Її equivalent of metal non-current-carrying parts. Grounded and grounded - why is it different

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Zahisne grounding- navmisne elektrichne z'єdnannya іz the earth or її ekvіvalentіvіvіvіvіvіvіdpovidnyh parts.

Zahisne grounding zastosovuetsya:

· In the case of voltage up to 1000 V - three-phase insulated neutral, single-phase, insulated from the ground, fences fast strumu from insulated from the ground with a winding of a dzherel;

· At the strings of a voltage of 1000 V, a changeable and constant struma with either a neutral mode or a sudan point of the windings dzherel struma.

Grounding is made up of grounding, connected between them with metal tires, and grounding conductors, which are used to be grounded.

The principle of dії zahisnogo grounding - changing the voltage of the dot when it flickers on the body for a change in the potential of the body of the electrical installation and the potential of the base, on which the person stands to the potential, more than the values to the potential of the grounded installation.

Zahisne grounding next to airing the worker. Working groundings are called grounding points electric fence from grounding outbuildings. It is intended for normal operation of electrical installations and for protection from failure in emergency mode. The butt of the robotic grounding is the grounding of the neutral wire ( r o baby 1.1).

Behind the construction, grounding can be blamed ( r on the little one 1.5) and contour (Figure 1.6).

Guilty grounding for the safety of the protection of people by a path to reduce the potential of the body to a value

U h = I h r h,

de I h - strum micing through the grounding device, r h - opir of the grounding, Ohm.

Shards of grounding at different vine groundings are most often covered with windrows over 20 m from a possible distance to the hull, the coefficient of grounding for vineyards is more expensive alone. in such a manner, faults of grounding protect more than a small amount of light for the mind of small strums of zamikannya (not more than 10 A), as they may be able to place at the lines with a voltage of up to 1000 V from an insulated neutral. With an acceptable value r £ £ 4 ohm faulty grounding is safe for an unfriendly time, the minimum voltage on the case is: .

Table 1.1 - Maximum allowable value of the ground support

Gіdnіst vinosnyh grounding - mozhlivіst viboru mіstsya z minimal support ґruntu. Nedolik - the distance from the establishment, which is being protected, the obmezhenistvo of the powers that be.

At a pressure of over 1000 V, the earth current may overshoot 500 A. In any case, grounding may not be safe. At great strums Flickering to the ground will cause loop grounding. On the vіdmіnu vіd vinous grounding, as if protecting with a path the reduction of the potential of the corps to a safe value, loop not grounded protecting the people by way of increasing the potential of the maydanchik, which is protected to a level close to the potential of the corps, and increasing the potential of the area so that on the entire territory, which is protected by the voltage of the dotik and the crop does not exceed the given value (Figure 1.6).

Zanulennya (in three-phase 4-wire lines with a voltage of up to 1000 V with a dead-earthed neutral) - navmisne ate. Z'ednannya with zero zahisnym guide metal non-current-carrying parts of the installations, which can be supported under tension.

Zeroing (Fig. 1.7) creates a small support for the strum, closing on the body and converting it to the strum short hum, building viklikati shvidke burnout of fusible zapobіzhnikіv or spratsovuvannya automatic vimics. So zdіysnyuєtsya selectively vymknennya poshkodzhenih objects in іd mezhі. Cream of addition, zavdyaki zastosuvannyu re-grounding zero explorer zeroing often lowers the potential of the body of the earth at the moment of the zamikannya.

Zahysne inclusion- shvidkodіyuchy zahist, sho zabezpechuє automatically turn on EU in case of a guilty strum attack, and itself:

· In case of a phase zamikanny on the body of the electric power;

· when the support of the insulation of the phases is reduced to the ground below the line between

· Appearing in a larger size high voltage;

· Dotik lyudiny to strumovedchoy parts under tension.

When this happens, some electrical parameters need to be changed in the measure: for example, the earth is too thin for the U case. Changing these parameters to the singing boundary (with any blame for the inconvenience) can be an impulse, which calls for the spratsyuvannya of a zahisno-vimikayuchy outbuilding.

