Electric cars. The Great Encyclopedia of Oil and Gas.

1.3. Transformation of the snake strumu

at the postiyny and postyyy at the change

Electricity is generated at power plants by synchronous generators, which are generators of a zminny stream, which is manually altered by transformers and transmitted to large windmills. At the same time, there are a number of technological processes that need to be fast strumu: electrolysis, battery charging, etc. This is often blamed on the need to change the strum stream to a standing position and back.

Widely widened on the cob of the XX century. electric machine conversions (single-pipe conversions and motor-generator sets) gave up their space to more compact and noiseless heaters. Zavdyaki high

Rice. 1.12. Two-stroke single-phase straightener

operational indications and small dimensions of electric conductors and rectifiers showed a trend to replace the generators of the constant jet with synchronous generators, which may be on the way out of the conductors and rectifiers. In this rank, new classes of machines appeared - transformers and synchronous ones, which are constantly working with straighteners. However, the robot of an electric machine may have some special features, such that it is necessary to take care of the design of these machines and analyze the processes that are involved in them.

Transformation of the snake strumu in late carried out for the help of napіvprovіdnikovih ventіlіv, scho mayut one-way conductivity. On fig. 1.12 and 1.13 shows the widest circuits of rectifiers: single-phase (Fig. 1.12, a) and three-phase (Fig. 1.13, a) and voltage curves and streams (Fig. 1.12.5). in, Rice. 1.13.6, in obviously). The strum can pass through the supply valves (diodes) less than once, if the positive potential of inputs to the anode (at the straight top of the tricot in Fig. 1.12 a), at the link, the voltage on the voltage is pulsating.

Rice. 1.13. Three-phase bridge vipryamlyach

With a single-phase rectified pulsation, the stresses on the tension are even more significant, and the frequency of the change warehouse is 2 times higher than the frequency of the change stream (Fig. 1.12, b). With a three-phase bridge rectified circuit, the circuit goes six-stroke and the voltage pulsations are small - less than 6% in a constant warehouse (Fig. 1.13, b).

Strum at lanciuz navantazhennya sound smoothing stronger, lower voltage, so as lance navantazhennya often revenge inductance, which becomes a great support for zminnoi warehouse struma and male - for permanent.

Yakshcho rahuvati strum at navantazhenni /<* полностью сглаженным, то по обмоткам трансформатора проходит ток, имеющий вид прямоугольников (рис. 1.12,6 и 1.13, in), take revenge on other harmonics that promote heating of the windings. In addition, with different schemes of rectification with a zero point, there is a constant storage struma in the windings (Fig. 1.12.6). Growing through the sky chinne meaning struma and next to live in against the post-magnetization of the shear. To kill this phenomenon, for example, in single-phase transformers, stop abo armored design (Fig. 1.14), or for the skin shearing cut all the windings of the transformer, forcing them.

The great injection on the work of a vipryamlyach (small. 1.15, o) switching the stream - the process of switching from one valve to another.

Through the presence of inductances at the strum-conducting lance and the inductance, connected with the flows of the transformer, the strum from one valve to switch to another not mittevo, but for the switching period G to a certain type of switching at(Fig. 1.15, b).

For simplicity, it is acceptable that the strum at the ID ideal smoothing. Todi suma strumiv through the first and other valves i a \і iai the process of switching is immutable:

Rice. 1.14. Schematic of the chair of an armored transformer

At the moment of commutation, if the EPC value passes through zero and changes the sign, the transformer winding becomes short-circuited and for this circuit you can write equal

Pіd hour of switching voltage on the vane SLg \u003d 0.5 (e 2a + + e 2 b) i in a single-phase rectifier is equal to zero (Fig. 1.15, b). Later, through the switching, the voltage is changed and the voltage is increased and the pulsation is increased. Skills cut commutations the more the more, the more the strum of interest I d and inductive opir x a, for the advancement of the vipryamlyach bazhano, for a machine to live yoga, a small inductive opir is small. At the transformer x a one inductive support, wired with currents of the current, and is determined by the presence of a short circuit At the synchronous generator

de Ha"і xq"- superperipheral inductance along the later and transverse axes is good enough to protect the presence of the struma in the damper winding.

In this rank, synchronous generators, recognized for work on a vipryamlyach, are liable to be repaid for work with a non-sinusoidal jet and mother damper winding.

