounding of the case. Crimium for ensuring the minimum support of the grounding outbuilding, it is also important to ensure that the equal voltage is applied to the device, which is protected, and over the entire area of the electrical installation. Maximum potential (U 3) can be grounded, connected with the body of the grounded apparatus, and the ground that sticks out of the grounding device. At the world far away from the earth, the potential on the surface of the earth falls, reaching step by step zero value. Opir ґruntu on tsіy vіdstanі is called the support of the rose. A person, who sticks to the body of the apparatus with poor insulation, is under pressure, the value of which is determined by the fall of the potential on the distance between the point of the dotik yogo to the apparatus, that point of pushing the earth with his feet. This voltage is called the elastic dot (U prik ). Between the feet of a person who is approaching a poshkodzhenny device, there will also be a difference in potentials, as it is called an elastic crock (U croc ), the meaning of which is to lie down in the width of the crop and in the distance to the month of failure. Figure 3. Scheme of the crock voltage derivation The voltage of the coil and the voltage of the dot vinikaє, as in the grounding line, there is a single-phase flicker to the ground. Drive through the vertical grounding device Z (Fig. 3), rotting at point 0, a stream of single-phase flickering flows into the ground. At the world, in the distance, there is a grounding streak and a drop in voltage, which calls out, changes without interruption, tobto. If there is a maximum potential at point 0, then the potential at a point on the ground, roztashovanoy distance of 20 m from the ground, is practically equal to zero. The change in the potential of the soil in the fallow land at the point 0 is characterized by the AM curve. Having spread the 0M on the rails with a length of 0.8 m (the average width of the crook of a person), it is easy to recognize according to these curves, as a person uses a load, as to be found on a stony vіdstanі in the ground. For example, as the legs of a person, who walk, are located at a height of 1.6 and 2.4 m from the ground, then the potential of the soil is characterized by points B and G of the AM curve, and the VJ in the same scale shows the difference in potentials, tobto. voltage. The tension, under which a person can be opinated, who goes in the zone of spreading on the ground of a stream of single-phase humming, is called an elastic crock. What voltage changes in the world in the distance from the grounding device (VZh<БЕ<АД) и на расстоянии более 20 м от заземлителя оно практически исчезает. Injury of people through the appearance of a voltage to a crop at times of a single-phase flicker to the ground is more rare due to small values of the voltage. And yet, if the tension is blamed, when falling on the ground, the broken line, which broke off, can reach great values. In such valleys, out of the zone of dif- ferent voltages, there are traces of cracks, vicorous dry boards, sheets of plastic and other insulating materials, and behind them - cracks. The voltage is also unsafe, which vibrated for an hour of robotic earthing, in the mode of single-phase earth flickering. I 3, then on the grounding outbuilding R 3I create voltage drop I 3R 3, then. voltage dotik. Sticking around at the same time to the body of the apparatus with poor insulation, a person can drink either under the same voltage 3R 3, or yoga part. The most unsafe situations, if the recipient is with poor insulation and a person who has reached the new one, are found at a distance of more than 20 m from the ground, and as a person stand without a middle ground on the ground near the beaten flower in the right place. 4.2 Exterior earth loop and installation
For the safety of people, it is necessary to close the grounding of electrical installations. Grounded p_dlyagayut: metal casings and housings of electrical installations, various units and drives to them, lamps, metal frames of separate shields, shields of keruvannya, shields and wardrobe; metal structures those metal cases and cable couplings, metal sheaths of cables and wires, steel pipes and electrical wiring; secondary windings of winding transformers. Grounding is not used: armature of suspension and pins of supporting insulators, equipped with grounding metal structures, so that on their supporting surfaces it is necessary to carry out cleaning of non-farmed space for ensuring electrical contact; housings of electrical accessories and relays installed on shields, shields, wardrobes, as well as on the walls of the chambers of other outbuildings; metal sheaths of control cables at the entrances, as they are specially designed for the project. Zakhisnogo messenger to warehousing іz sovnіyshnoye, Shahko, I am a private junction of Natnii Z'єєдна ина міжа в ина і З'єєдна ина имерей, и и ис ис иснуевый сідників, и ис сооновать піна пімистничный come to the ovnіshny contour. Metal grounding, laying in the ground, covering a large area of ground from the ground, providing a small electrical support to the circuit. For the grounding of electrical installations in Persia, the fault is due to natural grounding - the laying of metal pipelines in the ground (there are pipelines with combustible, easily occupied and vibukhovym or other gases); casing pipes; metal and cast-iron structures of the future and sporud, built on top of the ground; lead sheaths of cables laid near the ground, and zero with re-grounding robots repeated lines voltage up to 1000V. The connection of grounding conductors to grounding conductors, as well as the connection of grounding conductors between themselves, is carried out by zvaryuvannya, moreover, the overlap is due to increase the subwidth of the conductor with a straight-cut yoga crossover and six diameters. With a T - shaped overlap with two smog, the length of the overlap is defined by its width. The arrival of grounding conductors to the pipelines must be welded (Fig. 4.) or, as it is impossible, with clamps from the side of the introduction of the pipelines to the wake. Zvaryuvalny seams, like roztashovan in the ground, after installation for protection against corrosion, they are covered with bitumen. Figure 4. - Arrival to the pipeline to the grounding a conductor with a straight-cut (a) and round, (b) a crossbar and a collar There are no natural grounding devices, otherwise the stench is not satisfied with the rozrakhankovym, mount the contour of the external grounding from piece grounding devices, which can be vertical, horizontal and buried. Vertical grounding devices - steel pipes driven into the ground or steel pipes, as well as steel shears driven into the ground. Laying near the ground steel with a thickness of less than 4 mm and round steel with a diameter of less than 10 mm with horizontal piece earthing devices, yak play the role of independent elements of grounding and service connection with each other with one vertical earthing device. A variety of horizontal grounding devices is the destruction of grounding devices, which are laid at the bottom of the pits when the foundations of the supports of the roofed lines and buds are laid. They are made at the mains of the assembly organization after the front rim from the smug steel with a reline 30 ×4 mm or circular steel with a diameter of 12 mm. The form of grounding, its number of lines and placement is determined by the project. How grounding conductors can win: natural guides, tobto. metal constructions budivel; metal structures of general purpose (pidcrane columns, frameworks of outbuildings, galleries, maidanchiks, elevator shafts, pidjomnikiv); steel pipes and electrical wiring; metal sheaths of cables (but not armor). For zeroing, finish the aluminum sheath of cables, and lead, sound a little. At the vibrationally unsafe premises, there are specially laid conductors that are grounded, and the natural ones look like an additional zahіd zakhistu. When grounding the neutral (merezh 380/220 or 220/127 V), the grounding of the electrical receivers of vibro-insecure installations is carried out with only visible conductors of wires and cables; When the neutral is insulated for grounding, steel conductors can be blocked. The bare aluminum conductors, like grounding ones, are harrowed through shvidka ruynuvannya їх after corrosion. The installation of the external ground loop and the laying of the internal grounding line are carried out behind the working chairs of the electrical installation project. Vikonannya piercing robots, installation of embedded parts, preparation of open openings, borozen and other openings, laying of passing robots at the wall and foundations, digging earthen trenches for laying the outer ground contour The external ground loop is laid in earthen trenches with a depth of 0.7 m. view of the surface of the earth. Burying earthworks one by one with steel smugs with overcut 40 ×4 mm for help calling. The place where the smuga is welded to the ground is covered with grouted bitumen for protection against corrosion. Roztashovani at the earth grounding workers and grounding conductors are not guilty of anything. Trenches with earthing conductors placed in them and earthing workers sizzle with earth, so that the stone does not avenge that wakeful death. Natural grounding conductors are connected from the grounding mains of the electrical installation with at least two conductors, coming from different places. Grounding conductors with lingering grounding conductors (pipelines) are installed near the inputs of the buds for additional equipment or clamps, the contact surface of which is serviced. Blow at the pimples, the lining of the clamps is cleaned. Places and methods for receiving the stream are selected with such a cut, so that when the pipeline is opened repair robots took care of the uninterrupted operation of the grounding device. At the vodomirіv that zasuvok vlastovuyut obhіdnі z'єdnannya. The internal grounding truss is lined with a crimped gasket in the middle, placed on bare steel conductor surfaces with straight and round cuts. On the little 5, the butt of the gasket is shown, fastened and connected to the conductor of the protective grounding. Figure 5. - Laying options (a) and fastening of flat and round tires with clips (b), electrically welded (c) and dowels (d), which are built in. overlap welding (d) and welding to the electrode (e) Grounding conductors, which are laid on the ground, are laid vertically, horizontally, or parallel to the frail constructions of the buds. The conductors from the straight-cut peretina are installed with a great flatness to the surface of the base. On straight-lined layings, the conductors are not guilty of the mother of the irregularities and bends that are noticed in the eye. Grounding conductors, which are laid with concrete or whole in dry areas, which do not allow hot vapors and gases, are placed directly on the walls, and in the areas of six, especially those with strong vapors and gases - on supports on the surface of the walls are not less than 1 mm . At the channels, the grounding conductors are installed on a minimum width of 50 mm from the lower surface of the sizable overlap. Stand between supports for fixing conductors, which are to be grounded, on straight plots to become 600 ... 1000 mm. Grounding conductors at the intersections with cables and pipelines, as well as in other places, where mechanical failures can be protected, are protected by pipes in other ways. In the premises of the grounding conductors, the conductors are accessible for inspection, but they can not be seen to the zero cores and metal sheaths of cables, pipelines, attached wiring and metal structures that are in the ground. Through the walls, grounding conductors are laid at the openings, pipes and other thick frames. The skin element of the electrical installation, which is to be grounded, is obliged to come to the grounding main for the help of a clean water supply. Subsequent connection to the grounding conductor of a few elements, which are grounded, protected. The neutrals of the transformers, which are grounded tightly or through the equipment, which compensate for the strum, are connected to the grounding device or to the selected grounding buses for additional grounding conductors. Lead the secondary windings of the winding transformers that are grounded, connected to their casings with grounding bolts. Gnuchki jumpers, which serve for grounding metal sheaths and cable armor, are attached to them with a bandage and soldered, and then they are connected by bolted contacts to cable embeddings (coupling) and grounding structure. Resection of flexible jumpers is due to resection of grounding conductors adopted for this electrical installation. The space for the installation of a grounding jumper with an aluminum sheath of the cable after soldering is covered with asphalt varnish or hot bitumen. Connecting one with one grounding conductors and connecting them to the installation design are connected to the ground, and connecting to the housings of the devices and machines - to the ground or to the upper grounds of the bolts. To protect the weakening of the contact in case of strings and vibrations, locknuts are installed, spring washers are thin. The contact surfaces on the grounded electrically equipped in the places where the grounding conductors are connected, as well as the contact surfaces between the grounded ones and structures, on which it is installed, must be cleaned to a metal sheen and covered with a thin ball of vaseline. 4.3 Reconstruction of supports of grounding outbuildings zahisne grounding electrical control opir Grounded nadіyno vykonuє svoї zahisnі funktії less than that in the fall, as it is not enough to do it. For example, at the fences with a dead-grounded neutral, the great support of the grounding outbuilding can be brought to the point that the strength of the struma, which vibrated during the breakdown of the insulation, appears insufficient for the application of the protective equipment, which is included. Therefore, the PUE is strictly bounded by the grounding outbuildings. When electrical installations are grounded with a voltage of up to 1000 V with a dead-earthed neutral, it is necessary for the neutrals of their livelihoods (generators, transformers) to come to the grounding device, which is guilty of roztashovuvatisya near them. If the transformer substation is located in the middle of the shop, it is allowed to be grounded on the outer wall of the building. Opir of the grounding outbuilding, up to which the neutrals of the generators and transformers are connected, the fault is not more than 4 ohms, if their intensity is 100kV * A and lower, then the opir, then the opir of the grounding outbuilding is not guilty of exceeding 10 ohms; in case of a parallel robot, the live earthing circuit can reach 10 ohms less at the drop, so that the total voltage does not exceed 100 kV * A. Malyunok 6 Cylinder; Aluminum frame; Arrow; Scale After the completion of all installation work in the obov'yazykovom order, they are reconciled, which support the grounding to support the PUE. The most common way to vibrate is to use the ammeter and the voltmeter or the MS-08 attachment. Electrical accessories - ammeters and voltmeters, in which the orientation of the magnetic field on the contour of the strum, vlashtovani such a rank. Rice. 6 a coil is wound on a light aluminum frame of a rectangular shape 2 with an arrow attached to it 4. The frame is strengthened on two pieces of GO. At the position of the equal її, two thin spiral springs are trimmed 3 moment of spring forces, which are proportional to the cutout of the arrow. The coil is placed between the poles of a permanent magnet with tips of a special shape. In the middle of it, there is a cylinder of 1 soft hall. This design ensures the radial direction of the line of magnetic induction in the area where the turns of the coil are located (Fig. 7, tobto. in case of any position of the coil, the moment of the forces of the magnetic field is maximum and with the constant force of the stream of the same. Vectors F і -F respond to the forces of the magnetic field, like blowing on the coil and creating a moment that wraps. The coil with a strum rotates doti, while the moment of spring forces of the spring does not equalize the moment of forces of the magnetic field. With an increase in the strength of the strum, the arrow also turns on the kut, the two have a larger, splintered maximum moment of forces M of the magnetic field is directly proportional to the strength of the strum: M~I. Having installed, at the turn of the arrow, you can see the value of the power of the struma and graduating the electromagnetic attachment, you can victorize it to win in the lansyugs of the steady and zminny struma. Ammeters and voltmeters with the widest shield fixtures, after simplicity, I will add a couple of good transferability. Not a lot of these devices have a low accuracy, a large reduction in intensity (up to 10 W), a small frequency range and sensitivity to the best magnetic fields. Figure 7. − Scheme of the force dividing in the electroimaging device Figure 8. − Scheme of simulating the grounding support behind the auxiliary ammeter and voltmeter Shield ammeters allow 1.0 class; 1.5; 2.5 strumi up to 300 A with direct connection and up to 15 A with external struma transformers. Shield voltmeters of the same class of accuracy are available for voltages up to 600 V with direct connections and up to 750 kV with voltage transformers. With direct switching on, the windage fittings are small. 8 mіzh grounding (Z), opіr any earth need to be measured, with an additional strum electrode (T) pass a single-phase zmіnny strum Ix i vimіryuyut with an ammeter, and, having sunk into the ground between electrodes Z and T, an additional potential meter Ux), between him and the grounding Z. Vimiryuvannya support grounding s vikoristannyam ammeter, voltmeter and transformer carried out in an offensive order. Electrodes P and T are hammered near the ground (stripped on the ends of a steel shear with a length of about 1m). Connect an ammeter and a voltmeter to the ground electrodes with the help of a few wires. With a voltmeter, they check the voltage difference between the grounding and shear P. As a tool, it shows the voltage, changing the shear separation voltages, or proportionally increasing the voltage between them, reaching its zero value. Next time to introduce a rheostat with a support R і and turn on the transformer Tr. For the help of a rheostat, step by step increase the strength of the struma and follow the readings of the ammeter and voltmeter (one-hour reading on the prilads is carried out at the moment when their readings can be recorded with the greatest accuracy). For the tribute to the world, the support of the grounding worker, vikoristovuyuchi Ohm's law: R 3= U x /I x .