Priestry zahisnogo inclusion(PZV) zastosovuyutsya in vipadki, if іnshі zabі zahistu (grounding, zanulennya) ineffective, not nadіynі or vajkodіysnіnіnі.

ELVs are to be blamed for the safety of switching on an EU malfunction for t £0.2s.

Main parts of ELVs -

1) attachment of a zakhishny connection;

2) automatic vimic.

The device of a shutdown is the sequence of elements, which reacts to a change in any parameter of the measure and gives a signal to switch off.

Technichni zasobi zakhistu in electrical installations

For the defense against the defeat electric jet zastosovuyutsya so tekhnіchnі zasobi zahistu:

Zastosuvannya small voltage;

Electric podіl merezha;

Isolation;

Zakhisne grounding, grounding, switching on;

Zastosuvannya ZIZ.

Minimum voltage- the voltage is not more than 42 V, which is necessary to change the problem of damage by an electric jet. The greatest level of safety is reached at voltages up to 10 V, at which values the struma cannot be exceeded by 1 - 1.5 mA. Zastosuvannya practical - mine lamps (2.5V); buttovі attach(lights, toys); on virobnitstvі - hand-held electric lamps, power tools too. (12 and 36 V).

Electric subdivision. The electric line of the large length is galvanized, and the capacity is small and the insulation of the phases of the earth is small. In this way, the mesh is divided for additional transformers into a number of small strings of the same voltage, as they will be mothers of a small capacity and a high support of insulation, which will sharply reduce the risk of damage by a strum.

isolation- shard electrics, which cover the surface of the streak-conducting elements, or the construction is made of non-conductive material, for the help of such a strum-conducting elements, water-stranded in other parts of the electrical installation. Sens isolation, yak wicked sunset strumu, which flows through the body of a person for various furnishings, in the exchange value of the force. Stan іzolyatsії lie down vіd:

Insulation material;

EP designs;

minds virobnicheskogo medium(T-ra, water, drank, bet).

The thickness of the insulation is characterized by the support of the struma coil (£0.001 A). For control I will become electrical insulation carry out periodic testing of isolation. It is also necessary to add an uninterrupted insulation control. When the support is lowered below 0.5 mΩ, a light signal is given.

Zahisne grounding zastosovuetsya:

· at tethers with a voltage of up to 1000 V - three-phase from insulated neutral, single-phase, insulated from the ground, tethers of a constant stream from insulated from the ground with a dzherel winding;

· At the strings of a voltage of 1000 V, a changeable and constant struma with either a neutral mode or a sudan point of the windings dzherel struma.

Grounding is made up of grounding, connected between them with metal tires, and grounding conductors, which are used to be grounded.

Zahisne grounding next to airing the worker. Working grounding is called a small point of an electric fence from a grounding outbuilding. It is intended for normal operation of electrical installations and for protection from failure in emergency mode. The butt of the robotic grounding is the grounding of the neutral wire ( r o baby 1.1).

Behind the construction, grounding can be blamed ( r on the little one 1.5) and contour (Figure 1.6).

Guilty grounding for the safety of the protection of people by a path to reduce the potential of the body to a value

U h = I h r h,

de I h - strum micing through the grounding device, r h - opir of the grounding, Ohm.

Table 1.1 - Maximum allowable value of the ground support

Gіdnіst vinosnyh grounding - mozhlivіst viboru mіstsya z minimal support ґruntu. Nedolik - the distance from the establishment, which is being protected, the obmezhenistvo of the powers that be.

At a pressure of over 1000 V, the earth current may overshoot 500 A. In any case, grounding may not be safe. At great streaks, the ground hums, and the contour grounding is blocked. On the vіdmіnu vіd vinous grounding, as if protecting with a path the reduction of the potential of the corps to a safe value, circuit grounding protects people by way of increasing the potential of the maydanchik, which is protected to a level close to the potential of the body, and virivnyuє potential of the area so that on the whole territory, which is protected by the voltage of the dotik and the curve does not exceed the given value (Figure 1.6).

