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ELECTRIC CONVERSION

First, proceed to the description of the principle of work pulse tubes eating hot rate physics, but at the same time, what is electricity, what is such a magnetic field and how stench lie one kind of one.
Strongly deeply we don’t go deep and about the reasons for the fault of electricity in various objects, it’s also a lock - for someone it’s necessary to just stupidly override 1/4 of the course of physics, that’s why the reader knows that such electricity is not behind the inscriptions on the signs "GET IN - DO NOT GET IN 'Є "!". However, for the sake of the cob, it’s guessing, like it’s out of the blue, it’s the electricity itself, more precisely the voltage.

Well, now, theoretically, let's assume that a conductor acts as an adventurous person, that is. The simplest windbreaker. What is seen in the new one, if a strum flows through the new one, it is clearly shown on the stepping baby:

As with the conductor and the magnetic field, everything was taken into account, then the conductor is stored not in the ring, but in the ring, so that our coil of inductance showed itself more actively and marveled at what was far away.

At the same place you can drink tea and let your brain get well known. Well, the brain is not exhausted, otherwise the information is already known, then we marveled far

In the yakost power transistors in the pulsed blocks of life are vicorated bipolar transistors, poly(MOSFET) and IGBT. What is the most powerful transistor vikoristovuvaty virishuє only virobnik pristroїv, oskіlki i tі, іnshі thirdі mayut their advantages, and their nedolіki. It would be unfair not to mention that bipolar transistors in hard wires are practically not vikoristovuyutsya. MOSFET transistors are more likely to twitch at switching frequencies from 30 kHz to 100 kHz, and the IGBT axis to love lower frequencies - higher than 30 kHz is more likely not to twitch.
Bipolar transistors are good, because the stinks of the stench are hard to curl, the fragments of the strum of the collector lie in the strum of the base, but at the same time they can finish the great opir, and it means that they will experience a great drop in voltage, which definitely leads to the heating of the transistor itself. .
Polovі moyut at the vіdkritu become even a little active opir that does not call for a great vision of warmth. If the transistor is tighter, then the gate capacity fits more, and you need to charge and discharge more great strums. The value of the gate capacitance depends on the intensity of the transistor viklikana tim, that the pole transistors that are used for the life wires are prepared for the MOSFET technology, the essence of which is related to the parallel connection of the switch field transistors with an insulated shutter and vikonanih on one crystal. The thicker the transistor, the greater the number of parallel transistors win, and the gate capacitances are summed up.
We need to know the trade-offs - transistors, IGBT technologies, shards - storage elements. To walk a little, that the stench was purely vipadkovo, when trying to repeat the MOSFET, but the replacement of the half-pole transistors, it didn’t seem to be polyol and not to be bipolar. Like a control electrode, the shutter of a field-effect transistor of low intensity acts in the middle, which, with its turn-drain, already controls a stream of bases of hard bipolar transistors, connected in parallel and looped on one crystal of this transistor. In such a manner, one should go out to finish a small shutter capacity and a small active support at the open window.
The main circuits for switching on the power unit are not so rich:
AUTOGENERATOR LIFE UNITS. Vykoristovuyut positive zv'yazyok, ring induction. Simplicity of similar lifelines imposes on them deacons of obmezhennya - similar lifelines "to love" is permanently determined, which does not change, shards of ambition are poured into the parameters of the turning signal. Similar dzherel are both single-stroke and double-stroke.
Impulse blocks of life with primus wakes. Dzherel zhivlennya is also subdivided into single-cycle and double-cycle. First, if you want and loyally, you will be vaguely ambitious, but all the same, you still can’t keep up the necessary supply of tension. And audio equipment can do a great job of slowing down - in the pause mode, it slows down a few watts (a stream of calm end cascade), and on the lists, the audio signal can reach dozens or hundreds of watts.
In such a rank, the only, most acceptable option for pulsed life for audio equipment is the use of two-stroke circuits with primus vibrations. So it’s not necessary to forget about those that, with high-frequency conversion, it is necessary to add more attention to the filtering of the secondary voltage, the oscillators of the appearance of a change in the vitality in the sound range, to start a new effort to prepare the pulsed dzherela of the vitality for drinking. For this reason, the frequency of the transformation should be given away from the sound range. The most popular frequency of the conversion was earlier the frequency in the region of 40 kHz, but the current elemental base allows the operation of the conversion at frequencies richer - up to 100 kHz.
There are two basic types of these impulse cells - stabilized and not stabilized.
Stabilization of the core of the live vicorous pulse-width modulation, the essence of which influences the formation of the output voltage for the control of the voltage trivality, which is fed into the first winding, and the compensation of the current of the pulse from the rear winding is switched on by the LC inputs. The great advantage of stabilizing the zherel of life is the stability of the output voltage, so as not to lie down either in the input voltage of the cord 220 V, or in the case of reduced tension.
Not stabilized are easily measured by a power part with a constant frequency and a trivality of impulses and a large transformer are driven by less dimensions and smaller capacitances of secondary life capacitors. Vihіdna napruga uninterruptedly lie down in the line of 220 V, and may be small zalezhnіstі vіd spozhivanoї natuzhnostі (at idle, the voltage is three times higher than rozrahunkovy).
The most popular schemes of the power part of the impulse cells of life are:
3 midpoint(PUSH-POOL). Vykoristovuyutsya sound at low-voltage dzherelakh zhivlennya, oskolki maє deyakі osoblinosti at vimogi to the elemental base. The range of strains to finish is great.
Napіvmostovі. The most popular scheme in the fringe pulse cords of life. Pressure range up to 3000 W. A little further away, more tightness is possible, but even more so for the vartistyu sagaє equal to the bridge option, it’s not economical.
Bridges. qia scheme not economical on small strains, shards to avenge a handful of power keys. Therefore, it is most often victorious on tensions of 2000 watts. The maximum pressure is changed at the borders of 10,000 watts. Tsya circuitry is the main one in the preparation of equipment.
Let's take a look at the report, who is who and how he works.