Viroblyayut not less than three vimiryuvan and for rozrahunka take the arithmetic mean of the otrimanih value. The success of such a vimir is exactly the same as the possibility of designating small or small supports (up to hundreds of clumps of ohm); Nedolіkami є nebhіdnіst nayavnnostі dvoh vimіryuvalnyh vіmіryuvannya ta transformer, vplivan kolivanі vprugi mérezhі іn the accuracy of vimіryuvannya, vіdsutnіst svіdnіst svіtu zvіtu nіdvishchena nebezpeka dvіd people, scho vіroblyаlyatі vіmyryuvannya. This method is mainly vikoristovuєtsya for vimіryuvannya pylons of grounding poles of electric power stations and electric power district transformer substations. Opir grounding machine can also be controlled with the MS-08 attachment (Fig. 9), which has three scales (10 ... 1000, 1 ... 100 and 0.1 ... and voltage with a magnetoelectric ratiometer. Figure 9. Simplified diagram of the MS-08 attachment: Ratiometer; Generator; Pererivnik struma; Vipryamlyach A logometer is a display device that allows the use of two electrical quantities, while the majority of the fluctuations use two streams. Yogo zastosovuyut for vimiryuvannya electrical and non-electrical quantities, independent of the struma (support, zsuva phases, frequency, temperature, vice, movement in space). Vidhilennya arrows of more vimiryuvalnyh mehanizmіv vyznachaetsya strum, which pass through the whole mechanism and may lie in the magnitude that vimiryuetsya. For example, in electrothermometers, the strum should be placed in a support in the lance, so that a new inclusion has a resistor, which is supported by a changing temperature. Ale zgidno іz Ohm's law, the strum is also proportional to the pressure. Also, the display of the fixture is not only dependent on the value of x, but also on the voltage of the electric power supply, changing which will be the result of any changes in the display of the fixture. For usunennya vpliu naprugi at podіbnyh vimirah widely zastosovuyutsya logometry. A logometer can be used as a vimiryuvalny mechanism or even a system, but a wide-width nabula magnetoelectric logometry. In a ratiometer, whether it be a system of steep and countercurrent moments, they are created by electromechanical forces and, however, lie under the pressure, so the change in the voltage does not change the momentum, but also does not flow into the display fixture. Logometer 1 may have a potential strum frame, fixed under the hood and which is in the field of a permanent magnet. The strength of the struma in the potential frame, connected in parallel to the earthing switch Z, is proportional to the voltage drop U x on the new one, and the strum at the frame, included sequentially, proportional to the strum I x that flows through the grounding device. Kut v_dhilennya both frames of the logometer at the constant magnetic field proportional vіdnoshenu U x /I x , equal grounding support fast strumu with a manual drive, a strumu switch 3, a straightener 4 and a change resistor R, to serve as an increase in the support of a potential lance up to 1000 Ohm. On the outer panel, there is an attachment for placing clamps I 1, E 1, E 2ta I 2. When wrapping the handle of the generator, a permanent strum vibrates, which is transformed by a switch to a change and through terminal I 2and additional potential shearing off the back of the head go into the ground, and then through the testing of the grounding device Z and terminal I 1, E 1, connected with a jumper, turn into a ferry and farther along the winding of the strum of the logometer - into the generator. Penetrating in the ground, a changeable strum creates between the grounding and shearing P change the voltage drop, like through the clamps E 1and E 2Spend it on the straightener 4, and then - on the potential frame of the ratiometer. Additional electrodes P are hammered into the pits near the rocky ground to a depth of at least 0.5 m with direct blows and without blowing. The wiring diagram for the MS-08 attachment is assigned to the values of the earthing switch support. To vimiryuvannya great supports yogo install yakomoga closer to grounding and turn on after the circuit, fig. 10 a. To fix small supports, or near the fall, as the attachment cannot be installed near the grounding device, install a jumper between the terminals I 1and E 1and turn on the attachment according to the diagram, fig. 10 b. Figure 10. - Wiring diagram with the MS attachment - 08 great (a) that malikh (b) support: Peremikach; Change opir Next, carry out compensation for the support of the potential lance, for which the jumper 1 is installed in the "Regulation" position, wrapping the generator handle with a frequency of 120 ... 135 rpm, for the additional support 2, the arrows are pressed with a red scale on yoga. Pіslya tsogo jumper to translate at the position ×1" і, continuing to wrap the handle of the generator, read the values of the scale 10 ... 1000 Ohm. Yakshcho vydhilennya arrows with no meaning, switch to translate at the position ×0.1" ( scale 1 ... 100 Ohm) or " × 0.01 (scale 0.1 ... 10 ohms). In case of these shifts, move to the point where the arrow went down no less than 2/3 of the scale, after which, without attaching the wrapper of the generator handle, you know the indication and multiply it by the factor of the victorious scale. When vimiryuvannі grounding support prilad MS - 08 vіdpadaє need in merezhі strumu, which is especially important when repairing and floor robots. From the other side, it is not necessary to see the roses, tobto. the meaning that dies, vanishes without being in the middle of the scale. A small amount of weight (about 13 kg) and a high proportion of weight (up to 12.5%) were added. Tsі vymіri porivnyuyutsya z vimogi PUE. If it is based on a smaller or more important value, induced in the PUE, the grounding attachment is considered to be attached to the operation. 4.4 Installation of the internal grounding bar
Before the trenches begin to boil up to the level contour of the grounding, steel smugs or round shears are welded, so then we introduce the middle of the wake, where it is known that they are grounding. Having introduced, that the grounding workers should be connected with the internal grounding tread, there may be no less than two and the stink of steel conductors should be silently reconciled and resized, which and the grounding of the grounding between them. As a rule, the introduction of grounding conductors at the bud is laid at fire metal pipes, which protrude along the sides of the wall by about 10 mm. At the workshops of industrial enterprises and the booths of transformer substations, there is electrical control, which is used for grounding, is roztashovuetsya in a different order, so for the connection to the grounding system in the area, there are laying of grounding and zero protection conductors. How to stay victorious: zero working conductors (crim of vibro-unsafe installations), as well as metal constructions of buds (columns, fermi); conductors are specially designated for the purpose of met; metal structures of general purpose (frames of underfloor extensions, crane columns, elevator shafts, framed channels), steel pipes and electrical wiring; aluminum sheaths of cables; metal casings of bus ducts, boxes and trays; metal stationary pipelines of any kind (crime pipelines of combustible and vibro-unsafe speeches and sumishes, sewers and central scorching). It is being protected from vikoristovuvaty as zero conductors of metal sheathing of tubular wires, which carry cables, metal hoses, armor and lead sheathing of cables, although they themselves are guilty of stench, but they are grounded or grounded, and mothers of nadiyani z'ednannya on all stretch. Yakscho prirodnі magіstralі grounding vikoristovuvati not possible, yak zazemlyuyuchі abo nulovі zahisnі provіdniki zastosovuyut stalevі provіdniki, mіnіmalnі rozmіri yakih predstavlenі in tablitsі 2. zazemlyuvalnі provіdniki in primіschennyah povinnі Buti dostupnі to look around, that the stench (per vinyatkom Stalevo prihovanoї electrical wiring pipes, obolonok kabelіv) are laid openly. It passes through the walls at openings, non-combustible non-metal pipes, and through the overlap - at the vents of such pipes themselves, which protrude from the bottom by 30 ... 50 mm. Grounding conductors are to be carried out freely, with the help of vibration-resistant installations, to open the pipes and open them with light-penetrating fire-fighting materials. Before laying, the steel tires are straightened, they are cleaned, and they are covered from the sides. Mіstsya z'єdnannya after zvaryuvannya sticks are covered with asphalt varnish or olіy farboi. In dry applications, it is possible to vicorate nitroemals, and in applications with sirimi and caustic vapors, it is necessary to saturate farby, stalk to a chemically active medium. Table 2. - Minimum dimensions of grounding conductors Type of conductorInstallation spaceAt the site In-ground installation in the groundRound steelDiameter 5 mmDiameter 6 mmSquare steelSize 24 mm 2thickness 3 mm Peretin 48 mm 2, thickness 4 mm Steel gas pipe Thickness of walls 2.5 mm Thickness of walls 2.5 mm at NU and 3.5 mm at the ground Steel thin-walled pipe Thickness of walls 1.5 mm2.5 mm at NU in the ground is not allowed 2 mm Tovshchina at NU and 4 mm at the ground In the case of those existing installations with a non-aggressive medium in areas accessible for inspection and repair, it is allowed to use bolted grounding and zero protection conductors for the mind, which will be used against weakened and corroded contact surfaces. It is necessary to lay grounding and null conductors of the guilty mother farb: on the green aphids of the yellow color 15 mm wide on the stand 150 mm, one in one. Grounding conductors are laid in parallel with the frail structures of the building. Conductors with a straight-cut crossbar are fastened with a wide area up to a solid or concrete wall fig. 11 for the help of an alarm-assembly gun or a pyrotechnical frame. Grounding conductors are attached to wooden walls with screws. Supports for fixing grounding conductors are to be installed on the basis of such supports: between supports on straight sections - 600 ... 1000 mm, from the tops of the windings on turns - 100 mm, from the equal footings of the installation - 400 ... 600 mm. In Syria, especially in Syria and where they are placed with caustic vapors, conductors are not allowed to creep directly to the walls; 12 Or let us smear it against the wall. Figure 11. - Fastening of grounding conductors with dowels straight to the wall (a) and with a gasket (b) Malyunok 12. - Fastening of flat (a) and round (b) conductors grounding for auxiliary supports 4.5 Vimogi PUE before grounding electrical installations
Grounding or grounding should be grounded in all electrical installations of a variable jet with a voltage of 380 V and in electrical installations of a permanent jet with a voltage of 440 V. promoted by unsafe especially in non-safe, and also in advanced electrical installations, grounding and grounding are grounded and in installations of a variable stream with a voltage of 110 V, and in vibration-unsafe installations - if there is a voltage of a permanent coil. At pressures up to 1000 In electrical installations with a dead-earthed neutral, it can be zeroed. In these cases, the grounding of the housings of the electric receivers without zeroing is blocked. Apply grounding or grounding: Cases of electrical machines, transformers, devices, lamps; Secondary windings of winding transformers; Frames of rozpodіlnyh shields, shields and shaf; Metal structures of separate outbuildings, cable structures and good couplings, sheaths and armor of control and power cables, metal sheaths of wires, steel pipes of electrical wiring, busbar housings, trays, boxes, cables and steel smugs with cables and wires reinforced on them; Electrical installation, installed on the supports of repeated lines; Metal cases and portable and portable electrical appliances; Electric installation, placement on the ruhomy parts of the versativ and machines; Metal housings and permanently installed power supplies, as well as metal pipes of electrical wiring to them; Corps and parts of electrical wiring on the gangways of living quarters and community buddies, at Budinkovy, dock and community sanitary junctions, spas and other similar places. In the bathrooms, the metal buildings of the baths are due to the pipes connected to the water supply system. It is allowed not to use special grounding or zeroing: Corps of electrical equipment, installed on grounded or grounded metal structures, shields, cabinets, benches and other supports; Metal details on wooden supports of broken lines (as a result, grounding does not take away the minds of the wind from atmospheric surges). Figure 13. - Arrival of receivers to the grounding main Іsnuyut pevnі vimogi to grounding and zeroing of electrical priming machines of different type. 1.The skin is grounded. Part of the electrical installation can be connected to the grounding main. 13. After the connection to the grounding conductor, some parts are covered. 2.Retin of middle and aluminum conductors for grounding of various parts of an electrical installation is due to the values indicated in Table 3. .Grounding wiring to single-phase electrical receivers must be wired with a conductor; vikoristovuvat for tsієї meti zero working wire is occupied. .The connection of grounding wires to the metal structures should be fixed with bolts, and the housings of devices and machines - with bolts. The contact surfaces of the surface should be cleaned to a metallic sheen and coated with a thin ball of vaseline. .The metal hulls of the handheld and portable electric pickups are grounded with a special hull dart, as it is not guilty to serve as a conductor of a working strum at one hour. Victory for which zero working wire of the electrical installation is being harrowed. .The connection of the grounding conductor to the grounding or zero contact of the socket outlet should be connected to the next conductor. The plug for turning on a portable electrical receiver is due to a grounding pin, which enters the socket from the grounding contact of the socket before the streaming contacts are connected. .Lived wires and cables for grounding portable and mobile installations due to the mother of the cut, equal to the cuts of the phase wires, and to change them from the sleepers with them. Table 3. - Minimum allowable overshoot of grounding conductors, mm 2
Type of conductorCopperAluminumNon-insulated conductor when laying 46Insulating wire1.52.5 Grounding is not used: Reykovi ways, which go beyond the territory of electric stations, substations of industrial enterprises; Enclosures of electrical control installed on grounded metal structures, as well as on supports on the surfaces of the transmission of cleaning and non-barrier space for securing the wired electrical contact; Cases of electrical appliances, relays and other attachments, mounted on shields, shields, wardrobes and walls of chambers of other attachments; Enclosures of electropriymachіv, scho mayutnu _izoljatsiyu shkodo strumov_dnih parts. At fittings made of underwire insulation, the body is made of insulating material, and the stream-conducting parts are made of moisture-proof insulation. In such a way, as if the insulation of the strum-conducting part of the primach is damaged, then the damage to the strum is not to blame, because the insulating body or the insulating gaskets between the hull and the internal insulated strum-conducting parts superimpose the electric shock; Parts of metal grounding frames and chambers of separate outbuildings, fences, wardrobes The earthing of the metal building of the permanently installed illumination of the electric power supply and the portable equipment at the premises without the need for increased security of living and community life is being fenced. At the grounding line, in most cases, the seams are sewn up, so that the earthworks are connected one by one. The integrity of the welding seams is turned over by hammer blows on the welding sticks. The defective seam is cut with a chisel and re-welded with arc autogenous or thermal welding. Prior to the repair of the earthing line, the grounding work is being reworked. If it’s more than the norm, then it’s time to go in for a reduction. For the largest number of grounding electrodes, or they are laid in a row with a radius of 250-300 mm over balls of salt and earth with a thickness of 10-15 mm. Leather ball that fits, pour water. In such a way, the earth is cultivated near the upper part of the electrode grounding the skin 3-4 rocks. 5. Safety equipment
5.1 Organization of the work place of an electrician
Electricians with maintenance of electrical control are often required to perform various sluices and folding operations. It is to blame for this stink to know the rules of safety technology for the hour of such work and to organize it safely. Before the cob of the cob, the work should be perverted, for which one begins to know the tool, which will be won out. The instrument, which may be defective, must be replaced with a correct one. The hammer is guilty of buti schіlno impalements on the handle, as if wedged with a wedge from soft steel or wood. It is not possible to straighten a hammer with a weakened handle with yoga blows to check or other objects, to bring the handle to an even greater refinement. It is also easy to wash buti put the handles on the scrapers, files and other tools. Weakly set handles for an hour of work can easily slip with the tool, with a good shank of the tool, you can injure your hand. It is fenced with a hand tool without a handle. Nut wrenches are responsible for fixing nuts and bolt heads; it is not allowed to close the keys with winter and cracked sponges, build up the keys with pipes, with other keys, or in a different way, it is necessary to keep the keys in order to bream, significant. The correct organization of the working area ensures the safety of rational work, which is quick and short, to a minimum, spend the working hour on the examination and selection of tools and materials. On robochem mіstsі guild chergovogo elektromontera povinnі Buti: tehnologіchne equipment, organіzatsіyne equipment, Posadov іnstruktsіya, elektrichnі bunt elektroustanovok schemes, schemes zhivlennya shop abo dіlyanki, ekspluatatsіyny magazine іnstruktsіya of tehnіki BEZPEKA, grafіki oglyadіv that zmіnno-Godin pokazhchik calendar mіstseznahodzhennya. The work space can be decorated in a reasonable way to the highest technical aesthetics. A working place is a part of the open space, attached to a vikonnannya by a practitioner or a group of their brewing factory. The working place, as a rule, is equipped with the main and additional equipment (layouts, mechanisms, power plants, etc.), technological equipment (tools, attachments, control-and-wiring accessories). At the socialist industrial enterprises, all working areas are shown to be able to help, to ensure the improvement of the productivity of work and the preservation of health and the development of the specialty of the practitioner. Working space, for some people working in electrical professions, they are different in a fallow way, like other operations, they stink assembling, storage, and regulation. The electrician's work space can be used on the open air, for example, when repairing overhead and cable electric lines, substations, etc. In vsіh vipadkah on robochem mіstsі guilty Buti zrazkovy order: іnstrumenti pristosuvannya (dozvolyaєtsya koristuvatisya tіlki spravno іnstrumentom) neobhіdno rozmіschuvati on vіdpovіdnih mіstsyah, tudi Well potrіbno Putting іnstrument pіslya zakіnchennya robots of them on robochem mіstsі not guilty Buti nіchogo zayvogo scho not vimagaєtsya for vikonannya danї roboti, equipping that morning of the working place can suvoro support all the efforts to protect the workplace, safety equipment, virobnicho sanitary facilities and hygiene, and incapacitate the guilt of the fire. All appointments higher than the most important ones are brought to the working must of learning. It can be a mounting steel or a workbench (when there are electrical installation and insulating robots), a winding workbench (when a winding work is done), a special workbench or a steel (when a plumbing and storage work is done) just. Fallow in view of the appearance of electrical engineering robots (installation, storage, operation, etc.), the working space may be equipped with appropriate tools and outbuildings. Call on the working area to place the following tools: krіpilnі zatisknі pliers, round-nose pliers, pasatizhі, bream; rіzhuchі - fitter's lower, wire cutters, hacksaw, percussion hammer, chisel, punch. In addition, zastosovuyt zastosovuyt zapalnoslyusarny іnstrument, as well as a rich view of metallurgical іnstrument, so as vikonannya elektrotehnіchnіchnyh robіt often pov'yazane with cutting metal, cutting pipes, cutting different materials, cutting cutting, etc. Factories produce sets of tools for the most varied types of electrical work. Leather set of accommodations in closed bags with leatherette (ІН-3) or folding bags with piece shkіri (NDE-3), the weight of the set is 3.25 kg. So, before the set of tools for the installation of electrical installation work, the following should be included: pliers 200 mm universal; electrical installation pliers with elastic covers; pliers (nippers) 150 mm with elastic covers; twisting of slusar-assembly different (with plastic handles) - 3 pcs.; slyusarny hammer with a handle weight 0.8 kg; lower montersky; awl monterske; voltage indicator; the meter line is folded metal; eyepieces with light; gypsum; prosuvannya; torsion cord with a diameter of 1.5-2 mm, 15 m. Perebuvayuschie on the worker mistsi, suvoro dotrimyutsya advancing rules: 5.2 Wimogi safety before the cob of roboti
Before the cob, the robotic electrician goiter: a) provide the certifier with a certificate about the re-verification of knowledge of safe methods of work, as well as an acknowledgment of the re-verification of the knowledge of the work hours in electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1000 V or over 1000 V, take the task to pass instruction on the working area for the specifics of the robot; b) put on the overalls, spetszuttya that helmet of the inserted srazka. After otrimannya zavdannya at the kerіvnik robit that knowledge, at the time of consumption, from the visits along with the admission of the electrician goiter: a) to prepare the necessary for an individual defense, to check their correctness; b) review the work space and go to the new one for the performance of the security services; c) pick up a tool, possessing and technological equipment, necessary for the work, reviewing their accuracy and efficiency of the safety; d) be aware of the changes in the power supply circuit and current records in operational journal. The electrician is not guilty of proceeding until the end of the work for the coming damage, for the sake of safety: a) malfunctions of technological equipment, attachments to that tool, designated in the instructions of manufacturing plants, in which case they are not allowed to stop; b) unscheduled testing of the main and additional tests of the main and additional measures to protect or complete the line of their operation, installed by the virobnik plant; c) lack of illumination, or in case of contamination of the working area; d) the validity or completion of the term dії along with the admission for an hour of work in working electrical installations. Iyavleni razrushennya could not be safely blamed, but they were sunk by powerful forces to the cob, and for the impossibility of working, the electrician of the goiters would tell the foreman about them, or the vidpovidalny kerіvnik robit. a) the necessary inclusion of the inputs that switch the supply of voltage to the work station after the pardon of the mimic switch-on of the switching equipment; b) lay grounding on the strum-conducting parts; c) protect the working space with inventory fences and hang in front of posters; d) turn on for additional switching devices, either by means of a way to catch the guards in the strum-conducting parts, on which the robot is carried out, or, to which they hang around when the robots are working, or to secure them for an hour of work with insulating linings (time fences); e) to get used to additional inputs to change the power supply to the power supply until the time of work and the hour of work without stopping the portable grounding; f) on the launching outbuildings, as well as on the stands of the guards, there are posters “Don’t get in trouble - people work!”; g) hang posters on Timchas’s fences or put in front of them the inscriptions “St_y – it’s not safe for life!”; h) re-verification of voltage voltage is carried out with dielectric mittens; i) clamping of the portable grounding overlay on the grounding of the strum-conducting part behind the additional insulated rod from the zastosuvannym dielectric mittens; j) for an hour vykonannya robs on the stream-guided parts, which are rebuffed under the pressure, koristuvatsya only with dry and clean insulating locks, as well as trimming the insulation for the burrowed handles did not give an intermediate ring. Change of fusible inserts for the presence of the knife switch should be carried out for the removed voltage. If it is impossible to remove the voltage (on group shields, folds), it is allowed to change the fuse-links of the fuses under the voltage, but when the voltage is turned on. The electrician is responsible for changing the fusible inserts of the guards under the tension in the cold eyepieces, dielectric mittens for additional pliers that are insulating. Before the launch of the possession, which was turned on at the same time for the application of non-electrical personnel, they should look around, change in readiness to receive the voltage and get ahead of it quietly, who works on the new one, about the possible inclusion. It is necessary to carry out that introduction of portable appliances, which require the opening of electric lances, which are under voltage, it is necessary to carry out with full voltage. When vikonanna works on wooden poles on the lines of electric power transmission lines, the electrician follows the victorious pazury and the western belt. When vikonanny works in vibro-unsafe applications, the electrician is not allowed to: a) repair the electrical supply of those merezhі, which are under voltage; b) operate the electrical installation in case of faulty grounding: c) turn on the electrical installation, which is automatically turned on, without stating the reasons for turning it on; d) to deprive the doors of the premises and vestibules, which make the vibro-unsafe premises for others; e) replace electric light bulbs that have burnt out, in vibration-protected luminaires, with lamps of a smaller type or a greater intensity; f) turn on electrical installations without the presence of devices, which turn on the electric power in case of abnormal operation modes; g) replace the protection (thermal elements, guards, rozchipluvachi) electrically protected by a different type of protection with lower nominal parameters, as the possession is not protected. When robotі in elektroustanovkah neobhіdno zastosovuvati spravnі elektrozahisnі zasobi: yak osnovnі (іzolyuyuchі rod іzolyuyuchі that elektrovimіryuvalnі klіschі, pokazhchiki naprugi, dіelektrichnі gloves), so i dodatkovі (dіelektrichnі kaloshі, kilimki, perenosnі zazemlyuvalnі pristroї, іzolyuyuchі pіdstavki, ogorodzhuvalnі pіdstavki weep that signs BEZPEKA ). Robots in the minds of the promoted unsafe following should be doubled in such situations: a) with a new or partial voltage riser, which is connected to grounding overlays (connection and connection of lines to okremikh electric motors, switching on power transformers, and robots in the middle of separate outbuildings); b) without voltage relief, which does not require the installation of grounding (electrical testing, vimiryuvannya, change of fuse-links); c) from the side meetings and rishtovannya, and also there, de tsi operations for the minds of the mind are difficult; d) on overhead power lines. Wimir the insulation support with a megohmmeter should only be installed on the surface of the electrical installation. Before the death, there was a change in the presence of the voltage on the obladnann, which is being tested. For an hour, he works near the deadly crane and telferny trolls, electricians of the goiter and tying up such vimogi; a) turn on the trolls and live in the entrances, which are used to their vipadkove or pardon inclusion; b) ground and short-circuit the trolleys between themselves; c) protect with insulating materials (humic kilimki, wooden shields) the place of possible troll trolls at times of impossibility to relieve stress. Hang a poster on the fence "It's not safe for life - the voltage is 380 V!". When servicing the lighting lines, the electricians of the goiter should do the following: a) replace the windshields and burnt out lamps with new ones, repair the lighting fixtures and electrical wiring when the voltage is taken off in the near future; b) cleaning of fittings and replacement of lamps, reinforced on poles, zdіysnyuvat after znyatya voltage and two with another electrician; c) the installation and rechecking of electric chillers, switched on through winding transformers, should be carried out twice with an electrician who has a qualification group of safety equipment not lower than IV; d) when servicing the lamps from the autovezh or other services, it is necessary to move, to put on the belts of the back and dielectric mittens. When adjusting the volumes and roses, connected with wires, electricians should get used to entering, which will protect the possibility of non-transferable switching on by third-party persons or their mimicry switching on. To recheck the contacts of oil chemicals for one-hour switching on, as well as to illuminate closed spaces, electricians should put the voltage in the electrical circuit no more than 12 Art. At the process, the robot and the electrician are occupied with: a) rearrange timchasovo fences, raise placards, grounding and go to the territory of fenced plots; b) stop the voltage indicator without re-checking after the first fall; c) take into account the fenced windings of the windings for the hour of the operation of the electric motor; d) to be grounded by conductors that are not recognized for purpose, and also to be grounded by a twisting conductor; e) zastosovuvat strumovimіryuvalnі kіshchі z vinesenim ammeter, as well as bending down to the ammeter when showing the hour of work with sіvіnіvіlіvаlnіmі plishchі; f) to hang fittings, supports, wires and winding transformers for the hour of winding up; g) carry out a twirl on the repeating lines or trolleys, standing on the gatherings; h) zastosovuvati pіd h obslugovuvannya, as well as repair of electrical installations metallevi descend; i) koristuvatisya for an hour of work under a strong hacksaw, saws, metal meters thinly; j) zastosovuvat autotransformers, throttle coils and rheostats for reducing the lowering voltage; l) be littered with stationary lamps like hand-held - portable lamps. For the passage to the working place, the electrician is responsible for maintaining the access system (drabini, ladders, places). For the presence of the fences of the working places on the heights, the electricians are responsible for vicorating the outside belts with a kapron halyard. With whom the electrician is guilty of vimoga "Typical instructions for the protection of work for practitioners, like vykonuyut climbing robots." 5.4 Security assistance in emergency situations
In case of faulty fires in electrical installations, or if there is a problem with an electric blast, you will feel, after shaving the cable (wire) or you will need to fire the installation, take the fate of the fire extinguisher and tell about the foreman or the worker. Half-lights should be extinguished with carbon dioxide fire extinguishers, asbestos blankets and a squeak. 5.5 Security services after work is completed
a) transfer to the changer information about the installation of the installation and electrical installations that are being serviced, and make an entry in the operational log; b) tidy up the tool, fit and secure an individual zakhist at the introduction of a tool for them; c) organize the work space; d) perekonatisya at the vіdsutnostі ignited fires; e) about all the damage, he could not help the foreman or the foreman works. See the damage to the body of a person with an electrostrum: A characteristic trend is the consumption of the voltage and the closure with one pole and the phase of the struma. The tension that is applied to a person is called an elastic dot. Particularly unsafe litter, ruffled on the folds, backs, tilny sides of the arms, gomіlkah, potilitsi and shiї. It is not safe for me to make an appointment with metal, earthen pidlogs, Sir. Particularly unsafe - the application of s pairs of acids and oils in the case of others. Safe for life - voltage not more than 42 V for dry, singed with current-impervious pidlogs application without movable nezabezpeka, not more than 36 V for applica- tion with movable nezapekoy (metal, earthen, earthenware, vogkіst, possibilty torkanniy elements1), in the construction of grounded elements For especially unsafe applications, which may be chemically active in the middle, or more and more sign of an application with advanced insecurity. In a state of shock, if a person is stooping near the wire, that having fallen to the ground, that he is under a strain, it is due to the danger of injury by a crock of strain. The voltage of the crock is the tension between the two points of the lancet strumu, which are one in the same on the same crock, on which a person stands at one hour. Such a lancet creates a strum that spreads across the ground like a dart. Having leaned down at the zone of spreading the struma, the person can kick his legs together and, hurrying, go out of the unsafe zone, so that when the foot of one leg is changed, it does not go beyond the foot of the other. In case of a vipadical fall, you can hit the ground with your hands, which will increase the difference in potentials and insecurity. The effect of an electric shock on the body is characterized by the main factors that affect: List of references
1.Nesterenko V.M., Misyanov A.M. Technology of electrical installation work: Navch. helper for mail prof. illumine. - M.: Academy, 2002. - 592 p. 2.Sibіkin Yu.D., Sіbikin M.Yu. Technical maintenance, repair of electrical equipment and a measure of industrial enterprises: Navch. on the ground prof. illumine. - M: IRPO; Academy, 2000. - 432 p.
