Exploring the range of products for the countries of the chemical industry. Geography of the chemical industry of the world. The largest chemical complexes of the Russian Federation

Chemistry industry is one of the avant-garde galleys, which will ensure the development of the state for doby scientific and technological revolution. Vіd її razvitku to lay razvitok sієї ekonomіki, oskolki vybezpechuє іnshі galuzі promyslovі і new materials, silsk state- with mineral additives and zasobami zahistu roslin, and the population - with various butovy chemical zaobami.

Chemical industry can be folded galuzevy warehouse. Vaughn includes:

· Hirsko-khіmіchnu promyslovіst (a type of syrovin bottle: syrka, apatity, phosphorite, salts);

· basic chemistry (production of salts, acids, meadows, mineral additives);

· chemistry of organic synthesis (production of polymers - plastics, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers);

· Other galluses (pobutova chemistry, perfumery, microbiological, etc.).

The peculiarities of the distribution of chemical industry are determined by the combination of various factors. For gastro-chemical - the natural resource factor is primary, for the main and chemistry of organic synthesis - calming, water and energy.

There are 4 great regions of chemical industry:

· Foreign Europe (leading Nіmechchina);

Pivnichna America (USA);

· Skhidna and Pivdenno-Skhidna Asia (Japan, China, New industrial lands);

· SND (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus).

At the factory okremih species chemical products are leading in the following regions:

· In the form of sulfuric acid - USA, Russia, China;

· In the varieties of mineral additives - the USA, China, Russia;

· In the production of plastics - USA, Japan, Nіmechchina;

· In the production of chemical fibers - USA, Japan, Taiwan;

· For synthetic rubber - USA, Japan, France.

Chemistry industry is directly embodied in nature. From one side, the chemical industry has a wide syrovin base, which allows you to utilize the input and actively vicorate the second sirovina, which will bring more economical glassware natural resources. In addition, she’s making speeches, like zastosovat for chemical purification of water, repeat, zahista roslin, renewal of soil.

On the other hand, it will itself lie down to the largest "brudny" galleys, which will be added to all the components of the natural environment, which requires regular environmental protection visits.

Plastics (product of chemical industry):

Obsyags of virobnitstva gradually grow, plastic vikoristovuetsya in all spheres of life and virobnitstva. The largest spheres of plastics consumption: 30% container and packaging, edible material, electrical engineering and electronics. The world has tens of thousands of different species and names of plastics. Headlines:

polythene

Polyvinylchloride

polypropylene

prolisterol

The production of basic types of plastics is most likely to develop in the lands of the Close Skhod, China, so the production of basic types of plastics is converted to the edges where they develop (they develop from the oil and gas syrovina). Rooted lands, curving the old strains of the production of ordinary types of plastics, developing the production of new types of plastics, "smart plastics", like building replacements for shelter, self-suspension, biodevelopment, and so on.

Poklikana to demonstrate the most accessible of the gallery. Representatives of the largest centers of chemical industry will take the fate at the entrance. Undertakings to present their best products and new developments, which have not yet appeared in the mass production. Caregivers can evaluate new products, and pickers, on the basis of opinions, make biscuits based on their new products. The exposition is held in an international format. Vaughn combines her own industry and scientifically proven nonsense. The largest suppliers of chemicals, possessing new technologies, will join in one place with the help of their products in order to assess the significance of this development of the chemical segment on this day.

The range of chemical industry is available for over 80 thousand items. The market for this segment is to become metallurgy, textile, automotive industry, and the agricultural state.

The largest chemical complexes of the Russian Federation

The chemical industry in Russia is changing to equal development. The share of exports in the open contract is 20%. Russian industry and impersonal factories, leather from which they specialize in any kind of singing products. Usі pіdpriєmstva khіm_chnії ї pryamovannostі can be divided into 2 groups. Persha is a chain of enterprises, the activity of which should be close to the main chemistry, so that products are produced on a mineral basis (good for soil, acid, meadow, soda, too). To the other group lie enterprises that are engaged in organic chemistry, that is, that vibrate fibers, resins, synthetic rubber, humus, polymeric materials, etc.

The center of chemical industry is important in the areas of syrovine and energy security. The problem lies in the fact that most of them are very far away from their slow market. But in this hour of dawn, the availability of transport routes and other types of transport is no longer a problem of great importance. Otzhe, near the Central district of chemical centers, there is the place Yaroslavl and Ryazan. Roztashovani there, the backwaters specialize in the preparation of fine plastics. Near the Volzsky district, you can name the places Balakovo, Nizhnekamsk and Volzky. Factory tsikh mist vpuskayut rubber and synthetic fibers. Near the Pivnichno-Zahidny district, the centers are St. Petersburg and Novgorod. There, good chemistry is vibrated.

Also, it is possible to develop a new visnovka, more chemical enterprises are found in the European part of the Russian Federation. Siberia is not always rich in chemical plants, although it wants to have a significant share of resources that will continue to grow and expand until the end.

Holy chemical industry centers: their activity and development

The chemical sector is inextricably linked to the scientific and technical sphere and the stage of development. The very same signified high rіven chemical galleys at Sunset near the USA. In the rozvinenyh kraynah, the sphere has been thoroughly completed and brought to a new level. On a light scale, 4 main areas can be named, the de chemical sector of which is the most significant. In the first place of the European lands of Nimechchina, England, France, Italy, the Netherlands. The countries of the world will promote about 25% of the products of light export. The leader of the middle of these lands is Nіmechchina.

Another area is Pivnichna America, the USA itself. This country is one of the largest light post-workers in chemical products. Over 20% of light exports fall on її part.

On the third place of the edge of Northern Asia, among them, Japan is the most visible. Let's go China and Korea. The quarter of the month is deservedly visited by Russia. The share of export products on a light scale will become close to 5%.

Chemical industry is the hallmark of an important industry, which includes the selection of products from different types of syrovine in the way of chemical processing. The chemical industry of Russia is one of the most important foibles of the economy, for the number of main funds of the chemical industry of the Russian Federation it is given only to the fuel and energy complex, machine-building and metallurgy. For 2014, under the bags of 2014, the number of goods released by the enterprises of the chemical industry of Russia was increased, becoming 2.03 trillion. carbovantsiv. A part of the chemical industry with a total release of all the industrial industry becomes 9%.

But, regardless of those that the increase in the number of goods in the Russian chemical industry accounted for 7.4% until 2013, it is impossible to name a minuly river for the chemical complex of Russia. The increase in growth rate in 2014 was only 0.1%, which was lost in 2013. And the promotion of an obligatory commitment to us in front of it is due to the devaluation of the ruble. Also, the increase in the number of drugs negatively impacted the decrease in obsyagivi in ​​pharmacology by 5%. It is due to the fact that the Russian pharmacological industry is deposited in the supply of imported syrovin, the supply of which was shortened through the introduction of sanctions against the Russian Federation. Another factor in the decrease in growth was the great accident at the Stavrolen plant near Budionivska metro station. Significantly, the change in the production of ethylene and polyethylene was added.