Coefficient of tension of the generator, which works on unregulated vipryamlyach,

Rice. 1.16. Scheme of a single-phase inverter

de v «0.9 - the coefficient of creation; > f «0.5u-kut zsuvu strumu shkodo first harmonika voltage.

Transformation of the fast strum to the change It works with additional inverters, which have ceramic valves: transistors, thyristors and others.

The diagram of a single-phase inverter is shown in fig. 1.16. Turning on the inverter valves is carried out through the skin for the first time in such a way that the stream is directly secondary winding of the transformer, the EPC was directly connected to the windings, so that the energy was transferred from the dzherel of the permanent stream to the serpentine stream.

The inverters can be folded automatically with an automatic control system, which leads to an increase in their vartosity and a change in the reliability of the pair with non-corrugated straighteners.

In addition, in the inverter it is possible for the mode to appear nacreous mountain, if the strum in the winding runs in phase z її EPC. Such a mode is possible, either in case of a malfunction in the system of care, or for a great cut of commutation. With a sharp horn, the strum rises to an unacceptable value and ring the nap_vprov_dnikov_ vents out of tune. There are a large number of elements in the control system and the ability of the emergency operation of the open fire to reduce the inverter power significantly lower, lower for non-ceramic straighteners: the direction to the windshield changes by 50...100 times.

The idea of ​​living in inverters of asynchronous and synchronous motors is promising. By changing the frequency of raising the valves, it is possible to change the frequency of the voltage on the motor stator outputs and thereby economically (without supports) adjust the wind speed. This method of regulation of speed is called frequency. Prote low nadіynіst systems іz іz іnvertors - vorvoryuvachami frequency pereskodzhaє їх wide zasosuvannya.

In this hour of frequency regulation of speed, only in special minds, they cannot practice the movement of a steady stream, zanurenі in the homeland: the movement of ships, oil pipelines, the movement of spherical lines, etc.

Rice. 1.17. Power washing machine

Є experimental knowledge of frequency regulation in crane and traction electric control.

The machine of the constant strum has its own revolving collector, while the generator mode has a reversible frequency, and the rukhovy one has a reversible frequency.

The design of the machine of a constant stream is similar to the design of an animal synchronous machine, in which the armature winding is on the rotor, and the magnetic poles are not broken. When wrapping the armature (rotor) at the conductors of the winding, EPC is induced, straightened as shown in the transverse section of Fig. 1.17 a.

In conductors, roztashovanih on one side of the line of symmetry, which split the poles, EPC is straightened straight into one side, independently of the apex of the wire. When wrapping one conductors go under the other pole, at some place other guides come, and open spaces, under the pole of the same polarity, the picture is more unruly, only one guides are replaced by others. Otzhe, it is possible to take away the post_ynu EPC from the side of the winding part.

Postiyna EPC to go for the help of a forged contact between the winding and the same electric lance.

The conductors are calling at the turn of the crocodile wsht, as in the machines of a changeable stream, and then the turns are successively wound up one by one, the winding is closed.

At half of the winding (for a two-pole machine), EPC of the same sign is induced, and in the other half - of the opposite sign, as shown in the equivalent winding diagram (Fig. 1.17, b). Along the contour of the EPC winding, the її parts of the straightening are straight and mutually equal. Because of this, when the generator is idling, so that when the wind is running, the jet does not pass through the winding of the anchor.

The old lansy is anchored through the shields, which are installed on the geometric neutral.

To complete the contact, the shields are fixed at straight-cut graphite bars, and the stench is forged along the surface of the collector, which is taken from the middle plates, insulated one type of one.

In great machines, the cob and the end of the skin coil are attached to the collector plates; in small machines

smaller, lower turns, and to that between two plates, part of the winding with several turns is soldered - section.

Under the urge to pass the strum through the anchor conductors, which is directly indicated by the EPC.

At the connection, since the strum is constant, at the turns of the armature winding the strum has a shape close to rectangular (Fig. 1.18, a).

When turning a turn from one parallel wire into another wire, it is shortly locked by a shield for an hour, a ring switching period(Fig. 1.18, b)

T K = bJv KOn ,(1.66)

de b u- width of the brush; і Count - linear roughness of the point, which is located on the surface of the collector.