See grounding.. Not grounded.. Grounded function.. Robotic (functionally) grounded.. Come in defense against electric jet damage.. Territorially close grounding outbuildings.. Strum outlet.. Root zone.. Zone of zero potential. (SUP).. Main grounding bus (GZSh).. Priority of grounding.. Potential difference between grounding systems.. Krokov's voltage.. Grounding of grounding devices at GZSh..
Partitioned 1.7. PUE 7 edition "Grounding that zahisnі come in electrical safety" often represents a lot of difficulties in understanding for design engineers-pochatkivtsiv. Difficulty due to this, which, in addition to chapter 1.7, may have a wild nature and obov'yazkovі for electrical installations, whether there is any recognition of that voltage. Dodatkovі vomogi before grounding and zahosnih zakhodіv elektrobezpeka, scho to protect the features of specific types of electrical installations, distribution for other branches of PUE, as well as to check with the leading regulatory documents and instructions.
It is necessary to lead to a swindle near the cloudy city, where it is necessary to enter the electrical safety, and to generate a rich supply, zokrem, so that the power of territorially close earthing of various purposes.
See grounding
Grounding is divided into two main types
according to the role that wins - zahisne ta roboche (functional). Same with the restdzherela can be twisted in other interpretations of functional grounding, such as: “instrumental”,"vimіryuvalne", "informatsiyne", "scheme" just.
Zahisne grounding
- all grounding, as it is construed with the method of electrical safety (PVE 1.7.29). Zahisne grounding secures the protection of electrical installations and possessions, as well as the protection of people in the flow of unsafevoltage and strum, which can be blamed in case of breakdowns, improper operation of equipment (that is, in emergency mode) and in case ofdefuse glitter.
Also, it is necessary to ground the wires for the protection of the equipment in case of switching during commutations in the living room and interfaceslancets, as well as in the form of electromagnetic shifts, inducing a proper order of possession.
Robotic (functional) grounding (PVE 1.7.30)
- all grounding points and the point of the jet-conducting parts of the electrical installation, which must be taken forsafety of the work of the electrical installation (not for the purpose of electrical safety).
Robotic grounding(electrical contact with the ground) is vicorated for the normal functioning of the electrical installation orstatkuvannya, tobto. for their work in the best mode.
Zahisne grounding
Zahisna diya grounding is based on two principles:
1.
Change to a safe value of the difference of potentials between the object, which is grounded, and othersconductive objects that may be naturally grounded.
2.
Introducing a strum coil in case of electrical malfunctions.
Typical type of electrical failure - Hit of the phase voltage on the metal housing possessing afterward damage to the insulation. One of the main entrances to the defense against electric shock (PUE 1.7.51.) є zahisne grounding at poednanny z ur_vnyuvannyam potencialiv and zahisnymi zhivlennya.
PUE p. 1.7.51. For a defense in the face of an electric strum attack, in times of emergency, the isolation is due, but the stagnation is OKremo, or in the next attack, come in to the defense. indirect dotik: · zahisne grounding; · automatic withdrawal of life; · development of potentials; · development of potentials; · podvіyna chi reinforced іzolyatsіya; · supralow (small) voltage; · zahisny electric podіl lansyugіv; · isolation (non-conductive) accommodation, zones, maidanchiks. |
IN correctly designed system(attached zahisnogo inclusion- ELV).
Efficiency of entrances
Shards of insecurity by electric blast depending on the value of the voltage dotik thatI’m throwing a lot of yoga at the people, come in to protect yourself from the electric shock with an electric shockreduction to safe values of the voltage of the dotik, which is the cause of the available dotik vіdkritimiconductive parts and third-party conductive parts in case of poor insulation in electrical installations.
Fallen in the wake of the day you come in, you can have the following options:
1. The installation is not grounded, ELV is daily. Everyday visits will not get stuck. In this case, the insulation is not damagedwill be detected, and the case will be changed to the phase potential.
Dotork to such an incompetent possession can be deadly insecure!
It is necessary to remember that the current electrical appliances, that the pulse is the source of secondary electrical energy and securitya tripolar plug can mother unsafe potential on the case, induce if the stink is over reference.
Such accessories are connected to sockets with grounding contacts.
2. Housing electrical installation of grounding, ELV V_dsutn_y. Even if the insulation is damaged, the strum coil along the lancet phase-housing-grounding switch overrides the threshold for the automatic vimikacha, which protects this lance, then the automaticturn on the wrong line of the fence. But if the strum coil is not enough for spratsovuvannya zakhist, then on the ground canVyniknut the most output voltage: Umax = Rz In, de Rz- earthing worker, Ін- Strum spratsovuvannyaautomatic vimikacha that protects the lancet.
When the ground support is moved to the great nominal stream of the machine potential on the buildingcan reach a significant value.
come out, there is no more grounding (for the availability of ELV)sufficient for the safety of the personnel. For the availability of ELVs, grounding may besystem of potential maintenance (SUP), to ensure the electric power supply of PE conductors and all available fordotik metal parts of budіvlі (to us before the water supply and pipelines).
In what direction, navіt like a grounding person to lean under the pressure, then under the same tensile strength allmetal items that are accessible to dotik, which essentially reduce the risk of damage by strum.
3. The ELV is installed in the electric lance, the body of the accessory is not grounded.
If the insulation is damaged, the case will be attachedperebuvat under the phase potential until the hour, the docks are closed lansyug for the passage of the stream loop. When torcanimproper possession of that object, which can be naturally grounded, strum loop through the body of a person, ale ELVonce again, to include a litter of measures for injustice. At the same time, having injected a struma round on a person, they are separated by an hourspratsovuvannya ELV (0.02 ÷ 0.3 s) and do not cause, as a rule, to serious consequences.
ELV, zastosovuvanі zahistu people
in case of damage by an electric strum, the mother is to blame for the nominal differential strum not
over 30 mA.
4. Housing for electrical installation of grounding, ELV in the electric lance present - the safest option. At Damaged insulation and falling phase voltage on the grounding of the housing have a strum coil on the ground. ELV negatively influences the entire strum, winding up even if the fault is insignificant (10 or 30 mA) and including the wrong yard.
Zahisne grounding serve exclusively for the zahistu of people in the form of an electric shock. Yogo can not be zastosovuvat only for the possession of a voltage of life up to 42 V or 110 V permanent stream, for a little vibro-insecure zones. In vibrationally unsafe premises and outbuildings, the electrical grounding is subject to electrical control at all stagnant voltages.
The most effective grounding at the complex with different systems is the leveling of potentials and outbuildings of the power connection. In this case, with a large damage to the insulation, the potential on grounded objects will not exceed the unsafe values, and the yard of the fence will be automatically broken by stretching for even a short interval of an hour.
Territorially adjacent grounding outbuildings
Availability of zahisnogo grounding often produce an increase in the level of a shift in systems of automatic keruvannya, however grounding is necessary, and that signal ground is due PUE (p.1.7.55) .
PUE p.1.7.55.For grounding in electrical installations, different voltages are assigned, territorially close , next, as a rule, zastosovuvat one zagalny grounding attachment. MANTERNING PRIEY, SHO WICHISTERS FOR EARNING ELEKTROSTROY STOCKINGS OF ONE ABOUT ABOUT DESCRIBLE OF THE ISS MOVIES, SHO POSSIBLE TO THE EUTHER OF THE NATIONAL ELECTROINE IS ELEKTROSTROY STRUCTION: Zahista people viogenin's eckecitrix lamp at sampling izlyatsії, the minds of the Robotie Mezhina .d. for a long period of operation. We can wait until we reach the limit of vimogi to the zahisnogo grounding. Grounding extensions of electrical grounding of electrical installations will be and spores of the 2nd and 3rd categories of cih budivel and spores, as a rule, may be wild. When vikonnі okremy (square) grounding for robotic grounding for the minds of a robotic informational or otherwise sensitive to the plethora owe buti vzhitі spetsіalnі go zakhista vіd vіd vіd elektrichnі іzolyatsiі, scho nemozhlyvlyuyut one-hour dotik to the chasts, yakі can opinitisya under the unsafe difference of potentials in case of poshkodzhennі іzolyatsiї. For combining grounding outbuildings of various electrical installations into one underground grounding outbuilding, there can be both natural and piece conductors. Їхнє number may be not less than two. |
Here the key is to understand "territorially close" electrical installations and their grounding outbuildings.
As we can see the grounding device, which flickers the streams of the coil, then the spraying of the streams in the direction of the radial straight line in the direction of the grounding device.
The expanse is near the ground, where the strum of the roztіkannya appears, it is called the zone of the roztіkannya.
In the middle of the zone of spreading the struma (the space around the earthing machine with a radius of 20 m) between two, be like points on the surface of the earth, there is always a difference in potentials.
Behind the borders of the zone The electric potential, the strums of rotting in the balls of the ground, actually do not appear anymore and can be mentally accepted equal to zero.
To territorially close see grounding extensions, roztashovani on such vіdstanі one type of one, that between them there is a zone of zero potential, then on vіdstanі < 20m.
For the obviousness between grounding outbuildings of the zone of zero potential, such grounding outbuildings are considered "independent". Vіdstan mіzh tsimi two zemlyuvachami is guilty buti ≥ 20 m.
“Yak a rule” - do not make a rule
Sens vimogi p. 1.7.55 PUE for that
, what's in territorially close
electrical installations of various purposes, zahisne and functional grounding in the future (spore), as well as the grounding of the system bliskavkozakhistu tsієї budіvl (spore) next as a rule
, zdіysnyuvati for the help of one zagalny grounding outbuilding; yakscho is not protected by the help of a virobnik (rozrobnik) possessing, which supports the functional grounding, but by the help of normative documents, which lie until vikonannya zahistu vіd bliskavki.
Yakscho virobnik (rozrobnik), for example, the informational possession is transferred to the attached circuit of the functional grounding, without any kind of possession it does not work, then the projector “Mayut but live in a special place, come in to zahistu in the presence of an electric shock, which is turned off overnight
dotik to the parts, yakі can be supported by the unsafe difference of potentials at times of fluctuations in insulation.
Tse means, that the grounding devices of the protective and functional grounding can be connected to each other on the bus of the potential buffering system (PSS) with the method of protecting the personnel, the two power shards cannot be seen isolated one in one, without violating the safety standards.
Design features merits on okremy rozglyad. For the time being, it is fixable that, with the installation of a closed functional grounding "the pershu cherga is guilty of buti dotrimani vimogi to zahisnoe grounding."
GOST R 50571-4-44-2011 (MEK 60364-4-44)
so to take revenge on the one who is grounding, like they are standing up for life, tobto. geographically close
grounding devices for zahisnogo grounding, functional grounding and bliskvkozakhistu, faulty buti, as a rule
z'ednani among themselves.
Z'ednannya can be vikonan in one point. Such a point can be the main bus, which is grounded (GZSH) or the bus of the potential monitoring system (SUP).
We set priorities
When designing grounding outbuildings , the designers are guilty of keruvatisya by the PUE, as well as other regulatory documents and instructions that are necessary for the construction of a zahisnogo, functional grounding and grounding bliskavkozakhistu. Judging by the discussions on the Internet, there are no clear priorities, people rely on nothing superfluous, and how to power to ground in different regulatory documents.
For real, there are no wipes
. PUE, p. 1.7.55 prioritizes: “Grounding attachment, which is grounded for electrical installations of one or the other purpose and voltage, is responsible for satisfying all efforts to grounding these electrical installations ...”, ale “ We are to blame buti dorimani vimogi to the earthly ground
».
In other words - in the first place, you can protect the life and health of people.
Get the real opportunity viniknennya retail potential
between separate grounding systems, as well as grounding systems are territorially close, so that they are located at the boundaries of the zone of non-zero potential. The unsafe difference of potentials can be affected, for example, with a short circuit on the body of the electrical control in the TN-S measure (until the system is protected), with the protection of the system in the presence of a blisskavka (short voltage), with the influx of positive electromagnetic fields and others.
Cim and explain why until the union of territorially close earthing workers rіznih priznachen in one zagalniy grounding attachment. With the installation of grounding devices on the GZSH or the SUP busbars, the potentials of various grounding outbuildings are built up, and the life of people is no longer a threat.
About grounding extensions to bliskavkozakhistu
In addition clause 1.7.55 PUE is also readable: "Grounding outbuildings for electrical grounding of electrical installations, as a rule, may be wild." At this point, the designers often rely on priming their positions, not defending themselves, which may lead to a blatant character.
In the middle of nowhere tsya vomoga means, scho zahisne grounding of the object z odnієї аbo kіlkoh teritorially zblizhenikh budіvel ta sporud can be sleepy for tsikh budіvel. Those same and according to bliskavkozakhistu. Zagalna system zakhistu vіd bliskavki on the whole object.
What is the cost of the confusion of grounding outbuildings (zahisnogo and bliskavkozahistu) - the stinks can be wild, they can be dispersed - ce lie like a bliskavkopriymach, like roztashuvannya yogo on the object too thin. Tse z'yasovuєtsya after rozrakhunkіv bliskavkozakhistu s urakhuvannyam could іnstruktsіy shkodo vlastuvannya bliskavkozakhistu (RD 34.21.122-87, SO 153-34.21.122-2003).
153 p. 3.2.3.1.In all directions, for a wink of wine, grounding officer bliskavkozakhist sled іdnati іz zemlyuvachami electrical installations and zasobіv zv'yazku. As a matter of fact, earthing workers may be able to divide them from some kind of technological mirkuvan, їх next to unite a central system for an additional system equalizing potentials. |
SO 153 I saw okremy bliskavkovidvid with its grounding attachment. In other situations, as if you zastosovuєte, for example, shear or cable bliskavkovidvid, installations on objects that are being protected , I’ll cover the grid on the cover, or I’ll cover it myself, like a bliskavkopriymach, the grounding officer of the bliskavkozakhist is guilty of buti poednany іz the grounding of the electrical installations. As soon as the grounding is grounded, the foundation is vikorated, then the conductor is brought to the foundation of the strum water supply and the conductor, which brings the system to the ground from the blind to the GZSh, it is to blame for the binding on the different bolts or the different mortgage parts.
How can grounding workers be different? for technological reasons, the stench is also guilty of being united in a secret system for an additional system of equal potential. When the earthing conductor is brought to the main system, the potential for grounding may be connected by grounding conductors without intermediary to the grounding officer.
Yakshcho vikoristovuetsya okremy bliskavkovіdvіd, then it's good SO 153 vin is guilty of mother earthing attachment
.
PUE (1.7.55) why not superchit, but rather to ensure the priority of proper grounding for the protection of life and health of people.
Therefore, after rozrahunkіv zones bliskavkozakhist need to reconsider, on a yakіy vіdstanі there will be grounding different designations one type of one.
As between them near the ground, there is a zone of zero potential, then the grounding officer can be independent.
How grounding extensions appear to be territorially close(per day zone of zero potential), then it is possible to create a difference in potentials between them, which threaten the life and health of people.
In what direction between earthing workers can be reduced (≥ 20m). If it is impossible to work, then you can but come alive and check the potential of grounding on the SUP or DZSH bus.
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1.7.1. This Rule has been extended to all electrical installations with a variable and steady stream of voltage up to 1 kV, and more so to avenge the fires up to their grounding and protection of people and creatures in the form of an electric stream as in normal operation of the electrical installation, as well as in case of poor insulation.
Dodatkovі vimogi induced at the vіdpovіdnih branches of PUE.
1.7.2. Electrical installations when entering electrical safety are divided into:
electrical installations with a voltage of 1 kV at the bars with a solidly grounded or effectively grounded neutral (div. 1.2.16);
electrical installations with a voltage of 1 kV in meshes, either insulated or grounded through an arc-extinguishing reactor or neutral resistor;
electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV at the fences with a dead-earthed neutral;
electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV at wires made of insulated neutral.
1.7.3. For electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV, the following designation is accepted:
system TN- the system, in which the neutral of the live wire is deafly grounded, and the conductive parts of the electrical installation are connected to the neutral of the dead ground wire for the help of zero wires;
but b
Rice. 1.7.1. System TN-C serpentine ( but) and constant ( b) struma. Zero and zero working explorers of confusion in one explorer:
1
- grounding neutral (middle point) zherela zhivlennya;
2
- open conductive parts;
3
- zherelo zhivlennya postіyny strumu
system TN-C- system TN, in the same zero and zero working conductors are used in one conductor on the whole line (Fig. 1.7.1);
system TN-S- system TN, in a kind of zero and zero working conductors are divided on the whole stretch (Fig. 1.7.2);
system TN-C-S- system TN, in the same function of the zero protection and zero operating conductors in the same conductor in the same part, starting from the zherel of life (Fig. 1.7.3);
system IT- a system in which the neutral of the living room is insulated from the ground or grounded through an attachment or an attachment, which is a great support, and the conductive parts of the electrical installation are grounded (Fig. 1.7.4);
system TT- the system, in which the neutral of the living dzherel is deafly grounded, and the conductive parts of the electrical installation are grounded behind the auxiliary building, electrically independent of the dead-grounded neutral of the dzherel (Fig. 1.7.5).