The chemical industry of Russia is one of the basic treasures of the economy of our country. Under the auspices of the chemical industry of the Russian Federation, over 70 thousand. Name different products. The main sources of these goods are the agricultural state, metallurgy, machine-building; The chemical complex of the country itself saves over 25% of its manufactured products.

Ale, the world position of the Russian chemical industry is not too high. According to the choice of chemical products, Russia spends 11 months at the world with a frequent 2.1% light duty. And the leading countries are the States of America and China, and their share of light pollution is 18.6 and 15% of the total. Nearly 24% of products are located in the EU, and the largest in the city of Nymechchina - 7.1% of light production.

About 382 thousand rubles were borrowed from the chemical industry of Russia. people, and the distribution of chemical enterprises of the Russian Federation, mainly in the European part of the country, in the Urals and near Pivden Siberia. Such roztashuvannya is based on a number of virobnicheskih factors:

• Sirovinny. Undertakings from the processing of syrovin, ring out, roztashovuyutsya with the places of vidobotku.
• Palivno-energetic. The enterprises of the chemical industry are the biggest energy savers. So, for example, for the production of 1 ton of synthetic rubber, it is necessary to consume about 17 kWh of electricity.
• Water. The chemical industry of vicorist water is like a syrovine and supplementary material. The Great Chemical Plant, which releases water-based products, vikoristovuyu on the river, water and water, and a small place with a population of 400 thousand. Cholovik.
• Calm. In order to speed up the logistics, enterprises of the chemical industry, which release products for the needs of the domestic industry, to issue an order from the helper.

Chemistry industry can be more foldable structure. Today, there is no clear line of chemical enterprises in the galuzy, so the products from one galuzy of the chemical industry are syrovina for other enterprises of the chemical industry. To this, undertakings are added according to the type of viroblen products. Main types of chemical industry products:

• The main products of organic synthesis (products for the maintenance of plastics, synthetic resins, fibers and rubbers, retailers, syrovine for the production of by-button chemistry);
• The main products of inorganic synthesis (acids, meadows and salts are ubiquitous in industry);
• Agrochemistry (production of goodness and pesticides);
• Production of plastics, synthetic rubbers and fibers;
• Production of polymers and elastomers (polyethylene, polyester, gum, polyurethane);
• The production of future sums (cement, hard putties, etc.)
• Pharmaceutical Provadzhennya;
• Virobnitstvo butovoї chemistry;
• Variety of lacofarb products.

Virobnitstvo of the main chemical speeches

The production of the main chemical speeches is the production of chemical products, which will be the syrovina for the final products in the chemical room. One of the most important primary chemical products is sulfuric acid. It is victorious in the production of phosphorus and nitrogen additives, mild chemicals, lacofarb and other chemical products.

Nearly 150 million tons of sulfuric acid are produced in the light of the world. The light leader in the world of virobnitstviya є USA, stench viroblyayut close to 50% of sulfuric acid in the world. Russia generates close to 15% of its light duty; in 2014, 9.8 million tons were produced. The price is 4.8% less, lower in 2013. It is due to the fact that there are no clear housekeeping about the price policy between the post-employees and the supporters of the sirka. In 2014, over 65% of the air was exported.

Disodium carbonate or calcined technical soda zastosovuєtsya in glassware, for porous powders and mild materials. In 2014, the growth rate of technical soda production increased by 2.8% - the highest indicator of the average of all main chemical products.

The amount of sodium hydroxide concentration increased by 1.3% in 2014. Caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) is the widest meadow in the world that vibrates and contains about 60 million tons of caustic. Sodium hydroxide is vicorous in the production of milk, shampoos and other mild processes in pulp and paper industry and oil processing. In 2014, Russia produced 1.1 million tons of caustic.

Ammiac is one of the most important products in the chemical industry, around 150 million tons of ammonia are commonly produced in the world. This product vikoristovuєtsya with the production of nitrogen fertilizers, vibukhovy speeches, polymers and nitric acid. Also, ammonia is vicorous in medicine and as a refrigerant in a refrigeration unit. Russia generates close to 10% of the light duty on ammonia, exports about 25% of its products, which becomes close to 16% of the light export. For 2014 Russian Federation 14.6 million tons of anhydrous ammonia were generated, which is 1.5% more than in 2013.

Virobnitstvo dobriv

Agrochemistry is one of the leading places of Russian chemical industry. Behind the promises of freedom, the Russian Federation takes the leading positions in the world. Before the Russian production, 6.5% of the release of all phosphorus fertilizers in the world falls, ce 4 indicative of the middle of the country. Also, the Russian Federation borrows 2 months from the production of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers, borrowing 7% and 18.5% of the light market.

Over the course of 2014, 19.61 million tons were released in 2014, having finished 100% of live chicks. This is the best showing for the rest of 5 years. Positive growth until 2013, becoming 6%.

With skin rock in the world, drink on nitrogen dobriva, syrovina for the extraction of such natural gas. With the rest of the fates, the geography of the selection of these kind, more importantly, the lands of the Near Skhod has changed. In Russia, in 2014, 8.21 million tons of nitrogen fertilizers were produced in 2014 for 100% of live peat, the price was 0.5% lower than in 2013. A small reduction in growth is due to too much proposition on the market, rest river Drinking on nitrogen supplements increased by 1.9%, and light-induced tension increased by 3.8%.

The phosphoric acid concentrations are already deposited in the form of a syrovine base. The largest deposits of phosphoric ores - phosphorites and apatites are found in the USA, China, Morocco, Russia. Over the last few years, drinking on phosphoric fertilizers has increased by 1.7%, while the brewing tension has increased by 3.5%, and about 47 million tons of citric fertilizers have been consumed in the world. In Russia, about 3 million tons of phosphoric fertilizers were released from the 100% living rivers. The price is 1.7% less, lower in 2013.

Potassium dobriva, yak and phosphorus, heavily deposited in the syrovine base. Nearly 80% of the world's light production is located in the Chotir region: Canada, Russia, Belarus and the Nimechchina. Behind the obligations of light production, a part of potassium fertilizers falls on the smallest part - close to 19%, the same as in Russia, the production of these fertilizers becomes 43% of the total quantity. In 2014, 8.4 million tons of potash fertilizers were fermented in 2014 at 100% alive. The whole look is kind, the growth of the virobnitstva of some of them was positive. Since 2013, the release of potash fertilizers has increased by 15%. We are in front of it due to the fact that the biggest picker of their kind in Russia - "Uralkaliy" reviewed its pricing policy and increased the commitment to picking.