Zanulennya (in three-phase 4-wire lines with a voltage of up to 1000 V with a dead-earthed neutral) - navmisne ate. z'ednannya with a zero conductor of metal and non-current-carrying parts of installations, which can be supported by a voltage.

Zanulennya (small 1.7) creates a path of small support for the strum of the humming on the body and turns it into a strum of a short humming, building viklikati on the burnout of fusible fuses or the control of automatic vibrations. So zdіysnyuєtsya selectively vymknennya poshkodzhenih objects in іd mezhі. In addition, the zastosuvannya re-grounding of the zero conductor, zeroing often lowers the potential of the body of the earth at the moment of the mic.

Zahysne inclusion- a quick-witted defender, which ensures the automatic activation of the EU in case of an unsafe attack by a strum, and itself:

· In case of a phase zamikanny on the body of the electric power;

· when the support of the insulation of the phases is reduced to the ground below the line between

· Appearing in the measure of a higher voltage;

· Dotik lyudiny to strumovedchoy parts under tension.

Suspension of a zahistovyklyuchennya (PZV) zastosovuyut in vipadki, if іnshі zahistu (grounded, grounded) is not effective, not necessary or important.

ELVs are to be blamed for the safety of switching on an EU malfunction for t £0.2s.

Main parts of ELVs -

1) attachment of a zakhishny connection;

2) automatic vimic.

The device of a shutdown is the sequence of elements, which reacts to a change in any parameter of the measure and gives a signal to switch off.

For the attack against the electric strum, the following technical measures should be taken:

Zastosuvannya small voltage;

Electric podіl merezha;

Isolation;

Zakhisne grounding, grounding, switching on;

Zastosuvannya ZIZ.

Minimum voltage- the voltage is not more than 42 V, which is necessary to change the problem of damage by an electric jet. The greatest level of safety is reached at voltages up to 10 V, at which values the struma cannot be exceeded by 1 - 1.5 mA. Zastosuvannya practical - mine lamps (2.5V); butovі accessories (likhtarі, іgryashki); on virobnitstvі - hand-held electric lamps, power tools too. (12 and 36 V).

isolation- shard electrics, which cover the surface of the streak-conducting elements, or the construction is made of non-conductive material, for the help of such a strum-conducting elements, water-stranded in other parts of the electrical installation. Sensational isolation, like a zahisnoy world, lies in the exchanged value of the force of the strum, which flows through the body of a person behind various furnishings. Stan іzolyatsії lie down vіd:

Insulation material;

EP designs;

minds of the virobnic middle (t-ra, vologist, drank, bet).

The thickness of the insulation is characterized by the support of the struma coil ( 0.001 A). To control the electrical insulation mill, conduct periodic testing of the insulation. It is also necessary to add an uninterrupted insulation control. When the support is lowered below 0.5 mΩ, a light signal is given.

Zahisne grounding - navmisne electrically grounded from the ground, or the equivalent of metal invisible parts.

Zahisne grounding zastosovuetsya:

at tethers with a voltage of up to 1000 V - three-phase from an insulated neutral, single-phase, insulated from the ground, tethers of a constant struma from an insulated from the ground with a winding of a dzherel;

at the strings, the voltage is higher than 1000 V of the alternating and constant struma, whether it be the neutral mode or the sudidny point of the windings dzherel struma.

Grounding is made up of grounding, connected between them with metal tires, and grounding conductors, which are used to be grounded.

Zahisne grounding next to airing the worker. Working grounding is called a small point of an electric fence from a grounding outbuilding. It is intended for normal operation of electrical installations and for protection from failure in emergency mode. The butt of the robotic grounding is the grounding of the neutral wire ( r o baby 1.1).

Behind the construction, grounding can be blamed ( r h on the little one 1.5) and contour (Figure 1.6).

Figure 1.5 - Vinosne grounding

Guilty grounding for the safety of the protection of people by a path to reduce the potential of the body to a value

U h = I h r h,

de I h - strum micing through the grounding device, r h - opir of the grounding, Ohm.