The first letter is the station of neutrality, the life of the earth:
T- Grounded neutral;
I- insulated neutral.
Rice. 1.7.2. System TN-S serpentine ( but) and constant ( b) struma. Zero zahisny and zero working conductors of division:
1 1-1 1-2 2 - open conductive parts; 3 - zherelo zhivlennya
Friend-litera - the camp of the conductive parts of the earth:
T- Vіdkritі provіdnі partіnі zrezhіnі, nezalezhnі vіd vіd stavlennі to zemlі neutralі dzherelі zhilennya аbо be kakoї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї їмірі жі івіння;
N- Vіdkritі provіdnі parts priєdnіnі to dead-earthed neutral zherel zhivlennya.
Come (once N) letters - used in one explorer or sub-functions of zero working and zero protection explorers:
S- zero robot ( N) and zero zahisniy ( RE) conductors of separation;
Rice. 1.7.3. System TN-C-S serpentine ( but) and constant ( b) struma. Zero and zero working explorers are used in one explorer in a part of the system:
1 - grounding neutral dzherel zminny strumu; 1-1 - grounding vyvedennya dzherel postіyny strumu; 1-2 - grounding of the middle point of the dzherel of the standing strum; 2 - open conductive parts, 3 - zherelo zhivlennya
W- functions of the zero protection and zero working explorer in one explorer ( PEN-providnik);
N- - zero robot (neutral) conductor;
RE- dehumidifying conductor (grounding conductor, zero depleting conductor, depleting conductor of the potential maintenance system);
PEN- - zero confusion and zero working conductors.
Rice. 1.7.4. System IT serpentine ( but) and constant ( b) struma. Conductive parts of the electrical installation are grounded. The neutral of the zherel zhivlennya is isolated from the ground or grounded through the great opir:
1
- Opіr grounding neutral dzherela zhivlennya (yakscho є);
2
- grounding;
3
- open conductive parts;
4
- grounding attachment of the electrical installation;
5
- zherelo zhivlennya
1.7.4. The electric tether with an effectively grounded neutral is a three-phase electric tether with a voltage of 1 kV, which does not exceed 1.4.
Three-phase earth fault coefficient electric lines- increase in the difference of potentials between the non-shocked phase and the earth at the point of the earth fault and the other two phases to the difference of the potentials between the phase and the earth at the third point before the fault.
Rice. 1.7.5. System TT serpentine ( but) and constant ( b) struma. Conductive parts of the electrical installation are grounded behind the auxiliary grounding, electrically independent of the grounding neutral:
1
- grounding neutral dzherel zminny strumu;
1-1
- grounding vyvedennya dzherel postіyny strumu;
1-2
- grounding of the middle point of the dzherel of the standing strum;
2
- open conductive parts;
3
- grounding device for conducting parts of the electrical installation;
4
- zherelo zhivlennya
1.7.5. The neutral is deeply grounded - the neutral of the transformer or the generator, it is connected without a middle to the grounding outbuilding. Deep-earthing can be seen the dzherel of a single-phase zminny strum or the pole of the dzherel of a standing strum in two-wire stremes, as well as the middle point in a three-wire streak of a standing strum.
1.7.6. Insulated neutral - neutral of the transformer or generator, not connected to the grounding outbuilding, or connected to the new one through the great support of the signaling devices, mitigation, protection and other similar outbuildings.
1.7.7. Conductive part - part, as you can conduct an electric jet.
1.7.8. Strumoprovidna part - the conductive part of the electrical installation, which is in the process of robotic work under the working voltage, including a zero working conductor (but not PEN-providnik).
1.7.9. Conductive part - the wiring part of the electrical installation is available to the doctor, which does not normally change under voltage, but it can be under voltage with poor main insulation.
1.7.10. A third-party wired part is a wired part, but not a part of the electrical installation.
1.7.11. A direct dotik is the electrical contact of people or creatures with streak-guided particles, which are under pressure.
1.7.12. An indirect dotik is the electrical contact of people or creatures with viscous conductive parts, which have buckled under the pressure of a different insulation.
1.7.13. Zakhist in the form of a direct dotik - Zakhist for zabіgannya dotik to strum-leading parts, which are under tension.
1.7.14. Zakhist with an indirect bunker - a zakhist in the presence of an electric strum at the bunker to the hard conductive parts, which buckled under the pressure with poor insulation.
The term ushkodzhennya іzolyatsії slid razumіti as a single ushkodzhennya іzolyatsії.
1.7.15. Grounding - a conductive part, or a collection of interconnected conductive parts, which are in electrical contact with the earth without a middle or through an intermediate middle.
1.7.16. Piece grounding device - grounding device, which is specially designed for grounding purposes.
1.7.17. Natural grounding - a third-party conductive part, which is in electrical contact with the ground without a middle, or through an intermediate medium, which is used for grounding purposes.
1.7.18. Grounding conductor - a conductor that connects the part (point) that is grounded, from the grounding.
1.7.19. Grounding attachment - a collection of grounding and grounding conductors.
1.7.20. Zone of zero potential (visible earth) - part of the earth, which is located in the zone of the inflow of any earthing worker, the electric potential of which is taken equal to zero.
1.7.21. Rotting zone (local earth) - a zone of earth between the ground and the zone of zero potential.
The term "land", which is victorious in distribution, follows the understanding of how the earth is in the zone of expansion.
1.7.22. Flickering to the ground - a viadkovy electrical contact between the strumoid parts, which are under the pressure, that earth.
1.7.23. The voltage on the grounding extension is the voltage that is caused when the struma flows from the grounding device into the ground between the point where the struma is introduced into the grounding device and the zone of zero potential.
1.7.24. The voltage of the dotik is the voltage between two conductive parts, or between the conductive part of that land, with a one-hour dotik before them people and creatures.
Checked the voltage of the dotik - the voltage between the conductive parts that are instantly accessible to the dotik, if the person or the creature does not stop.
1.7.25. The voltage of the crop is the voltage between two points on the surface of the earth, on the surface of 1 m one is one in the same, as it is accepted by an equal long-term crop of a person.
1.7.26. Opir of the grounding outbuilding - voltage increase on the outbuilding, which is grounded, to the struma, which flows from the grounding unit into the ground.
1.7.27. Equivalent ground support of the earth with a heterogeneous structure - electrical power of the earth with a homogeneous structure, in the same ground extension, it can have the same meaning as the earth with a heterogeneous structure.
The term nursery opir, which is victorious on the ground for the earth with a heterogeneous structure, should be understood as an equivalent nursery opir.
1.7.28. Grounding - the price of navmisne electrical installation, whether it is a point of a fence, electrical installations or a possession of a grounding outbuilding.
1.7.29. Zahisne grounding - grounding, as it were, vikonuetsya with the method of electrical safety.
1.7.30. More (functionally) grounding - grounding point or a point of the jet-conducting parts of the electrical installation, as it is designed to ensure the safety of the electrical installation (not for the purposes of electrical safety).
1.7.31. Zakhisne zeroing in electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV - navmisne z'ednannya of critical conductive parts from the neutral of a dead-earthed generator or a transformer in meshes triphasic struma, From the grounded point of the dzherel to the grounded point of the dzherel in the fences of the standing strum, which is connected with the electrical safety method.
1.7.32. Equalization of potentials - electrical connection of conductive parts in order to reach the equality of their potentials.
Zakhisna zrivnyannya potencialiv - zrіvnyannya potencialiv, scho vykonuetsya z metoy elektrobezpeka.
The term for the development of potentials, which is victorious in distribution, follows the understanding of how to develop the potentials.
1.7.33. Virіvnyuvannya potencialіv - reduction of raznitsiі potentialіv (crystal voltage) on the surface of the earth or subdivisions for the help of zahisnih conductors, laying near the ground, at the bottom, or on their surfaces, coming to the grounding outbuilding, and subdivisional earthing.
1.7.34. Zahisniy ( RE) conductor - conductor, intended for purposes of electrical safety.
Zahisniy zahisniy provіdnik - zahisniy provіdnik, appointments for zahisniy grounding.
Expeditious conductor of potential verification - defensible conductor, appointments for defensible potential verification.
Zero conductor - a conductor in electrical installations up to 1 kV, intended for connecting critical conductive parts to the neutral of a deaf-earthed living conductor.
1.7.35. Zero working (neutral) explorer ( N) - a conductor in electrical installations up to 1 kV, intended for living electrical supplies and connecting to a dead-earthed neutral of a generator or a transformer in the strands of a three-phase stream, to a dead-earthed connection of a single-phase strum, to a dead-earthed point of a drain in the strands of a direct strum.
1.7.36. Poednani zero zahisny and zero robot ( PEN) conductors - conductors in electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV, which combine the functions of zero protection and zero working conductors.
1.7.37. The main grounding bus is a bus, which is a part of the grounding attachment of an electrical installation up to 1 kV and is recognized for the connection of a number of conductors with a method of grounding and potential mitigation.
1.7.38. Zahisne automatically turning on the live - automatically switching off the lance of one or a few phase conductors (and, as a matter of fact, a zero working conductor), as well as vykonuetsya with the method of electrical safety.
The term automatically turns on the live, which wins in the distribution, follows the mind as an automatic shutdown of the live.
1.7.39. The main insulation is the insulation of the strum parts, which ensures that among them there is protection from the direct dotik.
1.7.40. Dodatkova insulation - independent insulation in electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV, which increases to the basic insulation for protection with an indirect dotik.
1.7.41. Underlying insulation - insulation in electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV, which is formed from the main and additional insulation.
1.7.42. Strengthened insulation - insulation in electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV, which will protect the feet against damage by an electric jet, equal to the underlying insulation.
1.7.43. Low (small) voltage (SPN) - voltage, which does not exceed 50 V of the main and 120 V of the constant stream.
1.7.44. A separate transformer is a transformer, the primary winding of which is the winding of the secondary windings behind the auxiliary electric power supply under the lances.
1.7.45. Bezpechny rozdіlovy transformer - rozdіlovy transformer, appointments for living lanceug_v nadizkoy voltage.
1.7.46. Zahisniy ekran - providny ekran, intended for the connection of an electric stake and / or conductors in the stream parts of other lances.
1.7.47. Zakhisny electrical distribution of lances - the installation of one electrical lance in the form of other lances in electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV for help:
- underfloor insulation;
- main insulation and back screen;
- reinforced insulation.
1.7.48. Non-conductive (insulating) accommodation, zones, maidanchiks - accommodation, zones, maidanchiks, in some (on yaky) defenders with an indirect dot, they are provided with a high support for both walls and walls, and in some days grounded conductive parts.
Zagalni vimogi
1.7.49. Strumoprovidnі parts of the electrical installation are not to blame but are accessible to the vipadkovy dotik, and accessible to the dotik vіdkritі and third-party conductive parts are not guilty to perebuvat under voltage, which can become unsafe electric jet like in the normal mode of operation of the electrical installation, so in case of insulation.
1.7.50. To defend against an electric strum in normal mode, you must be stagnant, or in case of an attack, go to the attack from a direct dotik:
- basic insulation of strum-conducting elements;
- fences and shells;
- installation of bar'eriv;
- placement of the posture by the zone of reach;
- zastosuvannya over low (small) voltage.
For additional protection from a direct dotik in electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV, for the obviousness of other chapters of the PUE, it is necessary to install an attachment for a protection connection (EPV) with a nominal vibrating differential stream of not more than 30 mA.
1.7.51. For protection against damage by an electric strum, in case of damage to the insulation due to stagnation, or in case of an attack, go to the protection against an indirect dot:
- zahisne grounding;
- automatic withdrawal of life;
- development of potentials;
- development of potentials;
- podvіyna chi reinforced іzolyatsіya;
- supralow (small) voltage;
- zahisny electric podіl lansyugіv;
- isolation (non-conductive) accommodation, zones, maidanchiks.
1.7.52. Come to the defense in case of damage by an electric jet due to transmission in the electrical installation, or part or part of it, or stagnated up to the last electrical receivers, and can be implemented when the electrical installation is prepared, or in the process of installing the electrical installation in both paddocks.
Zastosuvannya dvoh and more zahodіv zahistu in elektrostanovtsi not maє mаєmno vplyu, scho reduce the effectiveness of the skin from them.
1.7.53. Zakhist with an indirect dotik should follow all fluctuations, as if the voltage in the electrical installation is shifting 50 V and 120 V of the direct stream.
In applications with increased insecurity, especially those in advanced installations, the suffocation with an indirect dot can be needed at greater low voltages, for example, 25 V and 60 V of the direct stream or 12 V of the change and 30 V of the main stream in the main stream
Zahist Vіd direct subscription is not Potteriben, Yakscho Ekletrobladnannya to inform the zone of the Speed Systems Spearvnoyvnya potentity, and Nab_lsha Robocha, I will not pass 25 in the sninth ABO 60 in the post_ynyh stream in the pricks without pivitable, this 6 in the serpentine ABO 15 in the post_ynyh stream.
Note. Here and far away, the voltage of the zminny struma means the root-mean-square value of the voltage of the zminny struma; voltage of a constant stream - the voltage of a constant or a straightened stream with a total pulsation is not more than 10% of the rms value.
1.7.54. For the grounding of electrical installations, there can be both single-piece and natural grounding devices. Even in case of different natural grounding devices, grounding outbuildings, or the voltage of the dotik may be the permissible value, as well as the normalization of the voltage values \u200b\u200bin the grounding outbuilding and the permissible gap capacity of the plumes in natural earthing devices, and the installation of piece earthing devices in electrical installations. The use of natural grounding devices, as elements of grounding outbuildings, is not guilty of causing damage when streams run through them short hum otherwise, the robots and annexes are destroyed, with such stench they are tied.
1.7.55. For grounding in electrical installations, different values and voltages, which are territorially close, should, as a rule, install one grounding ground attachment.
MANTERNING PRIEY, SHO WICHISTERS FOR EARNING ELEKTROSTROY STOCKINGS OF ONE ABOUT ABOUT DESCRIBLE OF THE ISS MOVIES, SHO POSSIBLE TO THE EUTHER OF THE NATIONAL ELECTROINE IS ELEKTROSTROY STRUCTION: Zahista people viogenin's eckecitrix lamp at sampling izlyatsії, the minds of the Robotie Mezhina .d. for a long period of operation.
We can wait until we reach the limit of vimogi to the zahisnogo grounding.
Grounding extensions of electrical grounding of electrical installations will be and spores of the 2nd and 3rd categories of cih budivel and spores, as a rule, may be wild.
When vikonannі okremogo (Square) zazemlyuvacha for robochem grounding for drain robot іnformatsіynogo abo іnshogo chutlivogo to vplivu pereshkod obladnannya povinnі Buti vzhitі spetsіalnі come in Zakhyst od urazhennya elektrichnim Strum scho unemozhlivlyuyut odnochasny dotik to Chastain, SSMSC mozhut opinitisya pid nebezpechnoyu rіznitseyu potentsіalіv at poshkodzhennі іzolyatsії.
For combining grounding outbuildings of various electrical installations into one underground grounding outbuilding, there can be both natural and piece conductors. Їхнє number may be not less than two.
1.7.56. The necessary voltage values for the dot and the support of the grounding outbuildings with stacks of them streaked to the ground and strums are responsible for the safety of the most unfriendly minds, whether it’s time to rock.
When the support of the grounding outbuildings is appointed, it is necessary to insure pieces and natural grounding devices.
With the appointment of a pet, the support of the earth, like a rozrachunkovy, should take on the first seasonal significance, which shows the most unfriendly minds.
Grounding outbuildings are to be mechanically stable, thermally and dynamically resistant to streaks on the ground.
1.7.57. Electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV of residential, communal and industrial life and state-of-the-art installations are, as a rule, responsible for estimating liveliness from the dzherel from the dead-earthed neutral from the system jamming TN.
For protection from electric shock damage with an indirect bunker in such electrical installations, it is necessary to turn on the power supply automatically until 1.7.78-1.7.79.
Wimogi Chodo Selection Systems TN-C, TN-S, TN-C-S for specific electrical installations, it is indicated at the relevant branches of the Rules.
1.7.58. Life of electrical installations with voltage up to 1 kV IT follow, as a rule, for inadmissibility, interrupt life during the first zamikannya on the ground or on the conductive part, connected with the system of raising potentials. In such electrical installations for protection in case of an indirect dotik, during the first earth fault, there may be no more grounding in the insulation control, or the ELV with a nominal differential strum, which includes no more than 30 mA. In the event of a subway fault on the ground, it may be possible to automatically turn on the live power until 1.7.81.
1.7.59. Live electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV from the dzherel from a dead-earthed neutral and from grounded, critical conductive parts for an additional grounding device that is not connected to the neutral (system TT); TN cannot be safe. For the protection of an hour of indirect dotik in such electrical installations, it may not be possible to automatically turn on the power supply for obov'azkovym zastosuvannyam ELV. When you can buti dotriman Umov:
R but I a £50,
de I a - Strum spratsovuvannya zahisnogo annex;
R a - the total grounding conductor of the grounding conductor, when the ELV for the protection of a small number of electrical receivers is fixed - the grounding conductor of the largest electrical receiver.
1.7.60. When zastosuvanni zakhisnogo automatic switch-on food is due to buti vikonana the main system of raising the potentials is open until 1.7.82, and if necessary, the supplementary system of raising the potentials is open until 1.7.83.
1.7.61. When the system is stuck TN re-grounding is recommended RE- І REN- conductors at the commissioned electrical installations, as well as in other available places. For re-grounding we are ahead of the next vikoristovuvaty natural grounding. Opir grounding re-grounding is not standardized.
The middle of the great and richly superficial buds have a similar function of raising the level of potential for the help of adding a zero protection conductor to the main bus, which is grounded.
Re-earthing of electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV, which maintain life along repeated lines, must be duly charged until 1.7.102-1.7.103.
1.7.62. If the hour of automatic wake-up is not confirmed to the minds of 1.7.78-1.7.79 for the system TN that 1.7.81 for the system IT, then, with an indirect dotik, for the few parts of the electrical installation, or the few electrical appliances, you can but the stosuvanny zastosuvannymi podvynoy or reinforced insulation (electrical control class II), over low voltage(Electrical control class III), electric floor under the lancets in insulating (non-conductive) premises, zones, maidanchiks.
1.7.63. System IT voltage up to 1 kV, connected through a transformer with a 1 kV voltage barrier, the fault is protected by a penetrating guard in the presence of security, which is due to poor insulation between the windings of the higher and lower voltages of the transformer. The penetrating protector can be installed at the neutral or phase on the low voltage side of the skin transformer.
1.7.64. In electrical installations with a voltage of 1 kV from an insulated neutral for protection against electric shock, it is possible to protect against grounding of critical conductive parts.
In such electrical installations, it is possible to transfer the possibility of a quick flash to the ground. The defender in the fall to the ground is guilty of being installed to switch on all electrically connected lines in quiet situations, if it is necessary for the minds to be safe (for the lines, to live the transfer of the substations and the mechanisms, peat expansion is too short).
1.7.65. In electrical installations with a voltage of 1 kV from an effectively grounded neutral for protection against electric shock, it is possible to protect against grounding of critical conductive parts.
1.7.66. Zahisny zeroing in the system TN that zahisne grounding in the system IT electrical control, installed on the supports of the submarine (power and control transformers, power supplies, transformers, capacitors and other devices), may be vikonan s dotrimannym, guiding at the PUE power distribution units, as well as at the other distributions.
Opir of the grounding outbuilding of the support of the submarine, on which the electric power is installed, may be able to support the goal. 2.4 and 2.5.
Come in zahistu from the direct dotik
1.7.67. The main insulation of the streak-conducting parts is due to the curvature of the strum-conducting parts and vitrimuvat all possible things, as it can be done during the process of operation. Vidalennya іzolyatsії can be but we can only go through the road її ruynuvannya. Lakofarbovі pokrittya not є і іzolyatsієyu, scho zahivaє vіd vіd vіd vіdzhennja elektrichnіch struma, vіdnіatkі vіpadkіv, specіlіhly obumovlenіh tehnіchіchіchі umov іn konkіratnі virobi. When vikonannі іzolyatsії pіd hії іn installation іt іѕ tο hаνе tο bυt іt tested vіdpovіdno up tο mοg goal. 1.8.