Production of polymers

The variety of polymeric materials has contributed to the development popular government in the other half of the 20th century. The range of chemical industry includes the production of plastics, synthetic rubbers and chemical fibers. All these products are syrovina for other nefarious economics, more importantly light industry and machine-building.

Virobnitstvo plastic with skin rock grows. In 2014, the rotation of light plastics became over 320 million tons. According to the forecasts of specialists in plastics, there will be a decrease of 2.5 - 5% and by 2050 the year will be 400 million tons. The main producers of plastics are the regions of Pvdenno-Skhidnoy, Asia, Europe and the USA. In 2014, 6.38 million tons of plastics were produced in Russia in the first forms. The price is 2.3% higher, lower than in 2013.

In the structure of the first plastics, the most important are the polymers of ethylene and propylene. Ethylene is produced organically in the world, around 110 million tons of this polymer are widely produced. Ethylene is found in other foldable polymers, such as polyethylene (about 60% of total ethylene), ethylene oxide (15% in total quantity), vinyl chloride (12% in total). Nadal slabs based on ethylene are widely used as syrovine in chemical and naphthochemical industries. The second polymer is propylene vicarious as a retailer, as well as wine as a component of various plastics, rubbers, soft materials, products of oil refining.

In 2014, the production of ethylene polymers in Russia increased rapidly due to an accident at the Stavrolen plant and, in 2013, changed by 14.7%. In total, 1.59 million tons of ethylene polymers were produced during the course of the year. The structure of the primary plastics should be 25%. The production of propylene polymers continues to show good growth dynamics. 1.06 million tons of this product were vibrated during the course of the year, which accounted for 16.6% of the total amount of primary vitrified plastics. Accordingly, since 2013, the increase in production amounted to 13.9%, and according to 2012 - 35%.

Another important polymer product is chemical fibers. The stench vikoristovuyutsya in the textile industry and at a glance, the stench of such a stink is made up on the piece and synthetic. Piece fibers are made from cellulose, and synthetic fibers are made from oil and gas syrovin.

Over 60 million tons of chemical fibers vibrate around the world. Only about 5 million tons fall before piece fibers, or 8.3%. And the main part of the market is occupied by synthetic fibers. Leading synthetic fiber harvesters are the United States (about 40% of light harvesting) and the lands of Pivdenno-Skhidnoy Asia, China, Pivdenny Korea, Taiwan (close to 32% of light vibrating).

In Russia in 2014, 128 ths. tons of synthetic fibers and 20.3 yew. tons of pieces. The rapid decline in the production rate is predicted to become 4% in 2013.

Another important polymeric material is synthetic rubber. Vicor rubbers are used for the production of gum and gum-techniques. On the back of the head for victorious vikoristovuvavsya natural rubber, which is smothered in the sap of the hivea tree. On the cob of the 20th century, synthetic rubber was found and at one time over 70% of the total industrial production of vicorist was like the material itself.

Russia produced 1.32 million tons of synthetic rubber in 2014. The price is 11% less, lower in 2013. This is the reason for the decrease in the demand for rubber in the light markets up to 12.5%, as well as for increased competition from the side of natural rubber producers.

Variety of finished chemical products

The main directives for the production of finished chemical products are:

• Preparation of plastic molds;
• Virobnitstvo of gum-technical virobiv;
• The production of everyday sums and materials;

In 2012, Russia reached the maximum production of plastic products. 663 thous. tons of different plastic fittings and polymer pipes. Also, in 2012, a record number of materials for covering walls, steles and underlays was produced - 371 million square meters. m. In 2013, the decline in the number of products, the perception of overproduction on the market. In 2014, there was a small increase in growth. Virobnitstvo plastic pipes and fittings increased by 2.2%, and covering materials - by 1.9%.

The range of gum and technical grades is represented by tire products. The remaining two fates in Russia are due to the speedy release of vehicles. Buses, trolleybuses, vintage cars, agricultural and emergency equipment were especially appreciated. Therefore, the choice of tires for these types of equipment has also changed. In 2014, 6.8 mln. tires for vintage cars, buses and trolleybuses. Price is 5.4% less than the 2013 roci, and 17% less than the 2012 roci.

At the same time, tire production for passenger cars is steadily increasing over the remaining 5 years. It is due to the fact that after the arrival of European companies, such as Pirelli, on the Russian market, such as Pirelli, the export of products increased. Therefore, regardless of the decrease in the growth rate of Russian passenger cars, the number of tires for passenger cars continues to grow, and in 2014 the growth rate was 1.8%. Krym tsgogo, shards of tire volatility and tires for passenger cars borrow 68% of all tire products that are produced, in general, a small increase in volatility is also saved in the garage. In 2014, the growth rate decreased by 0.4%. 51.1 million approx., їх 34.6 million approx. for passenger cars.

In the field of everyday chemistry in 2014, the growth rate was determined for all the main directions. It is tied to zbіlshennyam obyagu budіvnitstva past rock. Thus, the production of various types of cement in 2014 in the Russian Federation was 68.5 million tons, which is 3% more than in 2013. The production of roofing and waterproofing materials laid down 518 million square meters. m., which is 1.5% more, lower in 2013. Also, the volume of blocks made of large and porous concrete increased by 8% and ceramic wall tiles by 0.5%. At the same time, the production of lacquer products decreased by 0.8% to 1.24 million tons and asbestos-cement sheets and pipes by 14%.

export

The chemical industry of the Russian Federation should be deposited in the import of various products and at the same time the production of the chemical industry will become close to 7.4% of the total Russian export. Ale export at a wide range of more low udvіchі comes to import. In 2014, the share of imports of various chemical products to become 16.7% of the total volume.

The main goods that are imported to the Russian Federation are medicines, synthetic and natural rubber, and zahistu roslin. Qi groups of goods fall close to 30% of total imports. In 2014, the volume of chemical industry goods was imported to Russia in the amount of 46.41 billion US dollars. Similar to 2013, imports have changed by 7%.

To the left part of the import to establish medicines. In 2014, 105.9 ths. tons of medicines for a total amount of 10.21 billion US dollars. Compared to 2013, the import of liqueurs decreased by 1.6 billion dollars.

If the export of chemical products, then out of the 29 billion US dollars taken away for the export of goods, maybe 31% falls on the price of the good. The penny equivalent was robbed of 8.98 billion dollars. In 2014, 30.88 million tons of fresh fertilizers were exported in bulk for the bags of 2014 (without reconditioning for 100% of live rechovina). Of these, nitrogen fertilizers are the most important, of which 12.15 million tons were exported for a total sum of 3.356 billion USD. The main export countries of Russian goods are China, Brazil and the USA.

Compared to 2013, exports of nitrogen fertilizers increased by 2.9%, and potash fertilizers by 60%. This is crazy about the fall of light prices on potash fertilizers. As a result of nitrogen and potash exports, the export of foreign fertilizers increased by 9.7% and amounted to 3.04 billion USD in pennies.