Shards of grounding at times of wine grounding are most often carried out at a distance of 20 m from a possible distance to the hull, the coefficient of grounding at wineries is more expensive alone. in such a manner, faulty grounding protect less than winds of small significance for the mind of small strums of zamikannya (no more than 10 A), which can be used at the rails with a voltage of up to 1000 V from an insulated neutral. With an acceptable value r Z  4 ohm faulty grounding ensures low voltage in the least favorable mode

on the case: .

Table 1.1 - Maximum allowable value of the ground support

Gіdnіst vinosnyh grounding - mozhlivіst viboru mіstsya z minimal support ґruntu. Nedolik - the distance from the establishment, which is being protected, the obmezhenistvo of the powers that be.

The meaning of the struma, which is to pass through a person, which has been used up under the pressure of the crock, depends on the formula

de  - coefficient of crock voltage.

1 - electrical installation;

2 - internal contour;

3 - ground bus;

4 - outer contour

Figure 1.6 - Ground loop

(Zero and neutral - the words are synonyms, but with a small difference in recognition. Neutral - tse wire (conductor), which sets the zero point of a power three-phase transformer with the zero point of the shield or spozhivacha. three-phase meshes. Zanulennya - the price of navmisne z'ednannya neutral with the body of the possession of either an electric shield, so that at the time of a breakdown on the hull, there was a short flicker and turned on the liveliness for that possession of abo shield. As a result, it appears that zeroing is more likely to continue the neutral of the transformer with deaf-earthed visnovka dzherel single-phase strumu; from the grounded point of the dzherel in the chains of the steady strum, as if vykonuetsya with the method of electrical safety. Zakhisne zanullennya є the main approach to zahistu at indirect dotik in electrical installations up to 1 kV from a dead-earthed neutral. Neutral (zero working) wire - wire that connects between itself the neutrals of electrical installations at three-phase electrical lines. At the power lines of different classes zastosovuyutsya see different neutrals. Tse pov'yazano z tsіl'ovym prichennyam tаrіznoy аpаratura zahist linії vіd short zamikannya ta vytokіv. The neutral is solidly grounded, insulated and effective. Deep-earthed neutral It is located in the lines with a voltage of up to 1 kV, with a small voltage of the LEP and a large number of connection points. Only phases arrive soon, the connection of a single-phase voltage is connected between the phases zero dart(Neutral). Zero conductor of the generator and grounding. Insulated neutral Stations in lines with a voltage of over 1 kV to 35 kV, so the lines may be the middle of the day and there are a small number of connection points, which sound like TS in residential areas and heavy machines of factories and plants. Lines at 50 kV can be insulated and have an effective neutral. The neutral is effectively grounded.

Figure 1.7 - Zeroing of the electrical installation

Zahysne inclusion- a quick-witted defender, which ensures the automatic activation of the EU in case of an unsafe attack by a strum, and itself:

when the phase is switched on the body of the electrical control;

in case of reduced support of the insulation of the phases, the earth should be lower than the line between

appearing in the measure of a higher voltage;

dotik people to the strum part under tension.

Suspension of a zahistovyklyuchennya (PZV) zastosovuyut in vipadki, if іnshі zahistu (grounded, grounded) is not effective, not necessary or important.

The ELV is to be blamed for the safety of switching on the EU malfunction for t  0.2 s.

Main parts of ELVs -

pristry zakhisnogo vyklyuchennya;

automatic vimic.

The device of a shutdown is the sequence of elements, which reacts to a change in any parameter of the measure and gives a signal to switch off.

Zahisne grounding- the price of navmisne electrical installations from the ground, or as an equivalent of metal non-current-carrying parts, which can be supported by a voltage.

Purpose of grounding- reduce to a safe value the voltage of the earth on the metal parts of the possession, so that they do not change under the voltage, or they can opine under the voltage through the damage to the insulation of electrical installations. As a result, the voltage of the dotik and, as a result, the strum, which passes through the body of a person, decreases on the body of the grounded obladannenya, with this dotik to the hulls.

Zastosovuєtsya also grounding elektroobladnannya, budіvel that sporud for zakhistu vіd ії atmospheric ї elektriki.