FROM THE MIDDLE POINT

As it was shown, it is not recommended to use the circuitry of the power part for the construction of wired life wires, but NOT RECOMMENDED does not mean NOT POSSIBLE. It is simply necessary to more seriously approach the choice of the elemental base and the preparation of the power transformer, as well as to repair great stress pay for the hour of divorce.
The maximum popularity of this power cascade was taken off in car audio technology, as well as in dzherelah uninterrupted life. However, in this field, the circuitry is known to know the real incompetence, and the very exchange of the maximum tightness. І on the right, not in the element base - on the current day, there are no scarce MOSFET transistors with mittevim values ​​of the drain-turn stream at 50-100 A. On the right, at the overall tightness of the transformer itself, or rather, at the primary winding.
The problem is more ... Wt, for more variability, we speed up the program of rozrahunkіv winding data of high-frequency transformers.
We take 5 rings of type K45x28x8 with penetration M2000HM1-A, we set the switching frequency of 54 kHz and the primary winding of 24 V (two windings of 12 V each). 2.5 turns per winding. Prote varto raise the frequency of the conversion to 88 kHz, as a total of 2 (!) Turns per winding, although the tension looks even more pleasant - 1000 watts.
With such results, you can reconcile yourself and step by step along the whole circle, split 2 turns of the same, if you try hard, you can, but as a ferrite, you’ll lose the shortest, that M2000HM1-A at frequencies higher than 60 kHz, you can do it yourself strongly, but at 90 kHz yoga already needs to be blown.
So don’t twist it, but it’s better to get out of the closed loop - larger dimensions for removing more tension, we too much change the number of turns in the primary winding, increasing the frequency, but still changing the number of turns in the primary winding, increasing the heat output.
The very reason for removing tensions over 600 W of vicorist is to use double conversions - one control module looks like electric impulses to two identical power modules, which can be replaced by two power transformers. The output voltage of both transformers is expected. In this way, the livelihood of over-the-shoulder automobile boosters of factory production is organized in this way, and from one power module, close to 500.700 W and no more are taken. Ways to add a kilka:
- Suspension of variable voltage. The stream at the primary winding of the transformer is supplied synchronously, also the output voltage is synchronous and can be connected sequentially. It is not recommended to wind the secondary windings in parallel with two transformers - the difference in winding is small, otherwise the ferrite can lead to large losses and a decrease in power.
- Pіdsumovuvannya after vipryamlyachіv, tobto. constant voltage. The most optimal option is that one power module provides a positive voltage for the pressure relief, and the other one is negative.
- shaping of life for podsilyuvach_v z two equal to the addition of life for two identical bipolar voltages.