In the simplest case, if the shield is already a collector plate, for a section closed by a shield (Fig. 1.18.0),

Rice. 1.18. Strum diagrams during commutation

de iiRi=AUiі i 2 R2=AU 2- voltage drop in the shield contact in the same way with the first and other collector plates; Rc- active opir sections; L pe3 - resulting inductance of the section; e to- EPC view of the golden field. Nekhtuyuchi iR c through smallness R c , taken

Otrimane basic equal commutation(1.68) zbіgaєtsya from equal commutations at vipryamlyachі(1.61). It is easy to take away the vision of this equivalence, having admitted that D £ L-D £ / 2 "0,

So that when you exit from the shield of the first plate, you don’t see the opening of the struma, at the moment of the hour t = T K strum through the first plate is guilty of reaching zero: 11(Gk)=0=21

Tsya umova sparkless switching to be set up so that in all modes of kut switching at letter imminent:

y=*T K =2vJ>JD a v Koll =2b"jD a , (1.71)

de D a- Anchor diameter; v a - linear speed of the point that is on the surface of the anchor; b "u \u003d bshO a / O KO l- Width of the shield, directed to the diameter of the anchor.

For vykonanny tsієї wash EPC at the switching zone of EPC e to are created by special additional poles, the winding of which is included sequentially in the armature lanyard, so that the magnetic lantern can be unsaturated.

The process of switching in rectifiers, inverters and in machines of a constant stream is similar. And in that and in the other case, the process of changing the struma during the switching period depends on the value of the EPC form in the short-circuited circuit. Therefore, it is not possible to upgrade the collector to a mechanical straightener, as it is to be robbed.

The presence of the collector to make its own features: the design of the machine becomes more complicated and the operation becomes more expensive. However, these are not enough electrical machines they are switched off by their main advantage: in the rukhovy mode, the breakdown of the commutation should be brought to a small collector and shield, and not to the emergency mode transfer, like in inverters.

Due to the superiority of the collector machine of the constant strum, it is significantly more important for the superiority of the “asynchronous frequency shifting motor” system, її KKD is 3 ... 5% higher, the machine is significantly cheaper, smaller dimensions and weight.

Cі perevagi and zmushuyut squash the priority of the machine of a constant stream, intermediary zastosuvannya asynchronous motor with frequency regulation by narrow frames of specific outbuildings (motors, which are used in the homeland, then).

Instruction

For the cob, we need to know what an electric jet is change strum vіdrіznyаєtsya vіd postіynogo. The ordering of the movement of charged particles is called an electric strum. At a constant electric stream, the same number of charged particles pass through the conductor's perimeter for the same hour intervals. And the axis of the changing strum has a number of these particles for the same intervals of the hour of the day and the difference.

And the axis can now be crossed without a middle until the transformation of the snake struma at the postynyy, for whom we will be helped by attachments under the name "day's place". Dіodniy mіst or bridge scheme - one of the widest outbuildings for winding struma.
On the back of the head, it was broken up from the zastosuvannyam of radio lamps, but it was taken into account by foldable and expensive solutions, instead of it, a more primitive circuit with a double doubled secondary winding in the transformer was put in place to live straight. At once, if the conduits are cheaper, the brukivka itself will stagnate. Ale vikoristannya tsієї schemes do not guarantee 100% rectification struma, Therefore, the circuit can be supplemented with a filter on the capacitor, and also, possibly, with a choke and a voltage stabilizer. Now, at the exit of our scheme, as a last resort, we will take a constant strum

To take away the fast strum take enough extraordinary element eating. The voltage of such a dzherel strum and, sing, the standard is 1.5 volts. Having taken a number of such elements in succession, you can take the battery with a voltage proportional to the number of such elements. For otrimanny fast strum and you can also use a charger attached to a mobile phone (5 V) or car battery(12V). However, it is necessary to take non-standard voltage, for example, 42 V, then you will come across a self-conscious vipryamlyach from the simplest life filter.

you need

• Lower transformer 220 st / 42v.
• Merezhevy cord with a fork
• Diode mist PB-6
• Electrolytic capacitor 2000uF×60V
• Soldering iron, rosin, solder, soldering rods.