In the fall, if the main insulation is covered by a safe gap, the wind is from the direct dotik to the stream-carrying parts, or the proximity to them is not safe, including in electrical installations with a voltage of 1 kV, the fault is to be found for additional shells, fencing, and a bar reach zone.
1.7.68. Enclosures and enclosures in electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV due to mother steps are not less than IP 2X, for a slight fall, if there are large gaps necessary for normal operation of electrical control.
The fence and the shells are due to buti nadіyno zakrіplenі and the mother is enough mechanical mіtsnіst.
The entrance to the fence or the wall of the shell is due to the fault, but it is possible only for the help of a special key or a tool, or after relieving the voltage from the stream-conducting parts. In case of impossibility to reach these minds, the fault is to install industrial fences with a level of protection not less than IP 2X, the removal of such can only be possible with the help of a special key or a tool.
1.7.69. The barriers are designated for the protection of the vented dotik to the jet-carrying parts in electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV, or the proximity to them is unsafe in electrical installations with a voltage of 1 kV, but they do not include the overhead dotik and the proximity to the jet-carrying parts when bypassing the bar'er. For a remote bar, it is not necessary to put a key or a tool, however, the stench is due to be fastened so that they cannot be taken out of harm's way. Barriers are made from insulating material.
1.7.70. Positioning within the reach zone for the direct access to the jet-carrying parts in electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV, or approaching them at an unsafe distance in electrical installations with a voltage of 1 kV can be blocked if it is impossible to enter, designated at 1.7.68-1.7.69 insufficiency. At any time between accessible one-hour dotik conductive parts in electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV may not be less than 2.5 m.
For vertical directing, the reachable zone in electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV can become 2.5 m from the surface where people are found (Fig. 1.7.6).
Appointment of data reconciliation without adjustment of the cost of additional benefits (for example, tools, descents, other objects).
1.7.71. Barriers installed in that location within the reach zone are allowed only at premises accessible to qualified personnel.
1.7.72. In electrical applications of electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV, a direct lock is not needed for a one-hour attack on the offensive minds:
the destinations are clearly identified, and access to them is only possible with an additional key;
the possibility of a free exit from the premises without a key is secured;
minimum rozmіri passing through the service to give a goal. 4.1.
Rice. 1.7.6. Reach zone in electrical installations up to 1 kV:
S- surface, de mozhe buti people;
IN- base surface S;
The cordon of the zone of reach of the strumous parts by the hand of a person who is found on the surface S;
0.75; 1.25; 2.50 m - across the edge of the surface S to the interzone of reach
Come in zahistu vіd direct and indirect dotikіv
1.7.73. The low (small) voltage (SPN) in electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV can be zastosovana for protection against electric shock with a direct and / or indirect bunker in the case of an electrically powered lance or with an automatic connection.
How dzherelo zhivlennya lantsyugіv SNN in both ways should be able to zastosovuvaty safe rozdilovy transformer compliant to GOST 30030 "Transformers rozdіlovі and safe rozdіlovі transformers" or else dzherelo SSP, scho zabezpechuє rіvnotsіnny rіven safety.
Strumoprovidnі part lantsyugіv SNN owe elektrichrno v_dokremlenі vіd іnshih lantsyugіv so, shchob zabezpechuvsya elektrichny podіl, rivnotsіnny podіlu m_zh primary and secondary windings of the branch transformer.
As a rule, conductors of lanceugs in SNN, as a rule, are to be laid okremo in conductors of high voltages and zahisnyh conductors, or they are grounded with a metal screen (sheath), or they are laid in a non-metal sheath dotkovo to the main insulation.
Plugs and sockets of plug-in plugs in Lantsyugs SNN are not responsible for connecting to sockets and plugs of other voltages.
Plug sockets can be used without any contact.
With the values of SSP more than 25 V, or 60 V, the steady stream is to blame, but also the winding up of the guard in the direct dotik for an additional fence, or hulls, or insulation, which is indicative of a test voltage of 500 V, the change of the struma with a stretch of 1 min.
1.7.74. When zastosuvannі BSC in poєdnannі of elektrichnim podіlom lantsyugіv vіdkritі provіdnі Chastain not povinnі Buti navmisno priєdnanі to zazemlyuvacha, zahisnih provіdnikіv abo vіdkritih provіdnih Chastain іnshih lantsyugіv that to storonnіh provіdnih Chastain, krіm vipadku, if z'єdnannya storonnіh provіdnih Chastain of elektroobladnannyam neobhіdne and napruga on these parts it is impossible to change the value of SNN.
SNN from Poennannnі zelinichnichniy Lantseugіv Sliply Zhoshvati, if the definition of SNN is needed, Zahist Vіd Uzharennia energic lancer at SNN SNN, not Tilki in Lancerny Snn, ale at the sampling, ripple, to Lancer, Shaho to live Jerelo.
In case of stasis of SNN at the connection with automatic switching on, one of the visnovkіv of the dzherel SNN and the first building is due to come to the zahisny conductor of the lansyug, to live the dzherel.
1.7.75. In case of fluctuations, if in the electrical installations there is an electrical supply with the largest working (functional) voltage, but it does not exceed 50 V or 120 V of a constant stream, such a voltage can be vikoristan as a direct and indirect voltage, as well as 7.7. 1.7.74.
Come on zahistu with indirect dotik
1.7.76. Wimogi zakhistu with indirect dotik expands to:
1) cases of electrical machines, transformers, devices, lighting fixtures;
2) bring electric devices;
3) frameworks of separate shields, control panels, shields and shaf, as well as the outer or lower parts, as on the rest, an electrically charged voltage is installed 50 V in the replacement or 120 V in the standing stream At the fast strumu);
4) metal structures of outbuildings, cable structures, cable sleeves, sheaths and armor of control and power cables, sheaths of wires, sleeves and pipes of electrical wiring, sheaths and supporting structures of busbars (conductors), trays, boxes, strings, cables and smugs, on strengthened cables and darts (crim strings, cables and smug, on which cables are laid with zeroed or grounded metal sheath or armor), as well as other metal structures, on which electric power is installed;
5) metal sheaths and armor of control and power cables and wires on voltages, which do not exceed the designations in 1.7.53, laid on hard metal structures, including at hard pipes, ducts, trays, thinly, with cables and wires on high voltages;
6) metal cases and transferable and portable electric receivers;
7) electrical control, installed on the rough parts of workbenches, machines and mechanisms.
In case of zastosuvanni yak zakhisniy zakhіd of automatic switching on of the zhivlennya zastovannі vіdkritі provіdnі і parts of the fault but priіdnіnі to the dead-earthed neutral dzherelа zhelіnіnі in the system TN and grounded in systems ITі TT.
1.7.77. It is not necessary to come directly to the neutral point in the system TN and grounding in systems ITі TT:
1) housings of electrically controlled devices installed on metal bases: structures, substructures, shields, wardrobes, benches of benches, machines and mechanisms, connected to the neutral line of life or grounding, with safe electrical contact of these housings with the bases;
2) structures, listed in 1.7.76, with the provision of an overhead electrical contact between these structures and the installation of electrical controls on them, we will bring them to a protective conductor;
3) the parts of the metal frames in the chambers of the separate outbuildings, the closet, the fence are thin, as if on the visible parts, which are opened, the electric power is not installed, or as the voltage of the installed electric power does not exceed the value 1.7.5 of them;
4) fittings of insulators in the upper power transmission lines and fixing details that are attached to it;
5) conductive parts of electrical control with underwire insulation;
6) metal brackets, fasten, tie-downs of pipes of mechanical protection of cables at the points where they pass through the walls and overlaps and other similar details of electrical wiring with an area of up to 100 cm 2, including stretching and wiring boxes for attaching electrical wiring.
1.7.78. In case of automatic switching on of life in electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV, all wired parts of the fault are connected to neutral, a dead-earthed life wire, as a result of which the system is blocked TN, and grounded, as if the system was blocked IT or TT. With the help of the characteristics of the storage devices and the parameters of the storage conductors, they should be adjusted, so that the normalization of the hour of switching on the poshkodzhenny lancet by the switching device is rated up to the nominal phase voltage of the life expectancy.
In electrical installations, which have such a shutdown, it is automatically turned on the power supply, there may be no power supply.
For automatic switch-on of life, there can be zastosovani zahisno-switching devices, which react to overjet or differential jet.
1.7.79. In the system TN the hour of automatic switching on of life may change the value indicated in the table. 1.7.1.
Table 1.7.1
TN
The indicated values of the turn-on time are considered sufficient for the safety of electrical safety, including in group lancets, which will live over portable electrical receivers and hand-held power tools class 1.
In the Lanciugs, who live rozpodіlnі, groupovі, poverovі іn. shield those shields, the hour of inclusion is not guilty of revisiting 5 s.
The values for the hour are allowed to include more values in the table. 1.7.1, but not more than 5 s in lancers, to live only stationary electrical receivers in the form of separate shields or shields in the case of one of the attacking minds:
1) a new opir, a protective conductor between the main grounding bus and a separate shield, but the shield does not change the value, Ohm:
50× Z c/ U 0 ,
de Z c - the latest opir of the lance "phase-zero", Ohm;
U 0 - nominal phase voltage of Lanziug, V;
50 - voltage drop on the spacer of the protective conductor between the main earthing bus and the rose under the shield or the shield, V;
2) up to the tire RE rozpodіlnogo shield or shield attached to the additional system of monitoring potentials, which includes those third-party conductive parts, which is the main system of monitoring potentials.
It is allowed to block the ELV, which react to the differential strum.
1.7.80. It is not allowed to block the ELV, which react to the differential strum, in four-way three-phase lances (system TN-C). In times of need, zastosuvannya ELV for the protection of okremih elektropryymachiv, yakі otrimuyut zhivotny vіd sistemy TN-C, zahisny RE- the conductor of the electric receiver may have buti connections up to PEN- to the conductor of the lansyug, who should live the electric receiver, until he zahisno- switching device.
1.7.81. In the system IT hour of automatic switch-on of life in case of underwire flickering on the wires of the wire part may be confirmed by the table. 1.7.2.
Table 1.7.2
Highest allowable automatic shutdown hour for the system IT
1.7.82. The main system for monitoring potentials in electrical installations up to 1 kV is responsible for interconnecting such conductive parts (Fig. 1.7.7):
1) zero zahisniy RE- or REN- conductor of the line of life in the system TN;
2) grounding conductor, connecting to the grounding extension of the electrical installation, in systems ITі TT;
3) grounding conductor, coming to the grounding re-grounding at the start-up (as a grounding conductor);
4) metal pipes and communications that come in before wake-up call: hot and cold water supply, sewage, scorching, gas supply.
If the gas pipeline pipeline may have an insulating insert at the entrance to the building, only a part of the pipeline will come to the main system of the air conditioning system, where there is an insulating insert on the side of the building;
5) metal parts of the frame;
6) metal parts of centralized ventilation systems and air conditioning. For the presence of decentralized ventilation systems and air conditioning, metal air conditioners should come to the bus RE shields for living fans and air conditioners;
Rice. 1.7.7. The system of surviving the potential of the bud_vl_:
M- vidkrita conductive part; Z 1- metal pipes to the water supply system, which will enter before wake-up call; C2- metal pipes and sewers to enter before wake-up call; C3- metal pipes for gas supply with an insulating insert at the inlet, which can be entered before wake-up call; C4- ventilation and air conditioning; C5- scorching system; C6- metal plumbing pipes at the bathrooms; C7- metal bath; C8- a third-party wired part within reach of the critical wired parts; C9- reinforcement of concrete structures; GZSH - main grounding bus; T1- natural grounding; T2- grounding officer bliskavkozakhistu (yakscho є); 1 - zero zahisny explorer; 2 - Conductor of the main system of potential monitoring; 3 - Conductor of the additional system of potential monitoring; 4 - strumov_dvedennya system bliskavkozahistu; 5 - a contour (main) of a working grounding at the premises of the informational enumeration station; 6 - Conductor of working (functional) grounding; 7 - Conductor of leveling of potentials at the system of working (functional) grounding; 8 - ground conductor
7) grounding attachment of the system to the bliskvkozakhist of the 2nd and 3rd categories;
8) a grounding conductor of a functional (working) grounding, as well as a daily exchange on the adjoining line of a working grounding to a grounding outbuilding of a protective grounding;
9) metal sheathing of telecommunication cables.
Conducting parts, which enter before the wake-up call, are due to join the yakomoga closer to the point of entry into the wake.
For connection with the main potential monitoring system, all parts of the fault are connected to the main grounding bus (1.7.119-1.7.120) for an additional conductor of the potential monitoring system.
1.7.83. The system of supplementary surveillance of potentials is responsible for supporting all the one-hour accessible parts of the stationary electric power supply and third-party wired parts, including the accessible metal parts of the building constructions of the working rooms, as well as zero TN and zahisnі grounding conductors in systems ITі TT, including wires for socket outlets
To increase the potential, there can be specially transferred conductors or other third-party conductor parts, so that the stench will satisfy the authorities 1.7.
1.7.84. The defender for additional underwire or reinforced insulation can be secure for the installation of electrically controlled class II, or for laying electrically controlled, which may only provide the main insulation of the streak-conducting parts of the insulating shell.
The conductive parts of the possession of the underfloor insulation are not due to the connection to the protection conductor and the system of potential leveling.
1.7.85. Zahisny electric distribution of lancers should be stopped, as a rule, for one lancer.
The largest operating voltage of the lancet that is water-reinforced is not guilty of overvoltage of 500 V.
The life of a water-reinforced lancet can be viconano in a split transformer, which complies with GOST 30030 “Split transformers and safe split transformers”, or in a different dzherel, which ensures a safe equal level of safety.
Strumoprovidnі parts of the lansyug, which live in a branched transformer, are not guilty of the mother of the grounded parts and zahisnym conductors of other lanceugs.
Conductors of lances, which live in a rozpodilchogo transformer, it is recommended to lay okremo in other lances. Yakscho tse nemozhlivo, then such lantsyugіv neobhіdno vikoristovuvati kabelі without metalevoї Ilya Obolonkov, bronі, ekranu abo іzolovanі glass tubes, prokladenі in іzolyatsіynih pipes, ducts i channels for minds scho nomіnalna napruga Tsikh kabelіv i drotіv vіdpovіdaє naybіlshіy naprugі spіlno prokladenih lantsyugіv and cutaneous lantsyug protected from superstorms.
Only one electric receiver can live in the distribution transformer, so the conductive parts are not guilty, but they are connected to the sound conductor, not to the critical conductive parts of the other lands.
It is allowed to live a number of electrical receivers from one branch transformer for one hour of running out of minds:
1) conductive parts of the lansyug, which are water-reinforced, are not responsible for the mother of the electrical connection with the metal case of the living room;
2) Vіdkriti Provіdnі Lanziuga, Shaho Vіkrevlyuz, Misnі Boothie Z'єєdnі MІZHETSII SYSTEM SYSTEMS SPIAVNYUVENNY POINTY POINTY POINT SYSTEMS, SHO NOT MAY Z'єднанна ІЗ із Схистилисия и відкиритьси сідний
3) usi socket outlets due to the mother of his own contact, admission to the mast ungrounded system of potential surveillance;
4) all gnuchki cables, behind a wink it is quiet, that to live the possession of class II, the mother's fault is his conductor, that zastosovuetsya as a conductor of potential;
5) the hour of switching on the attachment to the zakhist in case of a two-phase flicker on the winding part is not guilty of changing the hour, the values in the table. 1.7.2.
1.7.86. Insulating (non-conducting) applications, zones and maidanchiki can be blocked in electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV, if they cannot be switched off before automatic switching on, and the blocking of other outside entrances is impossible or not sufficient.
Opіr schodo local land isolating sublogs and walls of such places, zones and maidanchikiv at any point may be no less:
50 kOhm at a nominal voltage of electrical installation up to 500 V, measured with a megaohmmeter at a voltage of 500 V;
100 kOhm at a nominal voltage of the electrical installation more than 500, measured with a megohmmeter at a voltage of 1000 V.
If the opir at any point is lesser for the appointment, such a place, zone, maydanchiki are not guilty of looking like a zasib zakhist from the electric shock.
For insulating (non-conductive) premises, zones, maidanchiks, it is allowed to switch to electric power class 0, if only one of three offensive minds is accepted:
1) the distance between one and the other wired parts is not less than 2 m.
2) vіdkritі provіdnі partіnі vіdоkremlіnі vіd vіdnіhі prоvіdniі parts of the bar'єrіmі іzіzoljatsіy materialі. When tsmu vіdstanі, no less than zaznachenі in paragraphs. 1, to be safe from one side of the bar;
3) third-party conductive parts are covered with insulation, which shows the test voltage is not less than 2 kV with a pull of 1 min.
Insulating accommodations (zones) are not to be blamed for the transmission of the cold conductor.
Due to transferring, come in against the potential of third-party conductors of part of the call reception.
It is not the fault of such a wall of such applications that the vologists should succumb.
1.7.87. When vikonannі zahodіv zakhistu in electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV, class elektroobladnannya, scho zastosovuєtsya, for the method of zakhistu people in the form of electric shock according to GOST 12.2.007.0 "SSBT. Electrical engineering virobi. Zagalnі vimogi bezpeki” should be accepted clearly to the table. 1.7.3.
Table 1.7.3
Electrical shutdown in electrical installations up to 1 kV
Class z GOST 12.2.007.0 R MEK536 |
Markuvannya |
Assigned to the Zahist |
Clean up the blockage of electrical installations in electrical installations |
With indirect dotik |
1. Stagnation at non-conductive premises. |
||
Zakhisny zatyskach - a sign of a letter RE, or yellow-green smuga |
With indirect dotik |
Delivery of a grounding electrical installation clamp to the electrical installation's protective conductor |
|
With indirect dotik |
Nezalezhno vіd zakhodіv zahistu, praised in electrical installations |
||
Type of direct and indirect dotikiv |
Life from a non-furnace distributive transformer |
Grounding attachments of electrical installations with a voltage of 1 kV at the railings from an effectively grounded neutral
1.7.88. Grounding attachments of electrical installations with a voltage of 1 kV at the girders with an effectively grounded neutral should be connected to the dormant, either to the support (1.7.90), or to the voltage of the dotik (1.7.91), and also to the dotman, to the constructive vikoanne (1.7.92) -1.7.93) and before the reduction of the voltage on the grounding outbuilding (1.7.89). Vimogi 1.7.89-1.7.93 are not expanded on the grounding extension of the submarine supports.
1.7.89. The voltage on the grounding outbuilding with a glass of struma is not to blame, as a rule, to exceed 10 kV. A voltage greater than 10 kV is allowed on grounding outbuildings, which exclude the potential for faults between the walls and outdoor fences of electrical installations. When the voltage on the grounding outbuilding is over 5 kV, it is necessary to transfer the power supply so that the insulation of the cables is connected and the telemechanics, which are available, and in order to avoid the fault of the unsafe potentials between the electrical installations.
1.7.90. The grounding attachment, which vykonuetsya z dotrimannym could up to yogo support, is to blame for the mother at any hour of the rock opir no more than 0.5 Ohm for the improvement of the support of natural and piece grounding.
With the method of vibrating the electrical potential and ensuring the supply of electrical power to the grounding device on the territory occupied by the owners, then lay later and transverse horizontal grounding lines to connect them to the grid.
Late grounding is due to the laying of axes of electric power from the side of the service at a depth of 0.5-0.7 m from the surface of the earth and at the top of the station 0.8-1.0 m from the foundation or the foundations of the land. It is allowed to increase the height of the foundations or foundations up to 1.5 m with the laying of one grounding device for two rows of installation, as the service sides are one to one, and the gap between the foundations or the foundations of two rows does not exceed 3.0 m.
Cross-section grounding lines should be laid at clear places between waters at a depth of 0.5-0.7 m from the surface of the earth. Vіdstan mіzh it is recommended to accept zbіlshuєtsya from the periphery to the center of the network. In case of pershy and attack, pochinayuchy in the periphery, not guilty, to change in the same way 4.0; 5.0; 6.0; 7.5; 9.0; 11.0; 13.5; 16.0; 20.0 meters
Lay horizontal grounding tracks along the edge of the territory, which is occupied by the grounding outbuilding so that the stench at once establishes a closed loop.