POLUMOSTOV

Napіvmostova scheme can achieve a lot of advantages - it is simple, also nadiyna, easy to repeat, not to avenge scarce parts, it can be used both on bipolar and on polytransistors. IGBT transistors are also working. Prote weak mistse maє. All passing capacitors. On the right, in the fact that, with great strains, a great strum flows through them and the quality of the ready-made pulsed zherel of life lies in the capacity of the component itself.
And the problem lies in the fact that the capacitors are constantly recharged, so the stink of the mother is the minimum opir VISNOVOK-Okladannya, the shards, with great support on the tsіy dilyantsi, can be seen to add a lot of heat and the damage of the visnovok is simply burnt out. Therefore, as passing capacitors, it is necessary to vicorate capacitors, moreover, the capacity of one capacitor can reach a capacity of 4.7 microfarads in the extreme case, so one capacitor is vicorated - a circuit with one capacitor can often be vicorated, following the principle of a single cascade. If there are two 4.7 μF capacitors (the point of their connection is connected to the transformer winding, and the connections are connected to the plus and minus busbars), then the complete set of the circuit is given for the life of the power supply - the total capacity for the the result is equal to 4.7 uF + 4.7 uF = 9.4 uF. However, this variant of non-refundable for uninterrupted vikoristannya with maximum profitability - it is necessary to divide the total capacitance into a sprat of capacitors.
When necessary, the possession of great capacities ( low frequency it is better to use a small capacitance kilka (for example, 5 pieces of 1 microfarad each in parallel). However, there is a large number of capacitors connected in parallel to make it much larger in size, and that and total versatility of the entire garland of capacitors does not come out small. Therefore, if necessary, take away the great tension, it is possible to speed up the bridge circuit.
For the nap_bridge variant, the intensity of more than 3000 W is not necessary - it will be cumbersome to pay with passing capacitors. Vikoristannya as passing electrolytic capacitors is not sensible, but only at intensities up to 1000 W, shards at high frequencies of electricity are not effective and begin to heat up. Paper capacitors in the quality of passing ones showed themselves even better, but their dimensions.
For greater accuracy, we suggest a table of the reactive support of the capacitor according to the frequency and capacitance (Ohm):

Capacitor capacity	Change frequency

About every change, it’s predictable that when there are two different capacitors (one for plus, the other for minus), the final capacity is more than the sum of the capacities of these capacitors. The sub-bag opir does not vibrate heat, the shards are reactive, but it can be stuck on the KKD zherela zhilennya at maximum voltages - the output voltage changes more often, although the overall pressure of the power transformer is sufficient.

MOSTAVA

The bridge circuit is suitable for any tightness, but it is more effective at great tightness (for lace cords, life is tight at 2000 W). Scheme to replace two pairs of power transistors, synchronously cured, but also the need for galvanic decoupling of the upper pair of emitters to introduce decoys. However, the problem is viable with a different transformer control or special microcircuits;

However, the power part does not have a reasonable sensation, as it does not detect the module of keruvannya.
Spetsіalіzovanih mіkroskhem, zdatnih keruvati powerplant Chastain іmpulsnih Jerel zhivlennya dosit bagato against naybіlsh away rozrobkoyu in the Branch Je tsіy the TL494, yak slit in z'yavilasya passed stolіttі against not vtratila svoєї aktualnostі, oskіlki mіstit OAO All neobhіdnі vuzli for upravlіnnya powerplant Chastain іmpulsnih Jerel zhivlennya . About the popularity of this microcircuit, it is the first time to speak about the release of the її kіlkom by the great assemblers of electronic components.
Let's take a look at the principle of this microcircuit, since it can be called a controller, with all the necessary nodes.

PART II

Why do you need a PWM way to regulate the voltage?
The method is based on all the same inertia of inductance, that is. її not zdatnіst mittєvo miss strum. Therefore, regulating the trivality of the impulses can change the final constant voltage. Moreover, for the impulse dzherel of life, it’s better to work in the first lancers and in such a rite to save money on the creation of the dzherel of life, the shards of the dzherelo vikonuvatime once two roles:
- Change of voltage;
- Stabilization of output voltage.
Why is it warm when you see it richly less povnnyo linear stabilizer, we will install at the output of an unstabilized pulse block of life.
For more clarity, marvel at the little ones, pointing below:

An equivalent circuit of a pulse stabilizer is placed on the little one, in a way that the generator of rectilinear pulses V1 acts like a power key, and R1 is like a voltage switch. As can be seen from the little one when fixing the amplitude of the output pulses at 50 V, changing the trivality of the pulses can be changed in wide ranges by voltage gain, moreover, with even small thermal losses, there are no more fallow parameters of the vicorous power key.