Zahisne grounding zastosovuetsya in three-phase three-conductor strands with a voltage of up to 1000 V from an insulated neutral, and in strands with a voltage of 1000 V and more - be it a neutral mode.

Grounding extension

Grounding extension- the totality of the grounding and grounding conductors, which connect the parts of the electrical installation, which are grounded, from the grounding.

Distinguish natural and piece grounding.

For grounding outbuildings in the first place, due to the use of natural grounding devices:

water pipes, earth laying;
metal constructions
above ground;
metal sheaths of cables (krym aluminum);
casing pipes of artesian Sverdlovin.

It is protected as grounding and vikoristovuvaty pipelines with combustible waters and gases, pipes of heating mains.

Natural grounding mothers come to the grounding line no less, lower in two different places.

In the yakost piece earthing machines stop:

steel pipes with a diameter of 3-5 cm, a wall thickness of 3.5 mm,
dozhinoy 2-3 m;
smug steel zavtovshki not less than 4 mm;
the hull steel of the zavtovshka is not less than 4 mm;
bar steel with a diameter not less than 10 mm, up to 10 m and more.

For piece grounding in aggressive soils (puddling, acidic and others), de stinks are reinforced by corrosion, stasis of copper, copper plating and galvanizing metal.

As a piece of grounding, it is not possible to seal aluminum sheaths of cables, as well as naked aluminum conductors, because stinks are oxidized in the soil, and aluminum oxide is an insulator.

A skin-friendly conductor, who is in contact with the earth, is called single grounding, or electrodem. As a grounding device, it is made up of a number of electrodes, connected in parallel with each other, they are called group grounding.

For vertical electrodes to be sunk into the ground, dig a trench with a depth of 0.7-0.8 m in front, after which they hammer pipes or coils behind auxiliary mechanisms. Steel shears with a diameter of 10-12 mm are buried near the ground for the help of a special attachment, and dows for an additional vibrator. The upper ends of the vertical electrodes, burrowed near the ground, are covered with a steel swarm of zvaryuvannya.

Attachment of the grounding ground can be done in two ways: contour distribution of grounding conductors and guilty.

With the contour placement of grounding devices, it is safe to check the potentials at single phase to the ground. In addition, the springs to the mutual influx of the grounding workers change the voltage of the dot and the voltage of the coil in the zone that is being protected. Vinosnі grounding tsimi dominion not toil. Then, with the wine method of placement, choose a place for burying the ground.

At the premises, the grounding conductors should be placed in such a manner that the stench would be available for inspection and superficially protected from mechanical failures. Grounding conductors are laid on the ground at a special groove. At the place where you can see viscous vapors and gases, as well as promoted vology grounding conductors lay vzdovzh walls on brackets 10 mm from the wall.

The skin of the electrical installation body is responsible for coming to the grounding or grounding main for the help of the earthed wiring. The last connection of several grounded buildings of electrical installations at the grounding conductor is blocked.

Opir of the grounding outbuilding є the sum of the supports of the grounding machine and the grounding conductors.

Opіr zemlyuvacha schodo zemlі є vіdnoshennia narugi on zemlyuvachi to strumu, scho to pass through the zemlyuvach near the ground.

The value of the grounding support to lay down vіd pet support Gruntu, in which the grounding officer is known; the type of expansion and expansion of elements, from such groundings; how many mutual distribution electrodes.

The size of the grounding support can be changed at the time of the fallow from time to time. The biggest opir of grounding can be narrow when the soil is frozen and at a dry hour.

The most admissible value of the ground support in installations up to 1000 V: 10 Ohm - with a total pressure of generators and transformers of 100 kVA and less, 4 Ohm - for all other types.

The norms are assigned to be bound by the permissible value of the voltage to the dot, as in the case of wires up to 1000 V it is not guilty to overshoot 40 V.

In installations over 1000 V, ground support R 3 is allowed<= 125/I 3 Ом, но не более 4 Ом или 10 Ом.

In installations over 1000 V with great strums, the earth opir of the earthing outbuilding is not to blame, but more than 0.5 ohm to ensure automatic switching on of the cellar in case of an accident.