Instruction

Choose a straightener for the scheme depicted on the little one:

In order to choose correctly and win such an attachment, you need the minimum knowledge about the processes that are used in the application. To that, respectfully, be aware of this scheme and the principles of robotic straightening. strum collapse along the upper right shoulder of the bridge to a positive view, through the vanishing, get on the lower left shoulder and turn to the edge. Under the hour of the negative period (great dash dotted line) strum flow through the other pair of diodes of the vibrating bridge. Here Tr. - transformer, reducing the voltage from 220 to 42 Volts, galvanically dividing the high voltage low voltage. D - one place, which directs the change of the voltage, which came from the transformer. Number 1 indicates the primary (string) winding of the transformer, number 2 - the secondary (external) winding of the transformer.

Connect a cord with a plug to the primary winding of the transformer. Connect two leads of the secondary winding of the transformer with two wires from the two inputs of the diode bridge. Solder the output of the diode bridge with the “minus” marking to the negative terminal of the capacitor.

The negative sign of the condenser of the meanings of the 1st corpus with a light swirl with a “minus” sign. Before which visnovka, solder a fresh blue color. Tse bude negative vihіd vipryamlyach. Solder the output of the diode bridge with the “plus” sign to the other output of the capacitor at once from the dart of the red color. Tse will be positive visnovok vipryamlyach. Before urvіmknennyam resolutely reverse the correctness of the installation - pardons are not allowed here.

Video on the topic

Korisna porada

The condenser plays the role of a lively filter, smoothing out the pulsations, which were left behind after being rectified by the bridge of the serpentine struma.

To charge the battery of roasting, a charger is installed, which you can bring to the trade store or work it out with your own hands, spending at this minimum cost, that hour.

you need

• Pivlitrov glass jar, aluminum and lead plate, gum tube, lid with an opening in the middle.

Instruction

Take a bottle or a glass jar, aluminum and a lead plate with a diameter of 40x100 mm and a gum tube with a diameter of 2 cm. It is not necessary, because when the robot is vipryamlyacha the electric is strongly roz'їdaє alyuminіnіy bіlya surfіnі roschin. Guma guards yoga against corrosion and cym gives the ability to straighten up the process significantly more.

Vikoristovyte as an electrolyte of soda bicarbonate (sodium bicarbonate). Take soda from rosemary 5-7 gr. per 100 ml of water. In this straightener, the positive pole will be aluminum, the negative pole will be lead. When the attachment is included in the sizable bowl, the streak of the strum is a lead plate through vipryamlyach pide strum. Ale vin pide only in one straight. On the aluminum plate at the same time, there will be a positive pole of the voltage. If you include an aluminum plate in the measure, then there will be a negative pole of the voltage on the lead plate. Viide half-wave vipryamlyach to the one who passes through the new electric strum for less than one period. At the first point, for example, through the butt, we pass a stream of only a positive straight ahead.

For a new twist, the voltages will be doubled in the period and rectifiers. It is necessary to put together two or more elements, fallow for the necessary charging of the struma. And the stench is connected to the offending phases of the electric power lines. When the attachment is turned on, place the guards in the chain of the strum. The regulation of the voltage, as it goes on charging, you can use a rheostat for additional help, which will allow you to "extinguish" the load of the voltage in the lance and create a normal mind to charge the battery.

Video on the topic

Return respect

To charge the batteries, it is necessary to use a straightener with 4 elements to charge the battery, so that a straightener with an aluminum plate area of ​​​​100 square meters is required to charge the power of one ampere. div.

Korisna porada

Force charger strumu accumulators are guilty of becoming 0.1% of the total capacity.

Jerela:

• Vipryamlyach for battery charging

If you have made a transformer on your own, you need to know some words about attachments, including how to rebuild strum in transformer, About scho i timetsya below.

Instruction

Recognize how you can’t understand how much, maximum strum the voltage is on the secondary winding.
multiply strum maximum voltage (in amperes) by a factor of 1.5 - find out about the winding of another transformer (in amperes).

Expand the tension, which is seen in the straight line of the secondary winding of the transformer. For this, multiply the voltage of the secondary winding by the maximum strum to pass through it.
Take care of the pressure of the transformer. To determine the tension, next multiply the maximum tension on the secondary winding by 1.25.