With the principles of the robot and the power unit, they have sorted out, with the same keruvannya. I lost my resentment in the knots and took the impulse off the pulse of life.
The capacity of the TL494 controller is not very large, but it needs to be used for one pair of power transistors of the IRFZ44 type. However, for the tight transistors, it is already necessary to supply power transistors; Since we are trying to reduce the dimensions of the dzherel zhivlennya and vanish into the sound range, then the optimal choice for power transistors will be field-operated transistors, based on MOSFET technology.

Variants of structures for the preparation of MOSFET.

From one side - for the control of a half-width transistor, you do not need large jets - the stench is strained. However, in this barrel of honey, there is a spoonful of dog, in this case, it is due to the fact that the shutter can have a great active support, that it does not allow the jet to control the transistor, but the shutter can be weak. And for the її charge and the order, I need great streams, shards at higher frequencies of transformation reactive opir vzhe nizhuєtsya to mezh, yaki cannot be ignored. The greater the intensity of the power MOSFET transistor, the greater the capacity of the second gate fit.
For example, take IRF740 (400 V, 10A), which is the shutter capacity of 1400 pF and IRFP460 (500 V, 20 A), which is the shutter capacity of 4200 pF. Oscilki and the first one, and the other one, the gate voltage is not more than ± 20 V, then, as the pulses take a voltage of 15 V, we wonder in the simulator that it is observed at a generator frequency of 100 kHz on resistors R1 and R2, as if they are connected in series with capacitors on 1400 pF and 4200 pF.

Test stand.

When passing through an active struma, a voltage drop is established on it, according to its magnitude, one can judge about the mittve value of the struma that flows through.

Drop on resistor R1.

As you can see from the little one, when an electric pulse appears on the resistor R1, approximately 10.7 V drops. As soon as the pulse ends at the resistor R1, it drops to 10.7, and in order to discharge the capacitor C1, the stream is close to 1 A ..
For charging and discharging a capacity of 4200 pF through a 10 Ohm resistor, 1.3 A is needed, scaling on a 10 Ohm resistor drops 13.4 V.

Visnovok asks for itself - for charging and discharging the capacities of the gates, it is necessary, for a helmet, to work on the gates of power transistors, vitrimuvav dosit large streams, wanting to do so little.
For the interchange of mittvih, the value of the struma in the gates of the field-effect transistors should sound vikoristovuyut strumobzhuyuchchi resistors from 33 to 100 Ohm. The above-world change of these resistors increases the value of the strum, and the increase is the increase in the efficiency of the operation of the power transistor in the linear mode, which pulls the non-heating of the remaining ones behind it.
Dose often vikoristovuєtsya lance, which is folded in parallel with a resistor and a diode. Tsya cunning vikoristovuetsya us in order to expand the cascade, which is controlled, for an hour of charging and speed up the discharge of the shutter capacity.

Fragment of a one-stroke peretvoryuvach.

In such a rank, it is not possible to reach a mittve in the winding of a power transformer, but rather a linear one. If you want to increase the temperature of the power stage, you can also reduce the intensity of self-induction vibrations, which will inevitably lead to the supply of a direct-current voltage to the transformer winding.

Self-induction in a single-cycle robot
(the red line is the voltage on the transformer winding, the blue line is the voltage of life, the green line is the control impulse).

Also, with the theoretical part, they sorted out and you can pick up deyak_ pidbags:
For the creation of a pulsed dzherel of life, a transformer is required, the core of which is made from a ferrite;
To stabilize the output voltage of the pulse generator, the PWM method is necessary, the TL494 controller successfully copes with it;
The power part from the middle point is the most convenient for low-voltage impulse cells of life;
The power part of the nap_bridge circuitry is handy for small and medium tensions, and the parameters and superficiality are rich in why lie in the capacity and capacity of the passing capacitors;
The power part of the bridge type is a sight for great strains;
When vikoristanny in the power part of the MOSFET, do not forget about the capacity of the gates and protect the key elements with power transistors with corrections for the capacity;

Shards with okremi knots were sorted out transitionally to the final version of the impulse dzherel of life. Oskіlki і algorithm і circuitry of all napіvbridge dzherel practically the same, then for roz'yasnenny yaky element for which it is necessary to sort by brushes the most popular voltage of 400 W with two bipolar output voltages.