Zanulennya and zahisne inclusion

Zeroing- the price of the electric installation with a zero conductor of metal invisible parts, which can be supported under the pressure.

Zero zahisniy guide the conductor, which is the rear part, which is zeroed, with the neutral point of the winding, the struma is dzherela, or the equivalent.

Zanulennya zastosovuєtsya in strands with a voltage of up to 1000 V from a grounded neutral. In case of a breakdown of the phase on the metal housing, the electric power causes a single-phase short flicker, which will lead to a quick spratsovuvannya protection and, by the same token, the automatic switching on of the poshkodzhennoy installation in the presence of life. Such a zahist is a smelting zapobіzhniki or a maximum automatic, installed for a zakhist in the form of short bursts; magnetic starters with built-in thermal protection; contactors with thermal relay and other accessories.

In case of a phase breakdown on the case, the stream goes through the path “case - zero wire - transformer windings - phase wire - protectors”. Through the opir with a short zamikanny it is not enough, the strength of the struma reaches great values and the defenders work.

Appointment of a zero wire in the electric measure - to ensure the necessary switching on of the electrical installation, the value of the struma of a short streak by the way of the folding of the lancet struma with a small support.

Zero wire is guilty of buti laying so as to make the shaving unbearable; at the zero dart, put guards, vimikachi and other fittings, building damage to its integrity. The conductivity of the zero wire is to become no less than 50% of the conductivity of the phase wire. As zero protection conductors zastosovuyut goals or insulated conductors, steel smuga, aluminum sheathing of cables, various metal structures budіvel and іn.

The control of zeroing of the electric power is carried out when it is taken into operation, and also periodically during the operation. Once every five years, it is necessary to carry out a total support of the “phase-zero” loop for the largest distances, as well as the tightest electrical receivers, and not less than 10% of their total number.

Zahysne inclusionє let's call it a vipadka of zahisnoy zanulennya. On the vіdmіnu vіd zanulennya, zakhisne vіdklyuchennya can zastosovuvatsya at any kind of fences independently from the neutral mode accepted by the mode, the magnitude of the voltage and the obviousness in them of zero drotu.

Shutdown - the system shuts down automatically, which automatically switches on the electrical installation in the event of an unsafe person being struck by an electric jet (when it flickers to the ground, lowered the insulation support, grounding faults or zeroing). Zahisne zastosovuetsya zastosovuєtsya in the fall, if it is important vikonati grounded or grounded, and also on the addition to them in deakie vpadkakh.

Depending on the fact that it is an input value, changing how it reacts to the shutdown, one can see the following schemes of the shutdown: on the voltage of the body of the earth; on the strum flickering to the ground; on the voltage or zero sequence strum; on the phase voltage of the earth; on the permanent and changing operational stream; combinations.

The switch-on switch is activated for the help of automatic switches, provided with a special switch-on relay. The hour of spitting out of the water connection is no more than 0.2 s.

The principle of dії zahisnogo grounding ґruntuєtsya on the reduced voltage of the earth to the admissible voltage equal to the dotik. The installation of metal non-current-carrying parts of the installation from the ground is carried out for the help of conductors and grounding workers. grounding machine - the whole collection of metal shears, which is a metal conductor on the earth and the earth. Grounding workers are piece(only for grounding) and natural(Metal objects in the ground for other recognition). Grounding conductors connect parts of installations that are grounded from the grounding. Natural grounding - pipelines.

Zahisniy zanulennya

Zakhisne grounding - price navmisne electrically grounded with zero wire kіntsi? metal non-current-carrying parts, yakі can opinitisya under tension.

Scheme

The null conductor is the conductor that can be grounded with a zero neutral point of the winding of the struma.

Zero zahisniy conductor traces of a zero working drotu, recognized for the livelihood of electric priymachiv. Zero working wire for 20-30 meters is re-grounded.

The principle of dії zahisnogo zero

Zahisne zanulennya I turn the flicker to the body on a single-phase short flicker, after which the spratsovuє zahist (fusible buffer), which selectively vimikâє dіlyanku merezhі.