This is due to the fact that the domestic Russian market provides only about 30% of the savings in the production of natural products. It is tied up with us in front of them, who are swirling in Russia cultural roslini genetically modified on the minimum reduction of various chemicals. The average for 1 hectare of land that is cultivated in the Russian Federation is 38 kg. fluffy speech, just like in the USA, this show is 130 kg.

Krim dobriv, Russian Federation exports anhydrous ammonia. In 2014, 3.63 million tons of pure speech were sent for export for a total amount of 1.56 billion USD. The other main export products of the Russian chemical industry are synthetic rubber and methanol. In 2014, 1.78 and 0.56 billion US dollars were charged for the export of these goods.

The largest chemical companies in Russia

In total, in the Russian Federation there are about 8300 enterprises and organizations whose economic activity is assessed as “chemical production”. The largest of them are Sibur Holding, Salavatnaftoorgsintez and Nizhnikamsknaftohim, which are engaged in the field of naphthochemistry, as well as Uralkali, Eurochem, PhosAgro and Uralchem, which produce mineral fertilizers.

Sibur Holding is the largest chemical company in Russia. The main activity of Sibur is the production of synthetic rubbers and polymers, as well as the processing of associated naphtha gas. The company turns out 56% and 35% of Russian polypropylene and polyethylene is acceptable. Sibur owns 27% of the Russian production of synthetic rubbers of the SKD brand, 50% of the rubber of the SKS brand, as well as a company that has a monopoly on the Russian market for the production of thermoplastic elastomers (TEP). For sub-bags in 2014, the company won 361 billion rubles. The structure of the company works close to 25 thousand. Cholovik.

"Salavatnaftoorgsintez" is a subsidiary company of BAT "Gazprom", as Volodya, one of the largest oil refinery and naphthochemical complexes in Russia. The structure of Salavatnaftoorgsintez includes oil refinery, chemical and gas chemical plants, which are located near Salavat cape near Bashkortostan. For subbags in 2014, the company won 190.63 billion rubles. At the subsidiaries of Salavatnaftoorgsintez, 12.5 ths. osib.

"Nizhnikamsknaftohim" is one of the largest manufacturers of synthetic rubber and syrovin for its synthesis. Krym tsgogo, the company produces various polymers: polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and other. "Nizhnikamsknaftohim" produces 42% of the total light duty of polyurethane, and is also the largest producer of ethylene in Russia. The turnover of the company in 2014 increased by 137 billion rubles, the number of employees in the company - over 17 thousand rubles. osib.

"Uralkaliy" is the world's largest selection of potash fertilizers. In 2014, the company sold over 12.3 million tons of potash fertilizers. Over 80% of the company's products are exported to 60 countries of the world. The structure of the company has 5 diggers for the production of potash salts and 6 factories for the processing of syrovin. In 2014, the company's turnover was 136.5 billion rubles, the total number of spokesmen was about 11 thousand. Cholovik.

"Evrokhim" is the largest Russian brewer of good quality. The structure of the company includes over 10 processing plants. The main products of the synthesis are urea, ammonia, ammonium nitrate, amifos, amino nitrate and other. At the same time, "Evrokhim" generates close to 2% of the goodness in the world. In 2018, the company is planning to launch the release of potash fertilizers, with an estimated potash intensity of 2.3 million tons per river. Vitorg "Evrokhim" at a time from overseas assets for 2014 rіk clave 121.94 billion rubles. At the enterprises of the company, there are close to 22 thousand. Cholovik.

Uralchem ​​is one of the world's largest nitrogen preservatives. For this show, the Russian company borrows 5 months on the light market and 2 on the Russian market. "Uralchem" is the leader in the Russian Federation for the production of ammonium nitrate and other places for the production of ammonia. The company "Uralchem" may have at its disposal 2.8 million tons of ammonia, 2.5 million tons of ammonium nitrate, 1.2 million tons of carbamide and 0.8 million tons of phosphorus and foldable fertilizers on the river. Beyond the pockets of 2014, the company's turnover was 78.2 billion rubles. Number of practitioners - 11 thousand. osib.

"PhosAgro" is a Russian chemical company, the leader in the production of phosphate fertilizers in the Russian Federation. PhosAgro is a vertically integrated company with a full cycle of production of phosphorus mineral additives. The structure of the company includes enterprises that process syrovin, transport and forwarding companies and NDI "Institute of Good and Insectofungicides named after Ya. V. Samoilov". The company's turnover in 2014 was 123 billion rubles. Number of practitioners - 24.5 thousand. osib.

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Laboratory robot 6

Chemical industry of the world

Manager No. 1

To such a Galuzev group lies a galuz of chemical industry. Why is chemical industry a basic galuzz for other galuzs of the state

Chemistry industry is a complex industry that designates the order of machine-building, scientific and technological progress, that secures all the industries of the people's state with chemical technologies and materials, including new, progressive and popular goods of the mass national economy.

The chemical industry is one of the most important industries, the scientific and technical and material base of the chemical industry of the people's statehood and plays an important role in the development of productive forces, the promotion of the defense of the welfare of the state Вона об'єднує цілий комплекс галузей виробництва, в яких переважають хімічні методи переробки предметів уречевленої праці (сировини, матеріалів), дозволяє вирішити технічні, технологічні та економічні проблеми, створювати нові матеріали із заздалегідь заданими властивостями, замінювати метал у будівництві, машинобудуванні, підвищувати продуктивність and economy. vitrati suspіlnoї pratsі. The chemical industry includes the production of a number of thousands of different types of products, for the number of which only machine production is offered.

The importance of chemical industry is evident in the progressive chemistry of the entire national spodar complex: the variety of valuable industrial products is expanding; it is necessary to replace expensive and scarce syrovina more cheaply and broaden; see through the complex vikoristannya sirovini; they are caught and utilized by a wide variety of waste products, including shkidlivy in an environmentally friendly way. On the basis of a complex selection of various types of syroviny and utilization of industrial inputs in the chemical industry, I establish a folding system of links with a bagatma of industrial galuzy and combine with the processing of oil, gas, coal, with black metal. From such successes, whole industrial complexes are formed.