If the contour of the grounding outbuilding is roztashovuetsya in the boundaries of the outer fence of the electrical installation, then the entrance to that entrance to the same territory should be checked by the potential path of installing two vertical grounding devices, coming to the right horizontal grounding entrance to the entrance. Vertical grounding is due to a length of 3-5 m, and the distance between them may be greater than the width of the entrance or the entrance.
1.7.91. The grounding attachment, which vykonuetsya z dotrimannym could, that hang up to the pressure of the dot, is guilty of ensuring the safety of fate when a new struma drops to the ground, the value of the voltage of the dotik, so as not to exceed the normalization (div. GOST 12.1.038). Opir of the grounding outbuilding, at which point, it depends on the permissible voltage on the grounding outbuilding, that struma flickering to the ground.
When the value of the allowable voltage is set, the dotik, like a rozrahunkovy hour, I will add the next time to take the sum of the hour and the full hour of the vimikach’s widow. When the allowable values of the voltage of the dotik are determined in the working areas, when there are operational faults, they can cause a short circuit on the structure, accessible to the dotik personnel, which will vibrate the switch, then take the hour of the backup defense, and to solve the territory - the main defense.
Note. A working place for a trace of intelligence, like a place for operational maintenance of electric devices.
The placement of late and transverse horizontal grounding devices may be used as a means of changing the voltage to the dot to normalize the value of the power supply that is grounded. Vіdstan between later and transverse horizontal piece grounding is not guilty of overshooting 30 m, and the depth of their laying in the ground is not less than 0.3 m. 0.2m.
At the time of combining the grounding outbuildings of different voltages into one deep grounding outbuilding, the voltage of the dot is guilty of being the largest strum of a short circuit to the ground, the outdoor switchgear is connected.
1.7.92. When vikonannі grounding outbuildings with dotrimannyam could, scho are presented to yogo support or to dotik, dodatkovo until 1.7.90-1.7.91 following:
lay grounding conductors, which can be used to equip or construct a grounding device, near the ground at a depth of not less than 0.3 m;
lay later and transverse horizontal grounding lines (at some straight lines) near the place of distribution of neutrals of power transformers, short circuits, which are grounded.
When the grounding outbuilding goes beyond the fences of the electrical installation, the horizontal grounding device, which is located outside the territory of the electrical installation, should be laid at a depth of at least 1 m.
1.7.93. The outer fence of electrical installations is not recommended to come to the ground.
If the electrical installation is connected to a 110 kV submarine and more, then I will fence off the earthing trace for additional vertical grounding devices of 2-3 m, installed fence posts along the entire perimeter after 20-50 m. the fittings of some kind are electrically connected with metal fence rails.
For the printed enectrician ZVDNOKO ZNZNSHNO RUDSTAN INSTRUESS ENTRANCE TO ELEMENTІV DOMESTAN ENTERNING ELEMENT OF THE ELEMENT OF THE ENTRICT INTERSHNO, ZOVNIZHNO ASS ABOUT SKHOKHNY, SOVNIZHNO, ABOUT ABOUT MENSHOE 2 m. Horizontal Kezhntouvachi, Trini I Cable TA Metal Methalya Komunіkatsіj Movynі Bethi Possed Pozpotinі Mіzh Stiyakov Rodmen on Glyubinі not mex 0.5 m. Mіstsy Primikhany Zovnіshno-rimman to Budіvel І Spoorode, and IS Torzhai Primikhani to Zovnіshno-rogozhni internal methalvikov тегожані обоні и и и номесь 1m.
Zhivlennya elektropryymachіv, vstanovlenyh on zvnіshnіy fence, next zdіysnyuvaty vіd rozdіlovih transformerіv. Digital transformers are not allowed to be installed on fences. The line, which carries the secondary winding of the electrically connected transformer with an electric receiver, is laid out on the fence, is to blame but is isolated from the ground on the roofing of the value of the voltage on the extension, which is grounded.
Even if one of the entrances is not possible, then the metal parts of the fence should come to the grounding outbuilding and viconate the potential so that the voltage of the dotik from the outer and inner sides of the fence did not exceed the permissible values. When the grounding outbuilding is closed behind a permissible support, the method is to blame for laying a horizontal grounding device from the outer side of the fence at a height of 1 m and at a depth of 1 m.
1.7.94. Yakscho zazemlyuvalny pristrіy elektroustanovki naprugi vische 1 kV MEREZHI of efektivnosti grounding neytrallyu z'єdnany іz zazemlyuyuchim pristroєm іnshoї elektroustanovki for Relief of cable metalevoyu Ilya Obolonkov abo Armor abo іnshih metalevih zv'yazkіv, then virіvnyuvannya potentsіalіv Navkolo zaznachenoї іnshoї elektroustanovki abo budіvlі in yakіy Won placed, it is necessary to take one of the advancing minds:
1) probe in the ground on Glyubinі 1 m і at Vіdstanі 1 m Vіd foundation Budіvlі Abo Vіd Perimeter Terriety, Zaistanno, Zadyvnyuvach, Called by IZ Systems Suspijvnyuvnya Potental_iv Tsієї Budіvlі Abo Tsієї Traitorії, and Bіl Login conductors on the stand 1 and 2 m from the grounding machine at the depth of 1 and 1.5 m
2) the replacement of concrete foundations as grounding is valid until 1.7.109, so that the allowable level of potential variation is ensured. The safety of the minds of the development of potentials behind the additional concrete foundations, which are victorious as grounding, is qualified according to GOST 12.1.030 “Electrical safety. Zahisne grounded, grounded.
Do not count on the minds that have been assigned to pp. 1 and 2, just like budinkіv є asphalt pavement, including the number of entrances and v'їzdіv. If at any entrance (into the exit) there is a pavement, the entrance (into the exit) can be vikonano vikonn vir_vnyuvannya potential in the way of laying two conductors, as it is designated in paragraphs. 1, or dotrimano wash for paragraphs. 2. In case of whom you have to pay the dues, vimogi 1.7.95.
1.7.95. In order to escape the wine potential, it is not allowed to live electrical appliances, which are located outside the boundaries of the grounding outbuildings of electrical installations.
If necessary, such electrical devices can be installed in a transformer with an insulated neutral on the side with a voltage of up to 1 kV of the cable line, wired with a cable without a metal sheath and without armor, or a submarine.
In this case, the voltage on the grounding outbuilding is not responsible for overestimating the voltage of the breakdown guard installed on the side of the lower voltage of the transformer from the insulated neutral.
The life of such electrical appliances can be installed in a separate transformer. Rozdіlovy transformer that line in the yogo secondary winding to the electrical receiver, as it is not possible to pass through the territory, which is engaged in the grounding extension of the electrical installation with a voltage of 1 kV, due to the mother's insulation from the earth on the rozrahunkov installation, the value of the voltage on the ground.
Grounding extensions of electrical installations with a voltage of over 1 kV at the railings from an insulated neutral
1.7.96. In electrical installations with a voltage of 1 kV, a line with an insulated neutral of an earthing outbuilding, during the passage of a rozrakhankovy struma, the earth will flicker to the ground, whether or not it’s time to fix the support of natural grounding maє buti
R£250/ I,
ale no more than 10 ohm, de I- Rosrakhunkovy strum zamikannya on the ground, A.A.
Like a rozrachunkovy strum is accepted:
1) at the fences without compensation of the єmnіsnyh strums - the strums are stuck to the ground;
2) at the borders with the compensation of the lower streaks:
for grounding outbuildings, to some kind of compensating devices - strum, which cost 125% of the nominal strum of the most exhaust of these devices;
for grounding outbuildings, to which compensating devices have not arrived, - the strum is grounded to the ground, which should pass at this fence when the most powerful compensating device is turned on.
Rozrakhunkovsky strum zamikannya on the ground is guilty of buti appointments for those of the possible schemes of the fence in operation, if the number of strums is the most significant.
1.7.97. When vikoristanny grounding outbuilding one hour for electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV from the insulated neutral of the faulty buti vykonanі umovi 1.7.104.
When vikoristanny grounding outbuilding at once for electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV with a dead-earthed neutral opir of the grounding outbuilding is to blame but not more than that specified in 1.7. the total length of these cables is less than 1 km.
1.7.98. For substations with a voltage of 6-10 / 0.4 kV, one earthing attachment may be installed, before which you can arrive:
1) transformer neutral on the side of the voltage up to 1 kV;
2) transformer housing;
3) metal sheaths and cable armor up to 1 kV and higher;
4) conductive parts of electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV and more;
5) third-party conductive parts.
About the area that the substation occupies, at a depth of not less than 0.5 m and at the height of not more than 1 m, at the edge of the foundation of the substation, or at the edge of the foundation, in the case of the installed property, the laying of short circuits of the horizontal grounding device (contour), of the ground additional grounding
1.7.99. The grounding extension of the string with a voltage of 1 kV from an insulated neutral, the connection from the grounding extension of the string with a voltage of 1 kV with an effectively grounded neutral into one earth ground attachment, is also responsible for the satisfaction of 1.7.89-1.7.90.
Grounding extensions of electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV at the railings from a dead-earthed neutral
1.7.100. In electrical installations from a dead-earthed neutral, the neutral of the generator or transformer of a three-phase zminny stream, the middle point of the dzherel of the constant strum, one of the visnovkіv of the dzherel of a single-phase strumu is due to come to the grounding machine for an auxiliary conductor.
Piece grounding device, intended for neutral grounding, sounding is responsible for rotting near the generator or transformer. For internal workshop substations, it is allowed to place a grounding device on the wall of the building.
As a foundation, in which a substation is located, it is vicorated as natural grounding, the neutral of the transformer should be grounded with a path, no less than two metal columns or up to embedded parts, welded to the reinforcement, no less than two cast-in-place concrete foundations.
When placed in substations on different surfaces of rich top-surface grounding, neutral transformers in such substations may be left behind the help of a specially laid conductor that is grounded. In this case, the grounding conductor is guilty of additional connections to the colony, close to the transformer, and this support is insured when the support of the socket of the grounding extension is appointed, to which the neutral of the transformer is attached.
In all situations, one must come to life to ensure the safety of the grounding lance and the protection of the grounding conductor from mechanical failures.
Yakscho in PEN- to the conductor, who connects the neutral of the transformer or the generator with the bus PEN I’ll install a power transformer up to 1 kV, install a struma transformer, then the grounding conductor is guilty, but it’s not necessary to connect to the neutral of the transformer or the generator without a middle, but to PEN-Conductor, as far as possible, look behind the strum transformer. At such a time PEN- conductor on RE- І N- conductors at the system TN-S May buti Vikonano also behind the Strumu transformer. Strumu transformer should be placed closer to the generator neutral or transformer neutral.
1.7.101. Opir grounding outbuilding, to which the neutral generator or transformer is connected to a single-phase strumu dzherel, at some point in time it can be no more than 2, 4 and 8 ohm, it is clear at line voltages 660, 380 і 220 dzherel three-phase struma 2, 220 single-phase strum. Tsey opir can be secured with the improvement of natural grounding stations, as well as grounding re-grounding PEN- or PE-submarine conductor with a voltage of up to 1 kV with the number of lines that come in, not less than two. Opir grounding, roztashovanogo in uninterrupted proximity to the neutral of the generator or transformer or the dzherel of a single-phase strum, is guilty of but not more than 15, 30 and 60 ohm in line with line voltages of 660, 380 і 220 dzherel three-phase strum, 2 struma 2.
With a pet support of the earth r\u003e
1.7.102. At the ends of the submarines, or both, the water supply is over 200 m long, as well as at the introduction of the submarines to electrical installations, in some cases, at some kind of shutdown, with an indirect bunker, the automatic switching on of the life is stopped, due to but also the re-grounding PEN-Conductor. At the same time, in the first place, natural grounding, for example, underground parts of supports, as well as extensions, which are grounded, are recognized for lightning surges (div. ch. 2.4).
The indications are repeated groundings, as a part of the grounding for the minds of the defender in the form of lightning surges is not needed.
Re-grounding PEN- The conductor in the chains of a permanent stream is to be blamed for the help of a few pieces of grounding, as it is not the fault of the mother of the metal construction of underground pipelines.
Grounding conductors for re-grounding PEN- The conductor of the guilty mother of the rozmіri is not less than the guidance of the table. 1.7.4.
Table 1.7.4
The smallest number of grounding conductors and grounding conductors, laying near the ground
Material |
Revision profile |
Diameter, mm |
Cross section area, mm |
Thickness of the wall, mm |
Rectangular |
||||
galvanized |
for vertical grounding; |
|||
for horizontal grounding |
||||
Rectangular |
||||
Rectangular |
||||
Rope |
1.7.103. Zagalny opіr roztіkannyu zemlyuvachіv (including natural) all re-grounding PEN-conductor of the skin PL at any hour of the year may be no more than 5, 10 and 20 ohms, in line voltages of 660, 380 and 220 for a three-phase struma or 380, 220 and 127 for a single-phase struma. When opіr roztіkannya dermal grounding from repeated grounding can be no more than 15, 30 and 60 ohm, it is suitable for the same voltage.
With a pet earth support r\u003e 100 Ohm, it is allowed to increase the designated norm by 0.01 times, but not more than ten times.
Grounding extensions of electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV at the fencing from an insulated neutral
1.7.104. Opir grounding outbuilding, which is vikoristovuetsya for zakhisnoy grounding of critical conductive parts, in the system IT may you mind:
R £ U etc/ I,
de R- opir of the grounding outbuilding, Ohm;
U pr - the voltage of the dot, the value of which is taken equal to 50 (div. also 1.7.53);
I - top strum flickering to the ground, A.
As a rule, it is not necessary to take the value of the support of the grounding outbuilding less than 4 ohms. It is allowed to operate the grounding outbuilding up to 10 Ohm, as it is more likely to be brought to a higher mind, and the intensity of generators and transformers does not exceed 100 kV × A, in addition, the total intensity of generators and transformers, which work in parallel.
Grounding outbuildings in areas with a great pet support of the earth
1.7.105. Grounding extensions of electrical installations with a voltage of 1 kV from an effectively grounded neutral in areas with great support lands, including those in the areas of bagatoric permafrost, are recommended to be conserved with additional manpower that hangs up to the stress of the dot (1.7.91).
It is allowed to lay horizontal grounding at the lower depths of the skeleny structures, at a lower depth of 1.7.91-1.7.93, but not less than 0.15 m.
1.7.106. When arguing piece grounding in areas with a great support of the earth, it is recommended to come in like this:
1) the dominance of vertical grounding pits with a larger pit, as a result of the depth of the ground support of the earth, and the natural burying of the ground pits (for example, the upper pits with metal casing pipes) is daily;
2) vashtuvannya wine grounding, as close as possible (up to 2 km) to the electrical installations in the area with a smaller pet support of the earth;
3) laying in trenches near horizontal grounding devices in skelny structures of watery clay soil with distant ramming and sifting with crushed stone to the top of the trench;
4) stosuvannya piecework soil with a method of lowering the yogo pet support, as other ways can not be zastosovaniya or not give the necessary effect.
1.7.107. In areas of bagatoric permafrost, the Crimean recommendations, guiding at 1.7.106, follow:
1) place grounding devices in non-freezing water and waist zones;
2) vikoristovuvaty casing pipes of the Sverdlovin;
3) for an addition to buried grounding devices, to bury long-term grounding devices at a depth of about 0.5 m, which are designated for work in the wind when the earth’s surface is dredged;
4) create piece waist zones.
1.7.108. In electrical installations with a voltage of 1 kV, as well as up to 1 kV from an insulated neutral for earth with a pet support over 500 Ohm × m, so come in, transfer 1.7.105-1.7.107 . the reference head of the value of the supports of the grounding outbuildings in 0.002r times, where r is the equivalent value of the support of the earth Ohm × m. For whom the number of necessary head supports of grounding outbuildings may be three times more than tenfold.
Grounding devices
1.7.109. As natural grounding workers can be vikoristan:
1) metal and cast-in-place concrete structures that are built to the ground, including cast-in-place concrete foundations, which may protect against waterproofing in non-aggressive, slightly aggressive and medium-aggressive environments;
2) metal pipes for water pipes, laying near the ground;
3) casing pipes of the Sverdlovin;
4) metal sheet piles of hydrotechnical spores, conduits, gate parts of gates;
5) rake ways of main non-electrification zaliznit I will build a jumper between the slats for the presence of the navmis;
6) other metal structures and spores that are in the ground;
7) metal sheaths of armored cables laid near the ground. Sheaths of cables can be single grounding devices for the number of cables in less than two. Aluminium-cladding of cables vicoristing as grounding is not allowed.
1.7.110. It is not allowed to strike as grounding pipelines of combustible rivers, combustible or non-violent gases and sums and pipelines in sewers and central scorching. The designation of the interchange does not include the need to bring such pipelines to the grounding outbuilding with the method of potential leveling until 1.7.82.
It does not follow that the grounding of the reinforced concrete structures will be broken and spores from the forward-stressed reinforcement, the interfacing protease does not expand on the support of the submarine and the supporting structures of the outdoor switchgear.
Mozhlivіst vikoristannya natural zazemlyuvachіv for Minds schіlnostі strumіv scho protіkayut of them neobhіdnіst zvaryuvannya Reinforcing strizhnіv zalіzobetonnih fundamentіv i konstruktsіy, privaryuvannya anchor boltіv Stalevo colony until Reinforcing strizhnіv zalіzobetonnih fundamentіv and takozh mozhlivіst vikoristannya fundamentіv in silnoagresivnih seredovischah povinnі Buti viznachenі rozrahunkom.
1.7.111. Piece earthing machines can be made of black or galvanized steel or medium.
Pieces of grounding are not guilty of mother zabarvlennya.
The material and the least rozmіri zemlyuvachіv vyvnnі vіdpovіdati we will point at the table. 1.7.4.
1.7.112. Retin of horizontal grounding devices for electrical installations with a voltage higher than 1 kV should be selected for the mental thermal resistance for an allowable heating temperature of 400 ° C (short-hour heating, which depends on the time of the day and the switching on of the vimikacha).
In times of unsafe corrosion of grounding outbuildings, there is one of such entries:
increase the redistribution of grounding conductors and grounding conductors with the improvement of the term of their service;
zastosuvat grounding and grounding conductors with galvanic coatings or medium.
In case of any further damage, it is possible to improve the support of grounding outbuildings, which are corroded by corrosion.
Trenches for horizontal grounding are to be filled with the same soil, so as not to avenge crushed stone and budding smittya.
Not a trace of roztashovuvati (vikoristovuvati) grounding at the municipalities, where the earth is dried under the heat of the pipelines.
Grounding conductors
1.7.113. Peretin grounding conductors in electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV is responsible for 1.7.
Naimenshі pererіzi grounding conductors, laying near the ground, we shall be obliged to induce at the table. 1.7.4.
Laying near the ground of non-insulated aluminum conductors is not allowed.
1.7.114. In elektroustanovkah naprugi vische 1 kV pererіzu zazemlyuvalnih provіdnikіv povinnі Buti obranі such dwellers at protіkannі of them naybіlshogo Strum-phase fault in elektroustanovkah of efektivnosti grounding neytrallyu abo Strum dvofaznogo fault in elektroustanovkah of іzolovanoyu neytrallyu temperature zazemlyuvalnih provіdnikіv scho vіdpovіdaє Povny hour dії Zakhyst that vіdklyuchennya vimikacha ).
1.7.115. In electrical installations with a voltage of 1 kV from an insulated neutral conductor, the conductivity of grounding conductors with a span of up to 25 mm 2 on midi or equal to yoma with other materials may become at least 1/3 of the conductivity of phase conductors. As a rule, it is not necessary to saturate copper conductors with a span greater than 25 mm 2, aluminum - 35 mm 2, steel - 120 mm 2.
1.7.116. For vikonannya vimiryuvan support of the grounding outbuilding at the handy place, the possibility of passing the grounding conductor was transferred. In electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV, the main grounding bus should sound like this. The use of a grounding conductor can only be possible with an additional tool.
1.7.117. The grounding conductor, which brings the grounding of the working (functional) grounding to the main grounding bus in electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV, is responsible for the mother's cut not less than: medium - 10 mm 2 aluminum - 16 mm 2 steel - 75 mm 2.
1.7.118. At the places of introduction of grounding conductors, there may be a sign of recognition.
Main ground bus
1.7.119. The main grounding bar can be butted in the middle introductory annex electrical installations up to 1 kV or okremo vіd ny.