At the moment of a short circuit (short circuit) of the grounding of the zero wire, the voltage on the body changes and the damage is changed.

With the method of ensuring the automatic switching on of the installation, the conduction of the phase and zero wires is to be such that the short-circuit strum is not less than the morning, exceeding the fusible fuse (nearest) strum.

Zahysne inclusion

Tse shvidkodіyuchy zakhist, scho automatically switching on the electrical installation in case of failure in the accident with an electric jet. The stench zdіysnyuyut zakhist pіd hour zamikannya on the ground. Guilt be sensitive, quick-witted, arrogant and arrogant.

Stay in quiet moods, if you see a zahistu (earthed, grounded), undesirable, important, or if the installations are safe, the movements of the vimoga hang.

!65 In times of need to help the victim in the event of an electric blast, you need to do the following:

It is better to turn on the installation, or else, it is possible, to turn off the injured water inlet by an electric jet by other means. For the sound of the people, they are now dressed up with dielectric mittens and gum kilimki. For the help of an individual defense for the wounded of the victim, you can speed up with a simple dry doshka or a club. You can also pull yoga for dry clothes, uniquely dotikіv to metal parts and vіdkritikh dіlyanok of the body of the victim.

Lay it on a bed, rozzle or take off your new clothes again and create a rush of fresh wind and secure the new calm.

If the patient breathes, the pulse seldom and misses, it is necessary to have a little bit of breathing. As well as the knowledge, breath, the pulse is not accepted and the expansion of the eye, it is possible to understand that the wine is being rehabilitated at the camp of clinical death. In this case, it is necessary to work out some kind of resuscitation, it is necessary to work out a good massage of the heart and piece mouth-to-mouth breathing.

66Gorinnya- swidkoprotikaє khіmіchne transformation of speeches with visions of a great amount of heat that accompanies yaskravim half-moons. It may be the result of oxidation, tobto zadnannyam palatine speech with sourness.

Necessary mind the mountain- The presence of finger speech; presence of an oxidizing agent; pochatkovy impulse (dzherelo zapalyuvannya) for boosting combustible sumish hot energy. behind speed half-width of the mountains is subdivided into: normal (up to 10 m/s); vibukhov (hundreds of m/s); detonation (up to 5000 m/s). Burning process more offensive views: sleeping; borrowing; self-employment; self-employment; vibuh; detonation. Spalah- tse shvydke igniting the burning sum without the approval of stagnant gases. The temperature of sleep is the lowest temperature of the palm tongue, if the vapors are set over the surface of the steam, the gases of the building will sleep again at the time of the fire of the fire. If so, the speed of making a bet or gas is still insufficient for a steel hearth. Zaimannya- Tse slept, scho accompanied by the appearance of a half-light. self-borrowing- this is a manifestation of a sharp increase in the sharpness of exothermic reactions in the speech without the pitting. Self-occupied buvaє: thermal (when warmed up in the case); microbiological (for the self-heating of the lungs in different cases of the life of microorganisms in the speech); chemical (for the calculation of chemical reactions). self-borrowing- Tse self-employment with the appearance of half a mind. Self-employment can be gasoline, gas, etc. vibuh- Tse transfer of heat from the ball to the ball shock wave.

!67-69 CHARACTERISTICS

Speech, buildings independently burn after a distant fire, are called palm trees on the vіdmіnu vіd rіchovin, yakі don't burn on the porch and are called incombustible. Intermediate positions are very important for combustible speech, like they are busy with dizherel zaplyuvannya, but they attach the mountain after the rest of the day.

All combustible speeches are subdivided into such main groups.

1. Combustible gases (GH) - speech, zdatn_ utvoryvaty s again occupied and vibro-unsafe sum at temperatures not higher than 50 ° C. Combustible gases can be considered individual speech: ammonia, acetylene, butadiene, butane, butyl acetate, water, vіzobutane, і, methane, carbon monoxide, propane, propylene, circulating water, formaldehyde, as well as steam of easy-to-carry and combustible rivers.