Manager No. 2

Yaki galuzi include chemical industry

Pidgaluz	Apply
Inorganic chemistry	Ammonia production, Sodovі production, Sulfuric acid production
organic chemistry	Acrylonitrile, Phenol, Ethylene oxide, Carbamide
Ceramics	Silicate vibrations
Naftochemistry	Benzene, Ethylene, Styrene
Agrochemistry	Dobriva, Pesticides, Insecticides, Herbicides
Polymers	Polyethylene, Bakelite, Polyester
Elastomery	Guma, Neoprene, Polyurethane
Vibukhov speeches	Nitroglycerin, Ammonium nitrate, Nitrocellulose
Pharmaceutical chemistry	Drugs: Synthomycin, Taurin, Ranitidine
Perfumery and cosmetics	Coumarin, Vanilin, Camphor

Manager No. 3

Give a description of the galleys of oil processing and naphthochemistry. Yaka geography of these galleys

Burkhlivy development of naphthochemistry began in the 30s. XX century The dynamics of development can be estimated by the volume of light production (in million tons): 1950 - 3, 1960 - 11, 1970 - 40, 1980-100! In 90 years, naphthochemical products became over half of the light duty of organic speech production and over one third of the production of all chemical industry.

Основними тенденціями розвитку є: підвищення одиничної потужності установок до оптимальних (з позицій собівартості продукції), підвищення селективності для економії сировини, зниження енергоємності та замикання потоків енергії шляхом рекуперації, залучення до переробки нових видів сировини (у тому числі важких залишків, а також побічних продуктів ) other processes). For the total number of naphthochemical products, Russia borrows ~19th from the world (1% of the total debt), for the total per capita - the 11th place.

The meta of naphtha processing (naphtho-refining) is the production of naphthoproducts, nasampere, various fires (automobile, aviation, boilers, etc.) and syrovina for further chemical processing.

Primary refining processes do not transfer chemical changes of oil and є її physical cut to fractions.

Oil preparation

Naphtha is to be delivered to the refinery, ready for transportation. At the plant, it is necessary to carry out additional purification from mechanical houses, to separate the distribution of light carbohydrates (С1-С4) and to increase the water supply at electric saline installations (ELOU).

Atmospheric distillation

Naphtha should be at the rectification colony for atmospheric distillation (distillation under atmospheric pressure), devided into fraction fractions: light and important gasoline fraction, gas fraction, diesel fraction and excess atmospheric distillation - fuel oil. The number of obtained fractions in the event that they hang up to marketable petroleum products, the faction is given a further (secondary) processing.

Material balance of atmospheric distillation of Zahidno-Siberian oil.

Vacuum distillation

Vacuum distillation - the process of extracting fuel oil (surplus of atmospheric distillation) of fractions that are added for processing into motor oil, olive oil, paraffin and ceresinite and other products of naphthoprocessing and naphthochemical synthesis. A heavy surplus, which is left behind, is called tar. You can use syrovina to conquer bitumiv.

Secondary Processes

The method of secondary processes is to reduce the number of viroblene motor fires, the stench of the chemical modification of molecules in carbohydrates, which enters the naphtha storage, as a rule, from their transformations are more suitable for the oxidation form.

For your own purposes, all secondary processes can be divided into 3 types:

· Cooling: catalytic cracking, thermal cracking, visbreaking, coking upgrade, hydrocracking, bitumen reduction.

· Improvement: reforming, hydrotreatment, isomerization thinly.

· Others: processes for the production of oils, MTBE, alkylation, the production of aromatic carbohydrates.

catalytic cracking

The syrovin for catalytic cracking is atmospheric and light vacuum gas oil, the process manager is the splitting of molecules of important carbohydrates, which would make it possible to vicorate them for the release of hot oil. There is a large amount of fatty (propane-butane) gases in the cracking process, which are divided into small fractions and the best victorious ones in the third technological processes at the refinery itself. The main cracking products are pentane-hexane fraction (so-called gas gasoline) and cracking naphtha, which are vicarious as a component of motor gasoline. Surplus cracking is a component of fuel oil.

Hydrorecording

Hydrorecording - the process of splitting carbohydrate molecules in excess water. Syrovina hydrocracking is an important vacuum gas oil (middle fraction of vacuum distillation). Golovnym dzherelom water є gas reforming. The main products of hydrocracking are diesel fuel thinly. hydrocracking gasoline (a component of motor gasoline).

Isomerization

The process of removing isocarbohydrates (isopentane, isohexane) from normal carbohydrates. The method of the process is the extraction of syrovin for naphthochemical production (izoprene from isopentane) and high-octane components of automobile gasolines.

Manager No. 4

Apply the largest center of chemical industry to the c/c.

Manager No. 5

Carry out a grouping and classification of the krai and regions for equal development of chemical chemistry.

table. Center for the placement of chemical industry in the world (not less than 5 at the skin position)

The name of the gallery	Krajina	Centre
Basic chemistry
Production of acids (sirchan, nitric, hydrochloric)	Nіmechchina	Luzhou, Shenyang, Girin Perm, Orenburg, Astrakhan, Yekaterinburg Girin, Tokyo, Nobeoka baton rouge Dorsten, Leverkusen
Production of meadows	Russia	Sterlitomak, Volgograd, Kemerovo
Potassium dobrava	Nіmechchina	Dresden, Kassel Berezniki, Solikamsk Chicago, Gastonia Clermo-Ferrand, Carcassonne Regina, Vancouver
Phosphorus dobriva	Nіmechchina Belarus	Volkhov, St. Petersburg, Uvarov Leverkusen, Duisburg Richmond, Petersburg Montreal, Toronto Minsk, Gomel
Nitrogen goodness	Nіmechchina	Szczecin, Gdansk Neyveli, Syndri Toulouse, Strasbourg Dusseldorf, Wiesbaden
Naphthochemistry galleries and oil refineries
Production of plastic	Nіmechchina Republic of Korea	Tyumen, Moscow, Orikhovo-Zuevo Marseille, Rotterdam Bakersfield Muroran, Tokuyama
Production of rubber	Nіmechchina	Voronezh, Yaroslavl Dormagen, Düsseldorf Corpus Christi Chiba, Okayama Shanghai, Datong
Production of chem. fibers	Republic of Korea	Kursk, Saratov, Tver, Barnaul, Serpukhov Baton Rouge, New York Digboy, Cochin, Trombay Liaoyang, Shanghai, Baoding Tesan, Ulsan

Manager No. 6

Write current trends in the development of galleys of the chemical industry. How did the Galuzev and territorial structure of the Galuzia change for the rest of the decade of the century. These are the main destructions in the geography of the gallery. Describe the three models of lodging of louvres.

The world's chemical industry developed at the highest rate from the beginning of the 1950s to the mid-1970s. XX Art. Then, under the influx of energy and syrovine crises, the momentum finally came together: the chemical industry needed a songful hour for a new structural and technological change. And in the distance the stench began to rise again, high and, what is more important, stable. As a result, for example, the 1990s. The light output of chemicals reached 1.5 billion dollars, so for a variety of products, only electronics. In the rozvinenye krajnah, the structure of the industrial production often gives up machine-building.