Calculate the value of the tone on the first winding. For whom I will cut off in the last paragraph, the tension should be divided into shear stress on the first winding.
Expand the parameters of the area of ​​the magnetic core

Electric strum runs through different mediums: metal, heaters, radiators and gases. With any wine, you can be unchangeable or changeable. At the article, we can look at the cremation of the post-mortal strum, as well as the transformation of the serpentine struma into the post-strum.

Postiyny strum ta yogo dzherela

In a stable strumu, the value of that does not directly change from hour to hour. On modern fixtures, wines are indicated by letters DC- English abbreviations direct current(At the literal translation - a direct strum). Yogo graphic designation:

Dzherelami permanent strumu є batteries and accumulators. At the new station, a lot of electronic devices are used: mobile phones, computers, televisions, satellite systems. For the living of these outbuildings, living blocks are included before them. The stench reduces the voltage of the measure to the required value and transforms the changing strum into a permanent one. Chargers for accumulators, they can live in the form of a battery of changeable stream and win the same functions that the blocks of life.

Change strum and yoga parameters

In a changing struma, the value changes cyclically at the hour. The cycle of one new change (koliva) is called period (T), And youmu value is wrapped - frequency (f). Letter of designation snake struma - AC, short video Alternating Current(sign strum), and graphically vin is indicated by a sinusoid:

̴

The next sign indicates the voltage, and sometimes - the frequency and the number of phases.

The change strum is characterized by the following parameters:

Characteristic	Appointment	Alone in the world	Description
Number of phases			single phase
			Triphasic
Voltage	U	volt	Mitteve meaning
			Amplitude value
			Chinne meaning
			Fazne
			Line
Period	T	second	An hour of one full wagon
Frequency	f	hertz	Number of kolivans in 1 second

Single-phase strum for a clean look to go for the help of gasoline and diesel generators. In other types of veins - part of the three-phase, which represents three voltages, which change according to the sinusoidal law, equally destroying one or the other. Tsey zsuv for an hour is called the kut zsuv of phases and becomes 1/3T.

For transmission three-phase voltage vikoristovuyut chotiri droti. One is a hot point and is called zero (N), and three others are called phases (L1, L2, L3).

The voltage between the phases is called linear, and between the phase and zero - fazim, It is smaller than linear in √3 times. At our border phase voltage one 220 U, and linear - 380 U.

Pid mittevim the values ​​of the voltage of the zminny struma are illustrative of the value of the sing moment at the hour t. It changes from the frequency f. Mitteve the value of the voltage at the point of maximum is called amplitude values. Ale not yoga vimiryuyut voltmeters and multimeters. The stench shows the value, √2 times less, I call correct or effective voltage values. Physically, it means that the voltage of the constant stream of the same magnitude is to be applied to the same robot, as it is the change of the change of the voltage that is to be overcome.

Advantages and shortcomings of the changeable voltage

So why did they take a change strum for energy supply, and not a post one?

When transmitting electricity, the streams pass through the drota, for hundreds of kilometers, heating them up and increasing the energy. It’s inevitable that it’s like a fast, so a vicious strum. Ale potuzhnіst vtrat to lie only in the support of the wires and struma in them:

Tension, as it is transmitted along the line, dorivnyuє:

It is obvious that with an increase in the transmission voltage, and tightness, a smaller strum is needed, and the tension of the inflow changes with it. The axis of this stretching of the LEP is to increase the tension. Lines for 6kV, 10kV, 35kV, 110kV, 220kV, 330kV, 500kV, 750kV and wind 1150kV.

And in the process of transferring electricity to the dzherel, it is necessary to change the voltage repeatedly. The simplest thing is to work on a replacement stream, vicorist transformers.

Small parts of the snake strum appear during the transfer of energy through cable lines. Cables can be used as a test between phases and permeable to the ground, and it is possible to carry out a change in the stream. There is a coil that heats up the insulation and turns it off at the right time.

Transformation of the serpentine struma into a permanent and navpak

The process of withdrawing from the changeable struma is called straightening, and attachments - with straight flies. The main part of the straightener conductor diode, Conducting strum only in one straight. As a result, a pulsating strum emerges, which changes its size with the year, but does not change its sign.

Sweat the pulsations go for help filters, the simplest of them is capacitor. It’s impossible to put down the pulsation again, like the end rive to lie in the vibrating circuit and the quality of the filter. The folding and variability of the vpryamlyachiv lie down depending on the magnitude of the pulsation at the exit and the maximum tightness at the exit.