In the middle of the introductory I will build like a main grounding bus, following the busbar RE.
When installed properly, the main grounding bus is to be installed at an accessible, convenient place for servicing near the outbuilding.
The ceiling of the installed main grounding bus may not be less than the overpass RE (pen)-conductor of the life line.
The main grounding bus can be, as a rule, copper. It is allowed to stop the head tire from steel. The use of aluminum tires is not allowed.
At the design of the busbar, the possibility of an individual view of the conductors coming to it can be transferred. Vіd'єdnannya may but we can only do it for the help of the tool.
In places accessible only to qualified personnel (for example, switchboard accommodations of living quarters), the head bus should be installed immediately. In places accessible to third-party persons (for example, pid'izdah or pidvalah budinkiv), it is the mother's responsibility to cover up the shell - the closet or the drawer with doors that lock on the key. On the doors or on the wall above the tire, a sign is to be applied.
1.7.120. Yakshcho bud_vlya maє kіlka v_dokremlenih vodіv, the main tire, scho grounding, is guilty of buti vikonan for skin introductory device. For the presence of the transformer substations, the head bus, which is grounded, is responsible for installing the skin from them. Qi tires are to blame for the conductor of leveling the potentials, the tread of which may be not less than half of the tulle RE (pen)-conductor of thin lines of the middle of the pipes, which go into the shields of low voltage, as the largest overshoot. For the connection of the main grounding busbars, third-party conductive parts can be victorious, so that the stench can be used by 1.7.122 until the conductivity of the electric stake is uninterrupted.
Zahisnі conductors ( pe- conductors)
1.7.121. In the yakost RE- conductors in electrical installations with a voltage of up to 1 kV can be twisted:
1) specially transferred conductors:
lived in multi-core cables;
insulated or non-insulated wires in the bulk sheathing with phase wires;
stationary laying of insulated and non-insulated conductors;
2) inspection of conductive parts of electrical installations:
aluminum sheaths of cables;
steel pipes and electrical wiring;
metal shells and supporting structures of bus ducts and complete outbuildings of the factory.
Metal boxes and electrical wiring trays can be beaten as a guide for understanding that the design of the boxes and trays has been given such a twist, about which there is an insertion in the documentation of the bin, and their design includes the possibility of mechanical failure;
3) third-party conducting parts:
metal budіvelnі designsії budіvel and sporud (fermi, colony thinly);
fittings for reinforced concrete bud_velny constructions
metal constructions of general purpose (crane slats, galleries, maidanchiks, elevator shafts, vytyagiv, elevators, framing canals toshcho).
1.7.122. Vikoristannya vіdkritikh i storіnіh provіdnih part yak pe-Conductors are allowed, as they stink to help the authorities of the head to the conductivity and safety of the electric lance.
Third-party conductive parts can be used as RE-providers, like stinks, moreover, at the same time they give such messages:
1) the safety of the electric lance is ensured either by its design, or by the help of slabs, protection from mechanical, chemical and other defects;
2) their dismantling is impractical, if not transferred, come in to save the safety of the lancet and its conductivity.
1.7.123. It is not allowed to vicorist RE- conductors:
metal sheaths of insulating tubes and tubular wires that carry cables with electrical cables, metal hoses, as well as lead sheaths of wires and cables;
pipelines of gas supply and other pipelines of combustible and vibration-resistant speeches and sumishes, pipes of sewerage and central scorching;
water pipes for the presence of insulating inserts in them.
1.7.124. Nulovі zahisnі provіdniki lantsyugіv not dopuskaєtsya vikoristovuvati yak nulovі zahisnі provіdniki elektroobladnannya scho zhivitsya on іnshih lantsyugah and takozh vikoristovuvati vіdkritі provіdnі Chastain elektroobladnannya yak nulovі zahisnі provіdniki for іnshogo elektroobladnannya for vinyatkom obolonok i reference konstruktsіy shinoprovodіv i COMPLETE pristroїv zavodskogo vigotovlennya scho zabezpechuyut mozhlivіst connection to them for their own conductors at the necessary place.
1.7.125. Vicoristannya specially transferring zahisnyh conductors with a method is not allowed.
1.7.126. The smallest area of the transverse cross-section of the cold conductors may be indicative of the table. 1.7.5.
The area of re-arrangement is set for the fall, if the conductors have been prepared from the same material as the phase conductors. Perezizi zahisnih provіdnіkіv s іnshih materialіlіv povnі nі bіvіvalentіnі for provіdnіstyu hovering.
Table 1.7.5
Hire a travel guide
It is allowed, if necessary, to accept a change in the amount of the insurance carrier less than necessary, as well as the insurance premiums for the formula (only for the hour of inclusion £ 5 s):
S ³ I /k,
de S- The area of the transverse cross section of the winding conductor, mm 2;
I- Strum of a short hum, which ensures the hour of turning on the poshkodzhennogo lancer with the help of the apparatus, up to the table. 1.7.1 and 1.7.2 or not more than 5 s per hour up to 1.7.79 A;
t- hour of spratsovuvannya zahisny apparatus;
k- coefficient, the value of which is to be deposited according to the material of the protective conductor, its insulation, post and terminal temperatures. Value k for zahisnih conductors in different minds, it is indicated in Table. 1.7.6-1.7.9.
Yakshcho when rozrahunku go pereriz, vіdminniy vіd induced in the table. 1.7.5, then select the next larger value, and when removing a non-standard overcut, stop the conductors of the nearest standard overcut.
The value of the maximum temperature should not exceed the maximum allowable heating temperatures of the conductors during short circuit, up to a head. 1.4, and for electrical installations in vibration-prone areas, GOST 22782.0 “Electrical control of vibration protection. Zagalni technical support that methodi viprobuvan”.
1.7.127. In all cases, there is a gap between the middle conductors, and they do not enter the cable warehouse, or they are not laid in the outer casing (pipes, boxes, on one tray) with phase conductors, which may not be less:
- 2.5 mm 2 - for the presence of a mechanical overhang;
- 4 mm 2 - due to the presence of mechanical protection.
Peretin for gaskets with aluminum conductors may not be less than 16 mm2.
1.7.128. In the system TN For the sake of security, on July 1, 1988, it is recommended to lay the zero conductors separately or in direct proximity to the phase conductors.
Table 1.7.6
The value of the coefficient k for insulated conductors, which do not go up to the cable, and for non-insulated conductors, where the cable sheaths are stacked (the temperature of the conductor is assumed to be equal to 30 ° C)
Parameter |
Insulation material |
||
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) |
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) |
Butyl gum |
|
Kіntseva temperature, ° С |
|||
k conductor: |
|||
- Midny |
|||
- aluminum |
|||
- Steel |
|||
Table 1.7.7
The value of the coefficient k for a cable conductor
Parameter |
Insulation material |
|||
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) |
Sewing polyethylene, ethylene propylene gum |
Butyl gum |
||
Pochatkova temperature, °C |
||||
Kіntseva temperature, ° С |
||||
Aluminum |
Maximum temperature, °С |
|||
Maximum temperature, °С |
||||
1.7.129. In mіstsyah de mozhlive poshkodzhennya іzolyatsії phase provіdnikіv vnaslіdok іskrіnnya mіzh neіzolovanim nulovim zahisnim provіdnikom that metalevoyu Ilya Obolonkov abo konstruktsієyu (napriklad at prokladannі provodіv in pipes, boxes, trays), nulovі zahisnі provіdniki povinnі mother іzolyatsіyu, rіvnotsіnnu іzolyatsії phase provіdnikіv.
1.7.130. Uninsulated RE- Conductors are guilty of protection against corrosion. At the mist's weave RE- conductors with cables, pipelines, transshipment stakes, at the places of their introduction at the buddies and other places, where mechanical maintenance is possible RE- Conductors, conductors are guilty of protection.
At the places of the transition of temperature and siege seams, the compensation of the debt is transferred RE-providnikov.
Poednánі zero zahisnі and zero working conductors ( pen- conductors)
1.7.131. In rich-phase lancers in the system TN for stationary laying of cables, they lived such a cross-cut area of not less than 10 mm 2 for midi or 16 mm 2 for aluminum, the functions of zero protection ( RE) and zero worker ( N) explorers can be combined in one explorer ( pen-providnik).
1.7.132. It is not allowed to perform the functions of zero-voltage and zero-voltage operating conductors in single-phase and constant stream lances. As a null conductor of such lancers, the third conductor is to blame for the transfers of the third conductor. Qia can not be extended to the voltage of the submarine with a voltage of up to 1 kV up to single-phase survivors electricity.
1.7.133. It is not allowed to use third-party wired parts as a single pen-Conductor.
We may not include the choice of vodcritih and third-party conductive parts as an additive pen- Conductor when arriving to the system
1.7.134. Specially transferred pen- conductors are guilty of acknowledgment of duty on 1.7.126 until the recapture of the guardians, and also of duty. 2.1 to zero working explorer.
isolation pen- conductors may be equal to the insulation of phase conductors. It is not necessary to insulate the tire PEN selected low-voltage busbars of complete outbuildings
1.7.135. If the zero working and zero zahisny conductors of distribution are starting from any point of the electrical installation, it is not allowed to connect them for the same point for the hour of distribution of energy. At the mist podіlu pen-Conductor for zero zahisniy and zero working conductors need to transfer okremі zatyskachi or tires for provіdnikov, z'єdnаnі among themselves. pen- the conductor of the life line is responsible for connections to the zatyskach or the bus of the zero zakhisny RE-Conductor.
Conductors of the potential monitoring system
1.7.136. As conductors of the system of monitoring potentials, they can either distinguish between those third-party conductive parts, specified in 1.7.121, or specially lay conductors, or they may be used.
1.7.137. Peretin conductors of the main system of monitoring potential may be not less than half of the a bigger cut zahisny conductor of the electrical installation, yakscho peretin conductor vir_vnyuvannya potencialіv at tsimu do not exceed 25 mm 2 midi or equal to yomu from other materials. As a rule, it is not necessary to stop the conductors of a larger cut. Peretin conductors of the main system of raising potentials in any case can be no less: mid-range - 6 mm 2, aluminum - 16 mm 2, steel - 50 mm 2.
1.7.138. Peretin conductors of the supplementary system of monitoring potential may not be less:
when connecting two critical conductor parts - resection of the smaller of the cold conductors connected to these parts;
with the closed wired part of the third-party wired part - half of the cut of the wire conductor, connected to the wired wired part.
Peretin provіdnikіv podatkovogo vir_vnyuvannya potencialіv, shcho do not enter the warehouse cable, due to vymogami 1.7.127.
Z'ednannya and arrival of grounding, zahisnyh conductors and conductors of the air conditioning system and the development of potentials
1.7.139. Z'dnannya that arrival of grounding, zahisnyh conductors and conductors of the system of virovnyuvannya and virovnyuvannya potencialov owing to the above and to ensure the safety of the electric lansyug. It is recommended to hire steel conductors for additional help. It is allowed to use grounding and null conductors in other installations without aggressive environments to ensure the safety of GOST 10434 “Electrical contacts. Zagalni tekhnіchnі vimogi” up to the 2nd class of the day.
Z'ednannya may be protected from corrosion and mechanical failures.
For bolted connections, it is possible to transfer the butt and go against the weakened contact.
1.7.140. Z'ednannya guilty buti are available for inspection and vikonannya vikonannya vikonannya vikonannya vikonnannya vikonnannya vikonnannya vikonannya z'ednan, filled with a compound or sealed, as well as zvarnyh, soldered and pressed come to heating elements in heating systems that їх з'єднан, which are found in underlays, walls, overlaps and in the earth.
1.7.141. When the attachment is blocked, it is not allowed to turn on the coils sequentially (at the outlet) from the outlet conductors.
1.7.142. The arrival of grounding and zero zahisnyh conductors and conductors of increasing the potentials to the critical conductive parts is due to buti vykonanі for the help of bolted z'єdnān or zvaryuvannya.
The arrival of possession, which knows the frequent dismantling of either installed on ruhomi parts, or parts, weak to the coward and vibration, is to be blamed for the help of the gnat conductors.
Z'ednannya zahisnih conductors of electrical wiring and submarines followed by the same methods, scho of the phase conductors.
With the use of natural grounding devices for grounding electrical installations and third-party conductive parts, such as zahisnі conductors and conductors of the potential of the contact plant, follow the methods, transmission of GOST 12.1.030 “SSBT. Electrical safety. Zahisne grounded, grounded.
1.7.143. The place and methods of connecting grounding conductors to long-term natural grounding conductors (for example, to pipelines) should be taken such that, during the installation of grounding conductors for repair work, the voltage of the dotik and rozrahunkov, the value of the support of the grounding outbuilding was not re-evaluated.
Shuntuvannya vodomirіv, zasuvok just follow the help of a conductor of a viable overflow, depending on the fact that it is vikoristovuetsya as a zahisny conductor of the system of svіvnyuvannya potencialіv, zero zahisny conductor or zahisnyy grounding conductor.
1.7.144. Bringing the skin of the exposed part of the electrical installation to the zero or zero grounding conductor is due to the Vikonan for the help of the okremnogo vіdgaluzhennya. The last connection to the winding conductor of the critical conductor parts is not allowed.
The arrival of the conductive parts to the main system of the building of the potential may also be vikonan for the help of the other guards.
The arrival of conductor parts to the supplementary system of building up potentials can be done for the help of an additional guard, and so it is possible to come to one impure non-robust conductor.
1.7.145. It is not allowed to turn on the switching devices near the lancer RE- І pen-Conductors, for a wink of vipadkіv zhivlennja elektroprijmachiv for help of plug-in devices.
It is also allowed to turn on all conductors at the same time at the introduction into the electrical installations of individual living, country houses and garden houses and similar objects, which live for single-phase electrical installations in the form of submarines. At what time pen- conductor on RE- І n- conductors can be connected to the introductory switching device.
1.7.146. Yakscho zahisnі provіdniki that / abo provіdniki zrіvnyuvannya potentsіalіv mozhut Buti roz'єdnanі for Relief of plug z'єdnuvacha Well, scho vіdpovіdnі faznі provіdniki, plug plug plug i z'єdnuvacha povinnі mother spetsіalnі zahisnі contact for priєdnannya to them zahisnih provіdnikіv abo provіdnikіv zrіvnyuvannya potentsіalіv .
As the body of the plug socket is made of metal, the screws may be attached to the socket contact.
Portable electrical machines
1.7.147. Before portable power tools, the Rules include power tools that can be used in the hands of a person in the process of their operation (hand-held power tools, portable butovі electrical appliances, portable radioelectronic equipment (too).
1.7.148. Animation of portable electric machines of the snake struma should be wound in the net with a voltage of no more than 380/220 V.
Salid Vіd Kathagorії Remischennya Behind Rivan Net-of-People Uzazhnia Elegishtrichny Struze (Div. Ch. 1.1) for a snippet with an indiscriminate age in Lanutsyugas, Shahsty the portable Elektroprymachi, you can be wicked by automatic Vimknennya Livestone, Zehis Yelectrichniy Lantseugіv, Nadnizka, Dipping.
1.7.149. When shutting down the automatic switch-on of the live metal housing and portable electrical appliances, due to the fault of the electrical appliances with underwire insulation, you must be connected to the zero electrical conductor in the system TN or grounded in the system IT, for which there can be transfers of special applications ( RE) conductor, roztashovaniya in one sheath with phase conductors (the third core of the cable or wire for electrical receivers of single-phase and direct stream, the fourth or fifth core - for electrical receivers of three-phase stream), which must be connected to the body of the electrical receiver to the plug . RE- The conductor is guilty of buti midnym, gnuchkim, yogo cut may be but more expensive to cut the phase conductors. Vikoristannya for tsієї meti zero robitnik ( N) a conductor, including one roztashovannoy at a spilny obolontsi with phase conductors, is not allowed.
1.7.150. It is allowed to set up stationary and other portable storage conductors and conductors of capacity building for portable electrical receivers in testing laboratories and experimental installations, which are not transferred during the period of work. At the same time, stationary conductors are guilty of being satisfied with the weather on 1.7.121-1.7.130, and portable conductors are guilty of being medium, flexible, and the mothers are no less than lower in phase conductors. When laying such conductors not at the warehouse of a wired cable with phase conductors, the cable must be not less than the span, lower designated in 1.7.127.
1.7.151. For supplementary zahistu from a direct dot and with an indirect dot plug sockets nominal strum not bіlshe 20A zovnіshnoї installation and takozh vnutrіshnoї installation ale to yakih mozhut Buti pіdklyuchenі perenosnі elektropriymachі scho vikoristovuyutsya posture budіvlyami abo in primіschennyah of pіdvischenoyu nebezpekoyu that osoblivo nebezpechnih, povinnі Buti zahischenі attached zahisnogo vіdklyuchennya of nomіnalnim vimikayuchim diferentsіalnim Strum not bіlshe 30 mA . It is allowed to stop a hand-held power tool equipped with ELV plugs.
When zastosuvannі zahisnogo elektrichnogo podіlu lantsyugіv in stisnenih primіschennyah іz provіdnoyu pіdlogoyu, stіnami that Stela and takozh for nayavnostі vimog in vіdpovіdnih rozdіlah Buyeo in іnshih primіschennyah s Especially nebezpekoyu, cutaneous outlet blame revives od іndivіdualnogo rozdіlovogo transformer abo od okremoї winding.
In case of stasis of the low voltage of life, portable electric devices with a voltage of up to 50 V should be connected to a non-furnace distributive transformer.
1.7.152. For the arrival of portable electrical appliances to the lifeline, it is necessary to plug in the plug-in connectors, which should be used to 1.7.146.
For plug-in connectors of portable electrical receivers, jack wires and cables, the conductor on the side of the power cord is responsible for connecting to the socket, and on the side of the electrical receiver - to the plug.
1.7.154. Protective conductors of portable wires and cables may be marked with yellow-green smugs.
Transfer of electrical installations
1.7.155. Vimogi to transfer electrical installations do not extend to:
- ship electrical installations;
- electrical control, placement on the ruhomy parts of workbenches, machines and mechanisms;
- electrification transport;
- vans.
For testing laboratories, the guilt is also subject to the exigencies of other relevant regulatory documents.
1.7.156. Autonomously transferring the life of electricity - it is the life of electricity, as it allows you to live independently from the stationary sources of electricity (energy systems).
1.7.157. Switching electrical installations can take the form of stationary or autonomous switching devices of electricity.
Zhivlennya in the form of a stationary electric line is guilty, as a rule, vykonuvatisya in the form of a dzherel і from a dead-earthed neutral і from zastosuvannyam systems TN-S or TN-C-S. Reducing the functions of the zero protection explorer RE and zero working explorer N in one wild explorer PEN The middle of the transfer electrical installation is not allowed. Podil pen- conductor of the life line on RE- І n- Conductors are responsible for the connection of the installation to the living room.
When living in an autonomous transfer case, the neutral, as a rule, can be insulated.
1.7.158. When living stationary electric machines in autonomous transfer stations, the living mode is neutral, the tank is alive, and you must go to the neutral mode, and to the calls of the neutral, accepted for stationary electric machines.
1.7.159. At the time of live electrical installation from the stationary dzherel zhellennya for zahistu pіd hour of indirect dotik may buti automatically turned on the zhivotnja vіdpovіdno until 1.7.79 іz zastosuvannyam pristroyu zahistu vіd nadstruvіv. At the same hour of inclusion, guidance in the table. 1.7.1, may be changed twice, or additionally to the attachment of the sluice of the superstrum is due to the stagnation of the slugs of the sluice, which reacts to the differential strum.
In special electrical installations, ELVs are allowed to be blocked, as they react to the potential of the body of the earth.
When the ELV is stagnant, which reacts to the potential of the body of the earth, the setting for the values of the voltage, which is turned on, is due to but equal to 25 V at a turn-on hour of no more than 5 s.
1.7.160. At the point of connection of the redundant electrical installation to the dzherel zhivlennya, it is to blame for the installation of attachments to the overflow jet and the ELV, which reacts to the differential jet, the rated switch on the differential jet of which is to blame, but it is 1-2 steps higher in the installation of the jet.
If necessary, on the introduction into the resupply of the electrical installation, there may be a blockage of the electrical supply of the lancers until 1.7.85. When you need a different transformer, as well as introductory zahisny pristry due to being placed in an insulating sheath.
The annexation of the introduction of life to the resupply electrical installation is to blame for the mother of the underfloor insulation.