Галузева структура хімічної промисловості відрізняється дуже великою складністю: всього різного роду підгалузей та виробництв у ній налічується понад 200, а асортимент видів її продукції доходить до 1 млн. Зрозуміло, що необхідне угруповання підгалузей хімічної промисловості, яке зазвичай буває тричленним з підрозділом на: 1) gіrnicho-chemіchnu promislovіst, pov'yazanu z vidobutkom and rich gіrnicho-chemical syrovin - phosphorites, kitchen and potash salts, sirka and іn; 2) the main chemical industry (production of mineral additives, acids, salts, meadows and others); 3) the manufacturing of polymeric materials based on organic synthesis, which includes the production of synthetic resins and plastics, chemical fibers, synthetic rubber, synthetic barniquets and others. "upper over". Up to a new date, there are variations, the products of which are recognized as satisfying the needs of people (pharmaceutical preparations, miyuchi zasobi, photochemistry, perfumery and cosmetic products).

Over time, the significance of these pidgaluzey and virobnits in the light state changed. Step by step, the transition was made from the lower surfaces to the upper ones. Tsey moved, with his own calling, calling for a change in the role of other officials in the placement of the chemical industry. The high level of syrovin, water capacity, heat capacity have become more important for more chemical plants, but, let's say, electricity, labor, capital, science for the placement of galleys "upper surfaces" may be significant. In the rest of the hour, the placement of rich chemical vibrators, as they stand especially for the "muddy", the Daedals are more embedding the ecological clerk.

Under the influence of the collapsible change of these factors in the remaining two or three decades, a clear trend began to appear towards the rise of the chemical-chemical industry and the main chemical industry (and after the energy crisis and some polymeric varieties, developing) in the country. At the same time, galusi, as they are most often represented by richly staged combines. Obviously, the appearance of the "upper surfaces" became more focused on the rozvineny krainy. Gradually began to expand virobnicho-technical links between them and others, which led to an increase in the role of such accommodation factors, as an economic and geographical situation and transport. Regardless of the trends, and in our days more than 2/3 of the light products of the chemical industry give developed borders and only about 1/3 are developing. If you need to protect those who have a lot of chemical enterprises in the lands of Asia, Africa and Latin America, in fact, lie with the largest TNCs in the western lands, such as DuPont, Dow Chemical (USA), Bayer, BASF, Hoechst ( FRN), "Imperial Chemical Industries" (Great Britain), "Montedison" (Italy) and others.

Manager No. 7

Describe the top ten countries - the leading manufacturers of chemical products. Yaki factori galusi development in different groups of krains.

With the regionalization of light chemical industry, economic geography sees three main regions.

Most of the space in the middle of them is occupied by the region of foreign Europe, which produces approximately 1/3 of the current production of galuzi. Before the First World War, Nimechchina was the leading chemical power. In the interwar period, the chemical industry began to develop quickly in the rich regions of the region. A greater world should be in the period after the Other World War, if the naphthochemical industry came to the fore, which focuses mainly on the import of syrovin. Through war and naphthochemistry, and oil refining moved to seaports (Rotterdam, Marseille and others.) chi main oil pipelines.

For foreign Europe, the region of Pivnіchnoy America (30%) is less than a trifle accommodating, the role of which belongs to the United States. Itself is here in the 40s. XX Art. vinicles of the first naphthochemical industries, which initiated a new stage in the development of light chemical industry. Lately after the end of the Other World War, as the head of the great openings of the country in Europe, the United States did not generate half of all products in the foreign world. The chemical industry of the USA is rather different. At the її rozmіschennya smut inflow zrobyv sirovinny factor, which often spriyav majestic territorial concentration of chemical virobnitstv. So, on the coast of the Mexican inflow, there is the largest area of ​​naphthochemistry in the world, which territorially runs with the same oil-and-gas-bearing basin.

The third region of luminous significance is tse Skhidna and Pivdenno-Skhidna Asia. Japan (18%) serves as the core of it, de strong naphthochemistry appeared in seaports for the improvement of imported oil. In other sub-regions, China enters, de-emphasizing the production of products in basic chemistry, and the new industrial regions that specialize in the leading rank in the production of synthetic products and beverages. The progress of the Galusia in this subregion spryaє and the economic and geographical position of the most important ocean paths.

In the 1990s rock. there was one more people, now to finish the great region of chemical (naphthochemical) industry. Vin formed near the zone of the Persian inflow. At that very hour, the meaning of the great region, established by the ninth lands of the SND, decreased. The whole world is brought to Russia, as it saved its place in the first ten countries from the production of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium additives and synthetic rubber, and then stumbled beyond the borders of the first dozens of countries from the production of plastic fibers and chemicals.

Russia at the warehouse of the SRSR has little effort in chemical industry, but it is represented more importantly by laces not of the “upper”, but of the “lower surfaces”. In the 1990s rock. The release of products of the chemical industry has been very short, and in Russia, it has spent a significant part of these positions, as it previously occupied from the manufacturers (for example, mineral additives, acids, meadows, car tires and others.). Galusi of the “upper surfaces” recognized especially great vtrat. However, judging from these tables 114, Russia saved its place in the first ten countries with the production of synthetic rubber and turned to the top ten with the production of plastics. The procedure for the production of chemical fibers (150 thousand tons) won't continue even more strongly

In the middle of the country, the most important part of the products of the chemical industry is given by the FRN, France and Great Britain (in total, over 50%). The most expensive for the equal development of the galley - FRN (26%). Vaughn is the leader in the vast majority of chemicals and polymer materials. The environmental situation is disturbing the region's borders to change, or to develop a large number of enterprises containing sulfuric acid, phosphorus additives, and others.

The role of Zahidnoy evropi is rather large in the world trade in chemical goods: the region falls 2/3 of the turnover. The export quota is also too high - 40%, in the Netherlands - 70, in Belgium - 75%. The chemical industry of the region is more richly deposited in the western markets, lower Japan and the USA. The export of chemical goods is more and more important than the export of chemical goods. It is important to transport the products of the science-based factories of the gallery. Western Europe is characterized by a great intra-regional exchange of goods (73% 1995 r). Outside the interregional region, the production of galleys is mainly (by 2/3) in the lands of Asia and Pivnichnu America, and from them there are more imported chemicals.

Pivnіchna America is another region of the world's chemical industry (30% of the production of galuzi). Friendly rethinks її development were:

Vinyatkovo richness of the region with high-quality syrovine (kitchen and stone salt, phosphorite, native sulfur), as well as carbohydrates (naphtha, natural gas);

The largest energy resources, especially coal and hydropower;

Sufficient water resources from the USA and Canada for the establishment of reservoir virobnits near the gallery;

Great domestic market for the most popular chemical goods of the most popular and fast recognition;

The pressing scientific and technical potential that ensures the safety of the creation innovative technologies that possession for the gallery;

Promislovy potential of machine-building, which allows you to take care of the bodice with modern methods of virobnitstv.