The deeds of nyunasi have been lost:
Resistors R23, R25, R33, R34 are used to create an RC filter, which is more important when using electrical capacitors at the output of the pulse dzherel. Ideally, it is better to use an LC filter, but the "smooth" ones can not be tighter than the whole RC filter. Opir these resistors can be changed from 15 to 47 ohms. R23 is better than 1 W, 0.5 W is enough.
C25 and R28 - snubber, which reduces the self-induction in the winding of the power transformer. The most efficient at capacities close to 1000 pkF, but in this case, the resistors are seen too much heat. Necessary at the time of the after-flying rectifier diodes of the secondary life of the daytime throttles (more important than the factory equipment). As thrushes are vicorated, the effectiveness of snuffs is not so memorable. That is why we put it very rarely and gerel zherela eating is not practicable.
Although the denominations of the elements are shown on the board and the principles of the scheme, the values ​​of the denominations are not critical - you can change them.
If on the board there are elements that are on an important circuit (choose capacitors for life), then you can not put them, if you want to be better with them. Well, if they did not install it, then not electrolytic capacitors can be switched by 0.1 ... 0.47 μF, but electrolytic capacitances like that, like and ti, that can be switched on in parallel with them.
On the board OPTION 2 There is a straight-cut part of the radiator, which is twisted around the perimeter and the buttons for controlling the life switch (on-off) are installed on it. The opening is necessary due to the fact that the 80 mm fan does not fit in height, in order to fasten it up to the radiator. Therefore, the fan is installed lower for the basis of the other board.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR INDEPENDENT COLLECTION
STABILIZED PULSE JEREL OF LIFE

For the cob, it is important to familiarize yourself with the principle scheme, first of all, work first, then proceed to the selection. Danian voltage conversion works for the bridge circuits. Why on the vіdmіnu vіd іnshih it was reported.

As if you didn’t understand - feed - and vіdpovіmo, i dopovnimo archives.

Not a lot of additional information:

HOME-MADE INTAKETS
STRUM BURNING, A	DIAMETER OF COPPER PROVID, mm

Color marking resistors
Sign color	persha number	Friend number	Third number	Bagato- body	Tolerance +/- %
Shrews	-	-	-	10^-2	10
Golden	-	-	-	10^-1	5
Chornii	-	0	-	1	-
Brown	1	1	1	10	1
red	2	2	2	10^2	2
Orange	3	3	3	10^3	-
Zhovtiy	4	4	4	10^4	-
Zeleny	5	5	5	10^5	0,5
Blakytny	6	6	6	10^6	0,25
violet	7	7	7	10^7	0,1
Syria	8	8	8	10^8	0,05

APPLIED PRESSURE OF PIDSILUVACH AT THE FIELD TYPE OF VARIABLE STRESS AND SUPPORT
AMPLITUDE SHOWING OSCILLOSCOPE	DYUCHE SHOWING VOLTMETER				AMPLITUDE SHOWING OSCILLOSCOPE	DYUCHE SHOWING VOLTMETER
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50	0,71 1,41 2,12 2,83 3,54 4,24 4,95 5,66 6,36 7,07 7,78 8,49 9,19 9,9 10,61 11,32 12,02 12,73 13,44 14,14 15,56 16,97 18,39 19,8 21,22 22,63 24,05 25,46 26,87 28,29 29,7 31,12 32,53 33,95 35,36	0,13 0,5 1,12 2 3,13 4,49 6,13 8,01 10,11 12,5 15,13 18,02 21,11 24,5 28,14 32,04 36,12 40,51 45,16 49,98 61 72 85 98 113 128 145 162 180 200 221 242 265 288 313	0,06 0,25 0,56 1 1,57 2,25 3,06 4 5,06 6,25 7,57 9,01 10,56 12,25 14,07 16,02 18,06 20,26 22,58 24,99 30 36 42 49 56 64 72 81 90 100 110 121 132 144 156		52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150	36,78 38,19 39,6 41,02 42,43 43,85 45,26 46,68 48,09 49,5 50,92 52,33 53,75 55,16 56,58 57,99 59,41 60,82 62,23 63,65 65,06 66,48 67,89 69,31 70,72 74,26 77,79 81,33 84,87 88,4 91,94 95,47 99,01 102,55 106,08	338 365 392 421 450 481 512 545 578 613 648 685 722 761 800 841 882 925 968 1013 1058 1105 1152 1201 1250 1379 1513 1654 1801 1954 2113 2279 2451 2629 2813	169 182 196 210 225 240 256 272 289 306 324 342 361 380 400 420 441 462 484 506 529 552 576 600 625 689 756 827 900 977 1057 1139 1225 1315 1407
Sound the amplitude at the output straining pіdsilyuvachiv class AB is 3 ... 7 less than the voltage of food, so that the voltage of life becomes ± 50 V, then the output will be an amplitude of 43 ... 47, then. pressure booster can control voltage 4 ohm 230...270 watts.