To transform into a change strum, they vicorate inverter. The principle of their work is based on the generation variable voltage with a shape as close as possible to sinusoidal. An example of such an attachment car inverter for connection to side railings butt fittings or a tool.

What is the smallest and most expensive inverter, it is more intense, or more precisely, the voltage, which is seen by him, is approaching a sinusoid.

Converting the serpentine struma to the permanent one - the same attachment that transforms the energy of the serpentine struma to the permanent one. This attachment is non-linear, so the spectrum of voltage on the output is blown out of the input. In foreign literature, such outbuildings are called AC/DC conversions (changing/permanent strum). On the little one 1, a mentally-graphic designation of the AC / DC conversion is pointed. On yoga inputs and outputs, oscillograms and spectrograms are used to direct the voltage.

Figure 1

To the warehouse of the changeover of the changeable voltage in the post it enters like a straightener, so it is a filter, which takes into account the negligence of the warehouse voltage. The filter manager, which is connected to the exit of the straightener, sees only the post warehouse U 0 (correct straightening effect) and stifle the stock spectrum U d (pulsations). Tsya diya is often called "smoothing" of the external voltage. Therefore, such a filter is called smoothing. Yogo wink at the sight of the low-pass filter (sound the LC-filter) with a lot of bandwidth Δ f fc.

If you go straight to the warehouse of the AC / DC conversion, at the process of the robotic vikoristovu one napіvhvil zmіnnogo strum, then vin is called single-stroke or odnopіvіvіdnim, and if the insult vіvіvіlі - then two-stroke or dvnipіvіvіdnim. On little 2, a simplified circuit of a single-cycle changeover of the variable voltage in the post is introduced.

Figure 2. Equivalent circuit of a single-stroke changeover of a changeable struma to a permanent one

On this little one, the key K synchronously from the frequency of the dzherel U1 connects the drive to the dzherel. Pulsed voltage with frequency ω c. During the period of the frequency of the input coli, only one impulse of the strum passed through the tension. The frequency of the first harmonic of the struma ω c. Post-storage stream of tension in this circuit flows through the input voltage. If there is a transformer in the warehouse, then it was necessary to bring it to the magnetic field and to improve the weight and size parameters. As a result, the voltage of the wire at the input of a single-phase rectifier is harmonic U 1 = U m sin ω c t, then the voltage clock diagrams at the input and output of this circuit will look like this, as shown in little 3.

Picture 3

As can be seen from this little one, the rhubarb of a permanent warehouse strum at the exit of the circuit of a single-cycle AC / DC conversion machine to milk maly. Therefore, it is most likely that a two-cycle scheme is stagnant. The scheme of a two-stroke changeover of the variable voltage at a constant point is directed to little 4.

Figure 4

In this scheme, the keys K1 and K2 connect the charge per hour for one drink (T/2) per period. Therefore, during the period of changing the tension of the barrier, two impulses of the strum pass through the tension, and two impulses of the strum flow through the tension, moreover, the streaks of the strum flow through the tension in one straight line. The constant storage stream of the adventure does not flow through the primary nerve and does not flow into the robot. The frequency of the impulses in the stream and the voltage on the tension U H double frequency ω c which allows you to change the dimensions of the filter, which smoothes. All the listed factors allow you to significantly improve the weight and dimensions of changing the snake struma to a permanent one. Timing diagrams of voltage and strum at the inlet and outlet of the two-stroke changer of the strum into a constant pointing at the little one 5.

Figure 5

As the keys in the schemes of converting a changeable stream into a permanent vicor, non-ceramic and ceramic valves are used, as such, diodes, thyristors, bipolar ones are field transistors. The most widely used are non-ceramic valves, like those vicorous vented conductor diodes.

The next step is to indicate that current AC / DC reworks will be behind the folded scheme. The stench of the back vibrates in the direction and filtering of the input coli, then the generation of a high frequency, the voltage as it transforms into the consumption at the output, that will again vibrate and filter all the non-powered spectral warehouses. Tse allows you to significantly change the dimensions of the conversion and increase your efficiency. Often the stench is conjured up like a small-sized one-piece block.