The structure and commitments to the release of chemical products, both in the United States and in Canada, were formed under a strong influx of needs for the domestic market - the manufacturing sector. Therefore, a high proportion of inorganic chemical products (caustic and soda ash, sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, chlorine), which are widely vicorous in the cellulose-paper industry, color metallurgy, and especially in the chemical industry itself. According to the release of these types of products, make the region zagalom - leaders in the world.

Girnichochemical syrovina and a number of inorganic products (amina, nitric acid, etc.) have mixed the iron-weaving industry of mineral fertilizers. So її virobnitstva, like potassium and phosphorus are the greatest in the world. These developments in wartime are directly related to the intensive chemical processes of the US military government and Canada, and then to Mexico.

Manager No. 8

Describe biotechnological industry

The biotechnological industry is sometimes subdivided into straight lines:

"Chervona" biotechnology - the production of biopharmaceutical preparations (proteins, enzymes, antibodies) for humans, as well as the correction of the genetic code.

"Green" biotechnology - development and promotion of the culture of genetically modified roslins.

"Bila" biotechnology - the production of biofuels, enzymes and biomaterials for various industries.

Academic research and studies - for example, deciphering the genome of rice

Microbiological industry produces 150 types of products necessary for the people's state in Ukraine. Її pride is a fodder protein, which is taken on the basis of growing yeasts. More than 1 million tons are mined on the river yoga. Another important achievement is the release of the most important feed additive - the non-replaceable (so that it does not dissolve in the body of a creature) amino acid lysine. The assimilation of protein rhechovins, like in the products of microbiological synthesis, is such that 1 ton of fodder protein saves 5-8 tons of grain. The addition of 1 t biomass of drіzhdzhіv to the diet of birds, for example, allows you to take additional 1.5-2 t of meat or 25-35 yew. eggs, and in pig farming - produce 5-7 tons of feed grain. Drіzhdzhi - not the only one possible to dzherelo squirrel. Vіn can be taken away by the path of growing microscopic green algae, the simplest and other microorganism. The technologies of their choice have already been developed, they are being designed and will be undertakings-gigantic pressure from 50 to 300 thousand. tons of products per river. Їhnya exploitation to allow the growth of vagomia to be introduced at the top of the people's sovereignty.

If a human gene, which is responsible for the synthesis of either an enzyme or an important speech for the organism, is transplanted into the cells of microorganisms, then in other minds, microorganisms produce alien to them on an industrial scale. The doctors have developed and worked out a way to eliminate human interferon effectively in the treatment of viral illnesses. From 1 liter of cultural blood, the same amount of interferon is taken, as was previously taken from rich tons of donor blood. Savings in the cost of the new method to become 200 million rubles per river.

The second butt is the support of microorganism support for human growth hormone. Compiled studies of scientists at the Institute of Molecular Biology, the Institute of Molecular Biology, the Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms in Russia and the Institutes of Russia allow viroblyatsya even gram hormone, then we used the drug earlier. At this time, the drug should be tested. Methods of genetic engineering have made it possible to withdraw vaccines against such unsafe infections as hepatitis, foot and mouth disease of great horned thinness, as well as the development of methods for early diagnosis of a number of contagious diseases and various viral infections.

Genetic engineering begins to actively join in the development of both medicine and other spheres of the people's state. Successful development of methods of genetic engineering opens wide opportunities for the achievement of low challenges to face the strong state. Ce and creation of new high-quality varieties of agricultural sprouts, resistant to sicknessі unacceptable factors of the modern environment, and speeding up the process of selection in the case of breeding highly productive breeds of animals, and the development of highly effective veterinary diagnostics and vaccines, and the development of methods for biological nitrogen fixation. The solution of these problems is acceptable to the scientific and technological progress of the rural state, and the key role of this indispensable methods of genetic, as well as, obviously, of clinical engineering.

Clitinna іnzhenerіya - superbly promising directly modern biotechnology. Veterans developed the methods of cultivation in the minds of the piece (cultivation) of the clitin, the growth of the creatures and the inculcation of the people. Cultivation of clitin allows you to take different values ​​of products, which are previously obtained in the arc exchange of quantity through the vidsutnist dzherel sirovini. Roslyn's clitin engineering is developing especially successfully. Vykoristovuyuchi methods of genetics, to choose lines of such clitin roslin - producers of practically important speeches, like healthy growths on simple living mediums and at the same time accumulate valuable products from a sprig of more, lower roslin.

Viroshchuvannya masi kіtin roslin is already victorious on an industrial scale for the selection of physiologically active spoluk. For example, the production of ginseng biomass for the needs of perfumery and medical industry has been improved. The foundations are being laid for the biomass production of medicinal plants - doscorea and rauwolfia.

The methods of growing the clitinous mass of other rare growths - producers of golden speeches (Rhodia erysipelas and in.) are being developed. The second most important direct clitin engineering is clonal micropropagation of roslin based on tissue culture. The foundation of the method is based on the marvelous power of growing: from okremoї klitini, or a little piece of fabric in singing minds can grow up to the size of growing, building up to normal growth and reproduction. CIM method can take up to 1 million plants per river from a small part of the growth. The clonal micro-reproduction of vicariously grows for the health improvement of the swedish reproduction of rare, valuable or newly-created varieties of agricultural crops.

In such a way, from clitins not infected with viruses, they gain healthy growths of potatoes, grapes, beetroots, garden chickweeds, raspberries and rich other crops. In this hour, the methods of micro-expansion and folding objects - villages of roslins (apple trees, yalins, pines) have been expanded. On the basis of these methods will be created the technology of industrial processing of the planting material valuable villages of the porid.

The method of Klitino INGENERIA is allowed to quickly let the selective process of the PID hour of the Viewenny of the Novykhny Klaliyvs of the same Velivkhi of the Silskiy Regional Cultures: Termin-Otvyannya Speed ​​up to 3-4 Rocks, Nedoidni Vikorin, Zvicani Methody). A promising way to breed new varieties of valuable agricultural crops, as well as to develop new varieties of principles new method angry clitin. This method allows you to eliminate hybrids, which cannot be created by the greatest way of crossing through the barrier of interspecies insanity.

Using the method of zlittya clitin, for example, hybrids of various types of potatoes, tomatoes, tyutyun were taken away; tyutyun and potatoes, ripak and turnip, tyutyun and beladoni. On the basis of a hybrid of cultivated and wild potatoes, like a resistant to viruses and other diseases, new varieties are created. In a similar way, a valuable selection material of tomatoes and other crops is obtained. In the future, there is a complex selection of methods in genetic and clitinal engineering for the creation of new varieties of roses from far beyond the tasks of authority, for example, the construction of atmospheric nitrogen fixation systems in them. Great successes have been achieved by cellular engineering in the field of immunology: methods for the selection of special hybrid cells have been developed, whether they are viable individually, or monoclonal, antibodies. Tse allowed the creation of highly sensitive diagnostics of low important illnesses of a person, a creature of the Roslin. It is a significant contribution to work on today's biotechnology in dealing with such important problems as the fight against viral diseases of strong cultures, which is to command the great evil of the people's state.