The sphere of stagnation of impulse blocks of life in the future is constantly expanding. Such dzherel zastosovyutsya for the living of all current and future and computer equipment, for the implementation of uninterrupted power supply dzherel, chargers for batteries of various applications, the implementation of low-voltage lighting systems and other needs.

In some situations, the purchase of a ready-made dzherel is not very pleasant from an economic or technical point of view, and folding an impulse dzherel with wet hands is the best way out of such a situation. Let this option be available and the availability of the current elemental base at low prices.

The most demanded at the pump is the pulsed dzherel with the living in the standard wire of the snake strum and the low-voltage output. Structural diagram such a dzherel is shown a little one.

Merezhevy vipryamlyach SV transforms the changing voltage of the merezhi in a constant and smoothing out the pulsation of the rectified voltage at the exit. The high-frequency conversion of the runway converts the rectified voltage into a changeable or unipolar one, which can form a rectangular pulse in the required amplitude.

They gave such a voltage, either without a middle, or after vibrating (VN) to go to the filter, which is smoothed, until the exit of which the tension is connected. The runway control is controlled by the control system, which takes the signal of the return signal from the direction of the vanishing.

Such a structure can be added to criticism through the appearance of dekilkoh lanes of transformation, which lowers the KKD of the dzherel. However, with the correct choice of the nasopharyngeal elements and the yaxic rosemary and the preparation of the uterine knots, the tension in the tension in the scheme of maliy, which allows us to take the real value of the KKD more than 90%.

Principal schemes of pulse blocks of life

Solutions of structural blocks include how to choose options for circuit implementation, and practical recommendations on the choice of the main elements.

For the straightening of the tether single-phase voltage, one of three classical schemes images for the little one:

• one-by-one period;
• zero (double period from the middle point);
• two-half-wave brukivka.

The skin of them is preoccupied by taman and nedolіki, yakі signify the sphere of congestion.

Single-Period Scheme surprised by the simplicity of implementation and the minimum number of conductor components. The main shortcomings of such a vipryamlyach are the significant value of the pulsation of the ventilated tension (the straightened one has less than one nipple of the tension of the measure) and the small coefficient of the extrusion.

Coefficient of rectification Kv depends on the average value of the voltage at the output of the rectifier Udk to the orderly value of the phase stranded stress Uph.

For a one-cycle circuit Kv = 0.45.

To smooth out the pulsation at the exit of such a straightener, you need a strained filter.

Zero, or two-period scheme from the middle point, even though the double number of rectified diodes, however, this small amount of significant world is compensated by the lower equal ripple of the rectified voltage and the increase in the magnitude of the coefficient of rectification up to 0.9.

The main shortcoming of such a scheme for victoria in single-button minds is the need to organize the middle point of the tension of the wire, which transfers the presence of the wire transformer. The dimensions and dimensions of this mass are inconsistent with the idea of ​​a small-sized self-contained impulse dzherel.

Dvuhnap_vper_odna bruk_vka scheme rectification can be shown for equal ripple and the coefficient of rectification, which is the zero scheme, but does not imply the obviousness of the hemstitch. Tse compensates for the head shortfall - the number of vipryamnyh diodes is doubled as a point of view of the KKD, so for the varty.

For smoothing the ripple of the rectified voltage to the best solutions of the victorious filter. Yoga zastosuvannya allows you to increase the value of the rectified voltage up to amplitude value mesh (at Uf = 220V Ufm = 314V). It is accepted to consider the lack of such a filter great values impulse streams and directing elements, but critical ones are not enough.

The choice of diodes is directly dependent on the value of the average straight struma Ia and maximum reversal stress U BM.

Taking the value of the pulsation coefficient of the output voltage Kp = 10%, we take the average value of the rectified voltage Ud = 300V. To improve the tension of the tension and the KKD of the HF conversion (80% is accepted for the rozrahunka, but in practice it is more visible, it is possible to take away the singing stock).

Ia - the middle strum of the diode of the rectifier, pH-tension of the drive, η - CCD of the high-frequency converter.

The maximum reversible voltage of the rectifier element does not exceed the amplitude value of the tension of the rail (314V), which allows the component to be twisted with U BM =400V with a significant margin. You can beat discrete diodes, so you can also prepare vibrating bridges in different vibrators.