Figure 6 Starry look AC/DC Converter

Literature:

1. Sazhniv A.M., Rogulina L.G., Abramov S.S. "Electric power attached and systems zvyazku": Chief help/ GOU VPO SibGUTI. Novosibirsk, 2008 - 112 p.
2. Aliyev I.I. Electrotechnical dovidnik - 4th kind. correct - M.: IP Radio Soft, 2006. - 384 p.
3. Geitenko O.M. Dzherela secondary electroanimation. Circuitry and rozrahunok. Head helper. - M., 2008. - 448 p.
4. Electricity additions and telecommunication systems: A guidebook for universities / V.M. Bushuev, V.A. Deminsky, L.F. Zakharov and in. - M., 2009. - 384 p.
5. Denisov A.I., Zvolinsky V.M., Rudenko Yu.V. Valve shifters in precise stabilization systems. - K.: Naukova Dumka, 1997. - 250 p.

At once, from the article "Reconstruction of the serpentine strum to the permanent one" read:

http://website/BP/Ventil/

Wikimedia Commons everyday life various electrical appliances and outbuildings, which are used for the production of electric power, goiters tell us the minimum knowledge in the electrical engineering room. Tse knowledge that saves our lives. Vіdpovіdі on nutrition about those, like from a fasting struma, work the change, like a voltage can be in an apartment like that modern people guilty of the nobility, to vanish the blows and death of the new.

Methods of possession of electricity

Today it is impossible to show your life without electricity. Today, all the population of our planet has millions of electricity to ensure normal life. Ale, for the umpteenth time, turning on the electric kettle, the person does not wonder about what path the electrician had to go through so that she could brew her own cup of fragrant cavi.

Іsnuє kіlka ways otrimanna elektriki:

• from thermal energy;
• from the energy of the water;
• from atomic (nuclear) energy;
• from wind energy;
• from sony energy and in.

In order to understand the nature of the produced electrical energy, let's look at a few examples.

Electricity with wind energy

Electric strum - ce straightening ruh charged particles. The simplest way to do yoga is the energy of natural forces.

Whose application is in the energy of the wind. The natural phenomenon of dme with the different strength of the wind, people have learned how to make vicory for a long time. Tidying the wind is a simple wind turbine, having a drive and connecting it with a generator. A generator that vibrates electrical energy.

Extra struma can be accumulated in batteries. The vibrations of the post-eco-friendly strum do not stagnate.

Withdrawals and transformations on a change strum, in ide for distillery. Heaps of excess electricity are stored in batteries. During the daily wind, stock up on electricians, like in batteries, transform and find people's needs.

Electricity from water

It's a great pity that this kind of natural energy, which gives the opportunity to take off electricity, is not squeaky. Let's take a look at the way to get electrics there, de richly drive.

The simplest HES, made from wood according to the principle of milk, the diameter of which is close to 1.5 meters, is built to provide electricity, which is vicorated and scorched, privately owned by the state. Such a bodyless HES was created by a Russian winemaker, a native of Altai - Mikola Lenev. Having created the HES, two grown-up people can carry the yak. Everything else is similar to the elimination of electricity from the windmill.

Electricity is vibrated and great power plants and hydroelectric stations. For the commercial production of electricians, there are large boilers to give steam. The temperature of the steam reaches 800 degrees, and the pressure at the pipeline rises to 200 atmospheres. Tsya overheated steam with a high temperature and a majestic grip to fit on the turbine, as if starting to wrap around that vibrating strum.

The same is seen at hydroelectric power stations. Only here the wrapper is seen for the rahunok of greater swedishness and the volume of water that falls from the majestic height.

Designated strumu and zastosuvannya yogo in the booty

The permanent strum is denoted by DC. On the English language spelled as Direct Current. Vіn u protsesі roboti z hour not zmіnyuє svoїh svoїhnosti that bluntly. The frequency of the constant struma is close to zero. It means yoga on armchairs that has a straight short horizontal line or two parallel lines, one of which is dotted.

The constant strum is victorious in the accumulators and batteries that are familiar to us, which are victorious in the majestic number of various outbuildings, such as:

• medical machines;
• childish toys;
• hearing aids;
• other mechanisms.

Mustaches of the day mobile phone. Charging is carried out through the power supply unit, a compact DC/AC converter that plugs into a single socket.