2. Easily occupied rіdini (LZR) - speech, buildings independently burn after being burned out and the temperature of the bedroom is not higher than 61 ° C (for a closed crucible) or 66 ° (for a closed crucible). These rіdins include individual speeches: acetone, benzene, hexane, heptane, dimethylforamide, difluorodichloromethane, isopentane, isopropylbenzene, xylene, methyl alcohol, sulfuric carbon, styrene, octoic acid, chlorobenzene, cyclohexane, ethyl acetate, ethylbenzene, technical diesel fuel: , gas, white spirit, retailers.

3. Combustible fires (GZh) - speech, building independently burn after a distant fire and may fall at a temperature higher than 61 ° (for a closed crucible) or 66 ° C (for a closed crucible). Before combustible rіdin, there are such individual speeches: aniline, hexadecane, hexyl alcohol, glycerin, ethylene glycol, as well as sums and technical products, for example, olії: transformer, vaseline, castor.

4. A combustible saw (GP) - hard speech, which is used at a finely dispersed mill. A combustible drank, which is in the air (aerosol), building a vibukhov sumishi with it. Osiliy on the walls, steles, surfaces of the possession saw (aerogel) fire-safe.

They drank fuel for equal amounts of vibuhot, and the fireless are served on chotiri class.

1st class - the most vibrationally safe - aerosols, which can have a lower concentration between occupancy (vibuha) (NKPV) up to 15 g / m3 (syrka, naphthalene, rosin, sawn milk, peat, ebonitum).

2nd class - vibration-free - aerosols, which may have a value of LEQV from 15 to 65 g / m3 (aluminum powder, lignin, sawn boroshnyan, blue, shale).

3rd class - the most unsafe - aerogels, which can determine the value of NKV, more than 65 g / m3 and self-locking temperature up to 250 ° C (tyutyunov, elevator saws).

4th class - fire-safe - aerogels, which determine the value of the LEQ is high 65 g / m3 and the temperature is self-occupying, high 250 ° C (Tirsa village, zinc saw).

!71 Characteristics of speeches with vibration and fire safety

Combustible substances, which are stagnant at the mill, after the aggregate mill are subdivided into: gaseous (abs. pressure of steam at 50 ° C> = 300 kPa); rіdkі (melting point of the troch is more than 50 °С); hard (> 50 ° C); saw< 850 мкм). Пожаро и взрывоопасность в-ва определяются группой горючести; температурой вспышки; температурой самовоспламенения; min энергией зажигания; нижним и верхним концентрационными и температурными пределами воспламенения; давлением взрыва; дисперсностью; летучестью и т д.

According to flammability, they are divided into three groups: non-combustible- tse v-va, unknown fires in a normal warehouse for normal temperatures up to 900 °C; important flammable- tse in-va, yakі can spalahuvati pid vplivom dzherel zaplyuvannya in a normal warehouse, ale z zdatnі to samostiyny mountain; combustible- V-va, zdatnі spalahuvati vіd dzherel zapalennya in povіtrі normal warehouse i prodovzhuyut hot after yogo vydalennya. In their line of combustibles, they are subdivided into: easy borrower - in the form of a short infusion of dzherel inflamed with low energy - sirniki, sparks; average employment- are engaged in a thriving infusion of a dzherel ignited with low energy; important borrowers - only under the pressure of the sweating dzherel zapalyuvannya. The concept of easy occupancy lies in front of combustible rivers with a temperature of more than 61 °С.

Min ignition energy- the price of energy of a spark, ate a range of either a static spruce, sufficient for borrowing an easily occupied gas, steam or a sawtooth bag. The main indications of vibro-safety of combustible gases are the lower and upper concentration limits of combustible gases. NPSі ERW, as well as the lower and upper temperature intervals NTBOі VTPV. Concentration ranges are expressed in volume fractions (%) or mass concentrations (mg/m3). The most vibuhon-safe drank with NPV up to 15 g / m 3 (boroshnia, stone coal, bavovnyan. temperature in-in, for some of them, the most bets satisfy the concentration ...