1.7.161. When zastosuvanni automatic shutdown of life in the system IT for a zahist with an indirect dotik, you can buti vikonanі:
zahisne grounding at poddnanny s uninterrupted control of isolation, shcho to the signal;
automatically turning on the live, which ensures the hour of turning on in case of a two-phase short circuit on the conductor part, it is clear to the table. 1.7.10.
Table 1.7.10
Highest allowable automatic shutdown hour for the system IT at transfer electrical installations, which live in the form of an autonomous transfer dzherel
For a slaughter of automatic width of Live Maє Bethy Zahista Zahist Zahista Pozdrumіv in Povodennnі z Pzv, Shaho-reagging on DiendantsInniy Luzm, Abo attached to the unperrupted control of Izolyatsії, Scho Dіє on Vіdnechennya, Abo, Vіdpovyu to 1.7.159, PVV, SHO good earth.
1.7.162. At the introduction into the transfer of the electrical installation, the head bus can be transferred to the potential, which allows 1.7.119 to the main ground bus, to which the bus can be received:
zero zahisny explorer RE or zahisny guide RE lifeline;
zahisny conductor of a transferable electrical installation with connections to a new zahisnymi conductors of critical conductive parts;
conductors of potential protection in the body and other third-party conductive parts of the transfer electrical installation;
grounding conductor, coming to the grounding conductor of the transfer electrical installation (for the first time).
If necessary, the third-party conduction part of the culpability should be taken among themselves for the assistance of a conductor of additional equal potential.
1.7.163. Zakhisne grounding of the transfer electrical installation in the system IT can buti vikonano s dotrimannyam could either support it, or to the tension of the dot with single-phase switching on the conductive parts.
With the help of a grounding outbuilding with dotrimanns, I could up to the support of the value of the yogo support without guilt to shift 25 ohms. It is allowed to move the designated support in accordance with 1.7.108.
When vikonannі grounding outbuildings with dotrimannym it was possible to stress the dot, the support of the grounding outbuilding is not standardized. At this vipadku may buti vikonana umova:
R s £25/ I h,
de R h - opir of the grounding extension of the transfer electrical installation, Ohm;
I h - the upper strum of a single-phase flicker on the conductor part of the transfer electrical installation, A.
1.7.164. It is allowed not to use a grounding device for a grounded earthing of a transfer electrical installation, which should live in an autonomous transfer connection with an insulated neutral, in such situations:
1) offline dzherelo living that electrical appliances are installed without intermediary on the transfer of electrical installations, their buildings are connected by themselves for the help of a reliable conductor, and the view of the dzherel does not live on other electrical installations;
2) independent peresuvne dzherelo zhivlennya Got svіy zazemlyuvalny pristrіy zahisnogo for grounding, OOO All vіdkritі provіdnі Chastain peresuvnoї elektroustanovki, її housing that INSHI storonnі provіdnі Chastain nadіyno z'єdnanі of the housing for autonomous peresuvnogo dzherela dopomoga zahisnogo provіdnika, while dvofaznomu zamikannі on rіznі housing elektroustatkuvannya in the transfer of electrical installations, the hour of automatic switching on of life is ensured up to the table. 1.7.10.
1.7.165. Autonomous resuvny dzherela zhivlennya z іzolovaný neutralu due mother without interruption control support іizolatsії shkodo hull (earth) zі svіtlovіm і sound signals. Guilty buti ensured the possibility of rechecking the correctness, I will add control of insulation and її connection.
It is allowed not to install attachments for uninterrupted control of isolation from a signal to a relay electrical installation, so that one can live in such an autonomous relay dzherel, as if it were the case that Umov 1.7.164, paragraphs. 2.
1.7.166. The protection of the direct dotik in overhead electrical installations is to blame for the security of the insulation of the strum-like parts, the fence and the hulls with a degree of protection not less than IP 2X. Zastosuvannya bar'erіv that rozmіschennya posture between reach is not allowed.
The Lantsyugs, who live the plug sockets for the connection of the electric power, which vikoristovuetsya position for the placement of the overhead installation, are guilty of buti vykonaniya dodatkovyy zahist vidpovidno until 1.7.151.
1.7.167. Zahisnі and grounding conductors and conductors of the potential of the culprit are medium, flexible, as a rule, to be with the sleepy obolontsi with the phase conductors. Peretin guides may advise you to help:
- zahisnih - 1.7.126-1.7.127;
- grounding - 1.7.113;
- potential development - 1.7.136-1.7.138.
When the system is stuck IT it is allowed to lay down and grounding conductors and conductors of the potential of the phase conductors.
1.7.168. It is allowed to turn on all the conductors of the line one hour, to live the transfer of the electrical installation, including the next conductor for the help of one switching device (rose).
1.7.169. As a changeover electrical installation is connected to alternative plug-in connectors, the plug of the plug-in connector is to be connected to the side of the changeover electrical installation and is covered with an insulating material.
Electrical installations for the morning of creatures
1.7.170. The life of the electrical installations of the creatures' premises should, as a rule, be wired with a voltage of 380/220 V.
1.7.171. For zahistu people, that creature with an indirect dot can be buti vikonano automatically turn on life from the jamming of the system TN-C-S. Podil PEN-conductor on zero zahisniy ( RE) and zero robot ( N) conductors should be placed on the entrance shield. When such electrical installations are alive, the system may be blocked TN-S In this case, the zero working conductor is guilty of mother insulation, equal to the isolation of phase conductors for the whole duration.
The hour of the automatic shutdown of life in the places for the morning of the creatures, as well as in the places, connected with them for the help of third-party conductive parts, may be confirmed by the table. 1.7.11.
Table 1.7.11
Highest allowable automatic shutdown hour for the system TN at the premises for the morning creatures
Even though the hour of withdrawal cannot be guaranteed, the necessary supplements must come in, for example, supplementary potential.
1.7.172. pen- the conductor at the entrance to the premises may be re-grounded. The value of the re-grounding support is due to 1.7.103.
1.7.173. In the premises for the morning of the creatures, it is necessary to transfer not only people, but the creatures, for which it may be possible to use the additional system of the reserve of potentials, which will control all external conductors and parts accessible to the one-hour dotik (water pipe, vacuum pipe, metal pipe metal attachments and in).
1.7.174. Near the zone of accommodation of creatures at the site, it is possible to develop potentials for additional metal mesh, or else I will build it, which is responsible for the establishment of additional potentials.
1.7.175. Pristroy virіvnyuvannya and virіvnyuvannya elektrichnyh potencialіv is responsible for the safety in the normal mode and electric control of the voltage of the dot not more than 0.2 V, and in the emergency mode for an hour, the inclusion of more than indicated in the table. 1.7.11 for electrical installations in environments with unsafe conditions, especially unsafe ones, and in existing installations - no more than 12 Art.
1.7.176. For all group lances, to live plug sockets, the additional protection from the direct dot is to be blamed for the additional ELV with a nominal vimic differential stream not more than 30 mA.
1.7.177. In the case of creatures, in some days, think about how to viconate the potential, the defendant is to blame for the additional ELV with a nominal vibrating differential stream of at least 100 mA, which is installed on the entrance shield.
In order for the grounding circuit to effectively achieve its functions, it is necessary to change the standards established by the “Rules for the construction of electrical installations”. The stench was approved by the Ministry of Energy of Russia, by order of 08. 07. 2002. Ninі deisnoyu є soma edition. But before the implementation of a specific project, it is necessary to clarify new changes. Oskіlki in statti є sent to the whole document, will be zastosovuvatsya so abbreviated: “PUE”, or “Rules”.
Typical schemes of circuits for grounding booth
Navіscho win vimogi
You can get away, scho unsightly dotrimannya Rules superworldly, it is necessary to go through official revisions introduced at the object of indestructibility. Well, it's not like that.
Norms of creation on the basis of scientific knowledge and practical evidence . PUE has the same information:
- Formulas for rozrahunkіv okremih dominovnosti zahisnoї system.
- Tables with coefficients that help to determine the electrical characteristics of various conductors.
- The order of carrying out the testing and re-verification.
- Specialist organizations come in.
Zastosuvannya in practice tsikh normatives allow to protect people and creatures from electric shock. The creation of the contour can be unbearable, it is consistent with the Rules. It is necessary to reduce the efficiency of rescues in case of accidents, to help turn off the development of negative processes that are built by the manager of the school.
At the statue one can see the power of the private booth. In this rank, vvchatimutsya distributed PUE, yakі can be seen to work with a voltage of up to 1000 V.
Warehouse parts of the system
The key parameter of the system is grounding opir. Opir grounding can be small, so that by itself such a path is your strum when you win emergency situations. Tse to secure the zahist with a vipadkovy dotik of a person to the surface, like a voltage is applied.
In order to remove the necessary result, the frame for the casing of the butovyh outbuildings should be connected to the booth from the head bus of the grounding outbuilding, and an internal circuit is created. Metal elements of the construction are connected to the new one, pipe the water pipe. It is reported that the warehouse of such a system for the verification of the potential of descriptions in the PVE (p.1.7.82). Zovnі budіvlі vstanovlyuetsya іnsha part zahistu, zovnіshіy contour. Yoga is also connected to the head bus. To equip a private booth, you can choose different schemes. But the simplest thing is to bury the metal shears into the ground.
Near the next list, there are okremі components of the system and help to them:
- Provid, with which praski come, cleaning machines and other kіtsevі spozhivachі. The stench is located in the middle of the tethered cable, which needs only the presence of a double grounding line connected to the outlet. In certain situations during installation cooking panels, a wind closet, otherwise vbudovanogo in the furniture equipped, you need to bring the buildings with a drotom.
- Like a steel tire, you can beat not only special conductors, but also “natural” conductors, like metal frames budivel. Vinyatka and exact rules will be reviewed below. Immediately, it is necessary to designate that the passage of the stream needs to be done in such a way as to avoid mechanical failures in the process of operation.
- The outer contour of the booth is created from metal elements without insulation. Tse zbіshuє mozhlivіst ruynuvannya process korozії. To reduce this negative infusion, vicorist color metal was used. The stock of steel parts is covered with bituminous sums and other warehouses of a similar designation.
- The real opir of a grounding outbuilding of this type is stale in view of the characteristics of the soil. Clay and slates are kind to the water, and sand is bad. In stony soils, the support is even greater, so it needs more space for installation, otherwise it is more difficult to ground the ground. In especially dry periods, in order to preserve the functionality of the outbuilding, regular watering of the soil is recommended.
Grunti mayut raznu conductivity
Grounding system conductors
Part of the inner contour is the isolation of the darts. These husks are streaked with colors (which are blackened with green and yellow late smoky). Take the decision to change the pardon for the day of the completion of the installation operations. In detail, it was added at the section “Zakhisn_ conductors” of the Rules, beginning with section 1.7.121.
Zokrema, there is a technique simple rozrahunka allowable area of the insulated conductor at the perimeter (without the surface ball). If the phase is smaller, or if it does not exceed 16 mm 2, then choose equal diameters. In times of zbіlshennya rozmіrіv zastosovuyt іnshі proportions.
For exact rozrakhunkiv vikoristovuetsya formula to paragraph 1.7.126 PUE:
/ k, de:
- S - perepіz conductor grounding mm 2;
- I - Strum, to pass through the new one with a short chime;
- t - tse hour in seconds, for some kind of automatic machine, a rozirve lance is alive;
- k - special complex coefficient.
The size of the struma can be sufficient for the operation of the machine in an hour, but it does not exceed five seconds. In order for the system to be insured with a minimum margin, choose the closest variant for the type size. The special coefficient is taken from tables 1.7.6., 1.7.7., 1.7.8. and 1.7.9. Rules.
It is planned to vikoristovuvati rich housing aluminum cable, If one of the conductors is zahisniy, then zastosovuyut such coefficients for the improvement of various insulating shells.
Table of coefficients for the improvement of the type of insulating sheaths
As an attacking element of the inner contour of a private booth, it is permissible to fix structural details. Pіdіyde metal fittings, scho znahoditsya sredinі zalіzobetonnyh vrobіv.
With such a variant, the safety of the lansyug is ensured, the addendums get used to the defense of the mechanical infusions. The specific features of the concrete structure, structural deformations, which are blamed on the shrinkage process, are protected.
It is not allowed to vicorate:
- Parts of pipeline systems for gas supply, sewage, scorching, gas supply.
- Trumpet the water supply from the metal, as if the stench rises from the congestion of gaskets made from polymers and other electrical materials.
- Steel strings, which are victorious for fastening lamps, corrugated shells, and other insufficiently valuable conductors, or else, which are known to be admirably great for their powers of entanglement.
Yakshcho vikoristovuetsya okremium middle conductor, so that the lanyard cable is not included in the warehouse, otherwise the fault is not in the insulated, shielded sheath with phase wires, the minimum overshoot at mm 2 is permissible:
- for additional protection against mechanical injections - 2.5;
- in times of occurrence of such outside effects - 4.
Tsey midny conductor of no protection from the fall of the mechanical failure
Alyumіnіy less mіtsny against middyu. Therefore, a conductor cut from such a metal (option - an okrema gasket) can be equal, or more than the offensive norm: 16 mm 2.
You can look through the tables below to see which way to cut the conductors of the ground loop of the grounding booth.
Peretin conductors of the outer ground loop
When passing through the wall, it is easier to drill through a thin hole. You can mark the center of the yoga with a pipe of double roses. Mіdniy drіt it will not be difficult to bend under the hood to fit the steel rail of the outside contour.
The admissible opir of the grounding outbuilding is assigned in clause 1.7.101 of the PUE. The standards are shown in the tables below.
Norms of admissible support of the grounding outbuilding
| When connecting the grounding device to the neutral of the generator or another dzherel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 4 | 8 | |
| 380 | 220 | 127 | |
| 660 | 380 | 220 | |
| At a close distance from the grounding machine to the jerel struma | |||
| Opir grounding outbuilding, Ohm | 15 | 30 | 60 |
| Stresses (V) at a single-phase struma | 380 | 220 | 127 |
| Stresses (V) at a three-phase struma | 660 | 380 | 220 |
Establish a higher standard for depression, if the ground (pytomy) does not exceed the threshold R = 100 Ohm per meter. Otherwise, it is permissible to increase the support by multiplying the output value R * 0.01. The subbag opir of the grounding worker is not to blame for the greater, lower 10 times of the outgoing value.
Behind the place for the connection of the booth, it is often necessary to repeat the power transmission lines. To that, it’s better to guess the norms of the PUE, as they stand in the situation. If the conductor simultaneously loses the function of the grounding and zero (PEN-type), then at the ends of such lines, at the connection sites of the safe, they install the attachment of re-grounding. Ring out, so may vikonati energy company, but the Lord's house will follow the next reconciliation. Like a grounding vicorist, the metal parts of the supports are buried in the ground.
Grounding of the overhead power transmission line
When choosing the completing elements of a special sound circuit, which will be installed near the ground, the rules of the PUE will also be victorious.
Parameters of the component parts of the earthing loop according to PUE standards
| Profile virobi in resection | Round (for vertical elements systems grounding) | Round (for horizontal elements systems grounding) | Rectangular | Kutovy | Kol- tsiviya (pipe- ny) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| black steel | |||||
| Diameter, mm | 16 | 10 | 32 | ||
| 100 | 100 | ||||
| Thickness of the wall, mm | 4 | 4 | 3,5 | ||
| Steel galvanized | |||||
| Diameter, mm | 12 | 10 | 25 | ||
| Cross section area in diameter, mm 2 | 75 | ||||
| Thickness of the wall, mm | 3 | 2 | |||
| Mid | |||||
| Diameter, mm | 12 | 20 | |||
| Cross section area in diameter, mm 2 | 50 | ||||
| Thickness of the wall, mm | 2 | 2 | |||
As a way to increase the risk of horizontal cuts being damaged by oxidizing processes, such a decision should be made:
- To increase the area of resection of the conductors above the norm, appointed in the PUE.
- Zastosovuyut slabs with a galvanic surface ball or prepared with midi.
Trenches with horizontal earthing machines are sifted with soil of a uniform structure, without smite. Let the soil dry up above the world, so in the summer period, if there is no wood for a long time, it is necessary to specially water the watering holes.
When laying the ground loop, the sus_dstva with pipelines are unique, which increase the temperature of the soil piece by piece.
Yaky maє buti opir
The value of metal conductors, their electrical opir, is difficult to determine. If you can buti opіr schodo PUE, then dotrimannya rules will not be superciliously collapsible. So, for example, for the grounding of the supports of the repeated lines, the maximum allowable standard is set to 10 Ohm, as the equivalent ground support does not exceed 100 Ohm*m (Table 2.5.19). The integrity of the zvarnyh z'єdnán is protected with an additional protection with an anti-corrosion ball. When there is a risk, I will open the ground in the process, or else the deformation will be, in the event of a ripple, it will be broken with a flexible cable.
Ale, there are more problems caused by the earth. For this heterogeneous medium, slender to different oval swells, however, the value of conductivity is impossible for a threefold hour. To the very same, at the PUE, a lot of assignments were made to grounding outbuildings, which are installed in the grounds from the great pet support (standards for paragraphs 1.7.105. - 1.7.108.).
- Metallic elements (vertical grounding type) are vikorated. Zokrema, it is permissible to come to the pipes installed in the artesian Sverdlovin.
- To transfer the grounding devices to a stand from a booth (no more than 2000 m), there, de opir soil (Ohm) less.
- Trenches are laid in skelnyh and other "folding" rocks, clay or other soil is sifted in pits. Here, in its own way, install the elements of the grounding system of the horizontal type.
Horizontal grounding devices in the grounding system
As a rule, the earthing support of the ground is moved by 500 Ohm per m, and the earthing connection is connected with the above-ground vitrates, it is allowed to move the norms of the grounding outbuildings no more than 10 times. Victory is such a formula for calculation. The exact value can be: R * 0.002. Here the value of R is the equivalent opir of the ground, in ohms per meter.
Internal and external contour
As a rule, the head bus in the middle of the building is installed in the middle of the introduction of the annex. You can make only steel or midi. Zastosuvannya aluminum at times is not allowed. Vzhizhivay zakhodіv, scho zabіgayut free access to it third-party people. The tire is placed in the wardrobe, which is zamikaetsya, but in a clean place.
Connect to it:
- metal elements of construction budіvlі;
- conductor of the ground loop;
- conductors PE and PEN types;
- metal pipelines and conductive parts of water supply systems, air conditioning and ventilation.
The outer contour of the booth is created, vrakhovuyuchi refurbishment of the norms of the PUE of other parts of the system. Tse allow us to take away the necessary minimum support of the grounding system (Om), which is sufficient for an arrogant zakhist. For re-grounding, it is recommended to vicorate a natural type grounding device.
The operation of the re-grounding is not clearly defined by the provisions of the PUE.
Below are some important features of a standard grounding device for a private booth:
- The main part, vertical elements, is installed on a small stand in the booth, with improved soil parameters.
- Before them, they lay a trench with a depth of up to 0.8 m-code and not less than 0.4 m-code with a width, in which horizontal lansyug cutters are installed. There are no exact norms, but the expansion of trenches may be sufficient for seamless installation of elements.
- Vertical grounding devices with a length of up to 3 m are installed at the corners of an equal-sided (3 m each) tricot. Cі rozmіri induced like a butt. There are no exact standards for dovzhina. Є normi less than the maximum allowable support of the defense system.
- It would be easier to score them at the ground, to start hosting the kіntsi.
- To the protruding parts of the zvarny z'єdnannyam smoky.
- The trenches are sifted with equal soil behind the structure, so as not to take revenge on rubble.
Installation of a ground loop for a private booth
As in the grounding lances, bolted z'ednannya zastosovuyutsya, live in the entrances against their twisting. As a rule, welded vіdpovіdnі vuzli.
Video. Grounding with your own hands
The norms for testing procedures were laid down in section 1.8 of the PUE, and navіt at the "Rules for the technical operation of electrical installations of spare parts" (PTEEP, pr. 3.1), which were issued on 1.07.2003. according to the decision of the Ministry of Energy of Russia (mandate dated 13. 01. 20.). Visual control is victorious, the integrity of the day is being reconsidered. For a special technique z'yasovuetsya opir circuit of the grounding system. The Vimiryan meanings can be higher than the norm (Om). If such a mind is not vikonan, vikoristovuyut the grounding of the greater dozhina chi іnshі tekhnologii іnstruction at іy statti.