Electrical accessories single-phase strum. Electric appliances can be used only with transformer connections and a lot of switches to install a DC / AC converter directly into the unit itself. Tse richly simplifies the operation of the electrical installation.

How do you grow the change from the fast strumu?

It was more about those that all batteries, batteries for lighters, TV remotes can have a steady stream. To remake the strum, іsnuє current attachment under the name of the inverter, it is easy to make a change from the constant stream. Let's look at it, as if stuck in everyday life.

Buvaє, scho pіd hour perebuvannya in the car і people need termіnovo rozrukuvat on a photocopy document. Xerox, the machine works, by including an adapter to the inverter in the cigarette lighter, you can connect to a new copier and arrange documents. The scheme of the conversion can be made foldable, especially for people who can understand a little about the work of an electrician. Therefore, with the safety method, it’s better not to try to build an inverter on your own.

Zminny strum and yoga of power

Flowing, changing strum with a stretch of one second changes directly that value 50 times. Changing the ruhu struma is the whole frequency. The frequency is indicated in hertz.

We have a struma frequency of 50 hertz. In rich countries, for example, the USA, the frequency is 60 hertz. Also, there is a three-phase and a single-phase replacement jet.

For utility needs, an electrician comes, which costs 220 volts. What is the meaning of the snake strum, what is it. But the amplitude of the struma of the maximum value will be greater by the root of the two. What will result in 311 volts. So the actual voltage of the butt line becomes 311 volts. To change the permanent stream, change the transformers, which have different switching schemes.

Stream transmission by high-voltage lines

All electrical wires carry a changeable stream of different voltages in their ducts. It can oscillate from 330,000 volts up to 380 volts. The transmission is done with a change of strum. This way of transportation is the simplest and the cheapest one. Like from a vicious strumu grow postiyne, long ago. Having put the transformer at the required place, we take away the necessary voltage and the force of the stream.

Converter schemes

Herself simple circuit virishennya nourishment for that, as from the constant strumu grow the change 220 U, none. Tse mozhe robiti one place. DC/AC conversion circuit Mist, choosing from them, creating a ruh struma in one straight. Mistok zrіzaє upper borders change sinusoids. Diodes are selected sequentially.

Another scheme for converting a changeable stream is a bridge, a selected diode, a capacitor or a filter, which smooths out and corrects the failures between the peaks of the sinusoids.

I instantly convert the current strum to the replacement inverter. The yoga scheme is foldable. The details that are vindicated are not cheap. Therefore, the price of the inverter is high.

What kind of electric strum is unsafe - what is the change?

In everyday life, we constantly stick to robots, but we also use electrical appliances that are connected to sockets. Strum, what to live in electrical shield to the socket, single-phase change. Traplyayutsya vipadki razhennya electric jet. Come in safely, that knowledge about the shock of the strum is necessary.

Why is there a difference between hits under the pressure of a change of stream and a constant one? Є statistics, that changing DC single-phase strum is not safe for a constant AC strum. Striking with a strum, independent of this type, is the most negative fact.

Effects of a strum attack

The inadequacy of the reason for the use of electrical appliances can negatively affect the health of the people. That is not the way to experiment with electricity, as there are no special skills for those.

Diya struma per person to lay down depending on the number of factors:

• support for the body of the victim himself;
• strain, pіd yak squandered the people.
• the force of the struma at the time of the contact of the person with the electrician.

From the urance of everything overprotected, it can be said that the day of the serpentine strum is richly unsafe, lower than fast. According to the data of the experiments, which confirm the fact that for an equal result in the case of an attack, the strength of the permanent strum can be four times - five times higher, lower than the change.

The very nature of the snake struma negatively affects the work of the heart. When struck by a strum, mimic shortness of the heart ducts is observed. Tse mozhe bring to yoga Zupinki. Particularly unsafe is a dotik with bare veins to people, like a heart stimulator.

The constant struma has a daily frequency. ale high voltage and the power of the struma can bring the same to death. It is easier to change the z-pіd to the contact with the direct electric jet, the lower z-pіd to the contact with the change.

Tsey little view of nature electric struma, yoga transformation can be brown to people who are far from electricity. Minimal knowledge in the living room and robotic electric power will help to understand the essence of the robots and the most important butt fittings, which are so necessary for a comfortable and peaceful life.