For safety, the specified (10%) pulsation at the output and directing the filter capacitor capacitance is taken from a 1 μF per 1 W output pressure. Electric capacitors are vikorated with a maximum voltage of at least 350V. Filter capacities for various strains are indicated at the table.

High-Frequency Converter: Its Functions and Circuits

A high-frequency switcher is a single-cycle or two-cycle key switcher (inverter) with a pulse transformer. Variants of HF conversion schemes are given a little.

Single cycle circuit. With a minimum number of power elements and simplicity of implementation, there may be a small amount.

1. The transformer in the circuit works on a private hysteresis loop, which results in an increase in light expansion and overall tightness;
2. For the prevention of exhaustion, it is necessary to take into account the significant amplitude of the impulse strum, which flows through the navprovidnikovy key.

The scheme is known to be the most congested in low-power outbuildings, depleting the significance of the smaller ones.

To independently change or install a new license plate, you do not need special skills. Choose the right one to ensure the correct appearance of a calm stream and to promote the safety of home electrical services.

IN modern minds the provision of lighting as a middle ground, and on the streets of Dedali more often vicorist sensors are installed. Tse we give not only comfort and prosperity in our lives, but allow us to save money. Recognize practical reasons at the choice of installation location, connection schemes are possible.

Two-cycle circuit from the middle point of the transformer (push-pull). I gave my friend the name of the English version (push-pull) of the description of the robot. The scheme is valid in case of shortfalls in a single-cycle version, but it may be damp - the design of the transformer is complicated (it requires the preparation of identical sections of the primary winding) and promotion of the vimoga up to the maximum voltage of the keys. In another decision, merit for respect and widely zastosovuetsya in the pulse of life, which are prepared with their own hands and not only.

Two-stroke nap_bridge scheme. For the parameters, the circuit is similar to the circuit from the middle point, but does not depend on the folding configuration of the transformer windings. In the light of the short circuit, the need to organize the middle point of the filter is rectified, which causes an increase in the number of capacitors.

The reasons for the simplicity of the implementation of the scheme are the most widely used in pulsed power pipes up to 3 kW. At great strains, the variance of the capacitors of the filter becomes unacceptably high in the case of inverter switches and the most visible bridge circuit.

Two-stroke brukivka scheme. For the parameters it is similar to other two-stroke circuits, but the need for the creation of piece "midpoints" is relieved. Paying for the price of the plant, a number of power keys were built, which is a viable economic and technical point of dawn for stimulating the tight impulse dzherel.

The selection of the inverter switches depends on the amplitude of the collector jet (drain) I KMAX and the maximum pressure of the collector-emitter U KEMAH. For rozrahunka vikoristovuyutsya navantazhennia and coefficient of transformation of the pulse transformer.

However, first of all, it is necessary to repair the transformer itself. The pulse transformer is fixed on the core with a ferrite, permaloy or twisted in the ring of the transformer hall. For tightness up to 1 kW, a feritic core of a ring or W-like type is used as a whole. Transformer opening is carried out depending on the necessary tightness and the frequency of transformation. To uniquely appear acoustic noise, the frequency of the conversion should be blamed for the intersonic range (more than 20 kHz).

If so, it is necessary to remember that at frequencies close to 100 kHz, the losses in ferite magnetic cores increase significantly. The design of the transformer itself is awkward and can easily be found in the literature. Actual results for various pressures and magnetic circuits are shown in the tables below.

Rozrahunok is broken down for a frequency of 50 kHz. Warning should be taken into account, that when working at a high frequency, the effect of winding the struma to the surface of the conductor, which can lead to a decrease in the effective winding, is possible. To prevent similar inaccuracies and reduce the cost of conductors, it is necessary to wind the winding from a few cores of a smaller cut. At a frequency of 50 kHz, the allowable winding diameter does not exceed 0.85 mm.

Knowing the tension of the voltage and the coefficient of transformation, it is possible to expand the strum at the primary winding of the transformer and the maximum strum of the power switch collector. The voltage on the transistors in the closed station is more vibrated, the voltage is lowered, so that the input of the HF-converter with a deakim reserve (U KEMAX = 400V). For these dates, a selection of keys is carried out. At the given hour best optionє use of power transistors IGBT and MOSFET.

For diodes that turn on the secondary side, it is necessary to trim one rule - their maximum operating frequency can override the frequency of the conversion. Otherwise, the KKD of the outwardly vipryamlyacha and the reversal of the flame will significantly decrease.