Scientists have developed highly specific serotypes for the detection of over 20 viruses, cry out sick different agricultural cultures. It was developed and prepared a system of accessories and accessories for mass automatic express diagnostics of virus diseases in the minds of the agricultural community. New methods of diagnostics allow the selection for planting of a variety of viruses in vihdniy material (nasinnya, bulba and in), which contributes to a significant increase in planting. An important practical significance is the work of engineering enzymology. The first important success was the immobilization of enzymes - the fixation of enzyme molecules behind additional chemical bonds on synthetic polymers, polysaccharides and other wear-matrices. The fixed enzymes are stable, they can be vicorated with bagatorase.

Immobilization allows you to uninterrupted catalytic processes, eliminate products that are not fermented with an enzyme (which is especially important in a number of food and pharmacological preparations), significantly reduce comorbidity. This method is to be stopped, for example, for the withdrawal of antibiotics. So, in the past, the technology of antibiotics on the basis of immobilized enzyme penicillinamidease has been developed in the industrial field.

As a result of the stagnation of the technology, the amount of syrovin decreased five times, the co-productivity of the final product changed twice, the increase in the number of sprouts in this time, and the overall economic effect became close to 100 million rubles. The next step in engineering enzymology was the development of methods for the immobilization of microorganism clitin, and then - clitin roslin and creatures. Immobilization of cells with the most economical biocatalysts, oscills may be highly active and stable, and smut - zastosuvannya їx mostly including vitrati on the observation of that purification of enzymes. In this hour, on the basis of immobilized clitin, a method for the retention of organic acids, amino acids, antibiotics, steroids, alcohols and other valuable products has been developed.

Immobilized cells of microorganism vicory are also used for purification of sewage waters, processing of agricultural and industrial wastes. Biotechnology to know more and more zastosuvannya y in the rich stocks of industrial production: the method of victorization of microorganism for the extraction of color gentry metals from ores and industrial outputs, the promotion of oil deposits, the fight against methane in coal mines has been developed. So, for mines to be pumped out of methane, it was suggested to drill the sverdlovin at the coal seams and supply them with a suspension of bacteria, which are methane-oxidized. In this way, it is possible to see about 60% of methane before the formation is exploited. But recently they knew a simpler and more effective way: to spray a suspension of bacteria into the open space, the stars are most intensely seen gas.

Spraying the suspension can be done with the help of special nozzles that are installed on the mounts. Testing carried out in the mines of Donbass showed that microscopic "practitioners" can easily reduce 50 to 80% of unsafe gas in mines. And the axis for the help of other bacteria, as they themselves see methane, can push the pressure on the oil reservoirs and protect more oil. A significant contribution is due to the development of biotechnology and to the acute energy problem. The exchange of reserves of oil and gas is suffocating the way of victorious non-traditional energy sources. One of these paths is the bioconversion of the rosemary syrovina, or, in other words, the enzymatic processing of the inputs of the industry, to avenge cellulose, and the strong state.

As a result of bioconversion, glucose can be taken away, and from it - alcohol, which serves as a drink. Increasingly, there is a growing demand for the removal of biogas (most importantly, methane) by the way of processing of industrial, industrial and municipal inputs with additional microorganism. We have a surplus after reworking with a highly effective organic fertilizer. In this rank, in this way, one day a sprinkling of problems are thrown around: the protection dovkilla in the form of zabrudnen, otrimannya energy and virobnitstvo dobriv. Installations for the extraction of biogas are already being practiced in different countries. The possibilities of biotechnology are practically endless. Vaughn boldly invades themselves different spheres In the near future, no doubt, even more growth, the significance of biotechnology in the most important fields of selection, medicine, energy, and the protection of the most important environment in the world is more practical.

Chemical complex. There is a transfer of information from foreign investors to the newly created structures with unmanageable complex solutions for the protection of the environment. 2. Galuzevy warehouse of chemical industry. The chemical industry follows the nameless specializations, different for the syrovine and the recognition of products, but similar for the technology of manufacturing.

Economic expansion and the conquest of new markets. 2. Practically studied role of diversification of chemistry in chemical and naphthochemical industries 2.1. Rethink the beginning of the implementation of the program of diversification of activities of the enterprises of the chemical complex of Russia in today's minds The current stage of development of economic resources in Russia is characterized ...

The chemical industry of today is the most important sphere of the light economy. She is the most dynamic of the galleys of modern industry. Today, there are no more gospodar's galleys, where chemistry would not go.

Chemical industry of the world

Chemistry of the state, which develops directly in the current scientific and technical progress.

At the structure of the chemical industry they see Chotiri the most important groups of galleys :

• basic chemistry;
• chemistry of organic synthesis;
• chemistry of polymers;
• subtle chemistry.

Rice. 1. Gallery of chemical industry.

Light chemical industry clearly defines the concentration of high-tech science products. In this popular segment, the main positions go up to four main regions: the USA, foreign Europe, Northern Asia and the country of the CIS.

Over 75% of medicines and perfumes are produced in countries with a developed economy, 20% are developed by developing countries, and less than 5% - by SND.

TOP-2 articlesyakі read at once with tsієyu

Japan occupies a leading position in the world at a rate of prosperity per capita.

Significance of chemical industry in the light state

Chemical enterprises act as post-masters of the syroving base and materials for such galleys, such as metallurgy, machine-building, life, and the state of the country. Chemical production releases products, without any importance to show life modern people. Synthetic fabrics, cosmetics, and perfumery are among the products that are produced by the chemical industry.

Rice. 2. Synthetic fabrics.

Without chemical storage, the whole structure of modern health care has become ineffective. The importance of that demand for a chemical room in the light state cannot be overestimated.

One of the largest segments in the chemical industry for products is the organic chemical industry.

The importance of the chemical industry in the state of the world is great.

Significant role of chemical industry in pharmacology. This factor is to kill a specific galuz. Obsyagi virobnitstva here є first row. The smut value in the pharmaceutical industry is the quality and sterility of products. Pharmacology is a scientific field - there are regularly carried out follow-up studies, studies, synthesizing new speeches with great effectiveness.

Rice. 3. Virobnitstvo dobriv.

Agrochemical industry - a sphere that supplies the speech of a piece synthesis for agricultural needs. Ninishni obsyagi roslinnyh crops adventitious in їzhu and necessary for technical needs would be unattainable without the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

What did we recognize?

Z'yasuvali, some of them directly actively seek new access to the gallery. They recognized that it was the most scientifically oriented one straight away.

Assessment of additional

Average rating: 3.8. Usy otrimano ratings: 26.