Video about the preparation of the simplest impulse life-support facility

Mіzh transformer and impulsive, as well as their advantages and shortcomings. For example, a transformer block of life, at the warehouse of which the transformer has the function of reducing the voltage to a given one, such a design is called a step-down transformer.

Blocks of life, which work in the pulsed mode, can be switched by a pulse or by an inverter. At the impulse dzherelah, the changeable voltage at the input is straightened out, and that impulse is formed at the required frequency. Such an IP on the front of a sizable power transformer, with the same tightness, has less cost and insignificant dimensions, eliminating the need for high-frequency conversion. >

Transformer living blocks

The widest block of life is important for the construction, at the warehouse of which there is a lowering transformer, and even a single shoe - to reduce the input voltage. Yogo the primary winding is wound with a workmanship with a meshed tension. For the step-down transformer in such a power supply unit, there are also installed rectifiers on diodes, as a rule, two pairs of rectifier diodes (diode mist) and filter capacitors are installed. Such an attachment to serve for the transformation of a single-directed pulsating variable voltage at a constant. It is not uncommon to zastosovuyutsya іnshі constructively vikonnі pristroї, for example, scho vіkonuє vpryamljachakh function podvoennja napruzha. Cream of smoothing pulsations of filters, there can also be elements of the filter, high frequency jumps and splashes, the scheme of sound out short hum, conduit fittings for stabilizing the voltage and struma

Scheme of the simplest transformer power supply unit with two-phase and one-way rectifier

Advantages of transformer blocks

Impulse life blocks

Power of the impulse block- Impulse dzherela zhivlennya tse іvertorny pristriy є є warehousing part of devices of uninterrupted electric zhivlennya. In pulse blocks, the voltage at the input is changed, the coil is straightened, and it forms pulses of the singing frequency. The output of the constant voltage has been redesigned, and the pulses of the direct-wave form of the high frequency, which should go to the transformer or directly to the output low-frequency filter. In the impulse blocks of life, transformers are often small beyond the limits - they are viklicano tim, that with an increase in frequency, the efficiency of the robot and the add-on increases, and they themselves become smaller and smaller until the expansion of the magnetic circuit, which is necessary for the supply of equal tension. Basically, such a magnetic conductor is prepared from ferromagnetic materials and conductors of the magnetic flux. Vidminnosti dzherel zhivlennya zokrema in the form of the core of a low-frequency transformer, in the preparation of such zastosovuetsya electrical steel.

Power of the impulse block- Stabilization of the voltage, which is seen in the impulse cells of life, blames the negative zvorotny zv'yazku for the lancet's rhinok. OOS gives you the opportunity to be safe output voltage to give a stable equal, regardless of the periodic haircuts, the input voltage and the value of the stress support. A negative turning point can also be created in other ways. How to make a galvanic decoupling electric lines, the most zastosovuvannya in different ways - ce illuminating the connection with the auxiliary output winding of the transformer by using an optocoupler. To fix the value of the value of the signal of a negative turning signal, if it lies in the voltage at the output, the sparing of the pulse signals on the output output of the PWM controller is changed. If it is possible to do without galvanic decoupling, then in such a situation there will be a significant dilnik of voltage, selections on permanent resistors. Zreshtoy, zherelo zhivlennya safer vihіdnu napruga stable character.

Schematic diagram the simplest single-cycle pulse power supply

Advantages of impulse blocks of life

● In order to compensate for the external tension of the linear stabilizer and impulse, then the rest of the operation may be:
● Vdnosno small vaga, scho vyyshla because of the fact that zbіlshennyam frequency can zastosovuvaty transformers of small dimensions, mayuchi similar vihіdnu tuzhnіst, scho seen.
● The large shaft of the line stabilizer is to go beyond the cabinet of the large power transformers, as well as the important thermal conductors of the power components.
● High KKD, which is close to 98%, excluding after that, which the staff spend, which are used in the impulse stabilizing outbuildings, to lie down in the transitional processes at the stage of switching the key.
● Oskіlki more vіdrіzok hour the keys znahoditsya have a stable or uvіmknemu аbo vіmknenny stanі, then it's vodpovіdno and energy spend little;
● There is a small number of products, which happened after the release of a large number of necessary electronic elements, the appearance of high-powered electronic products on the market transistor switches. ● It is necessary to remember the relatively small variance of pulse transformers with a similar strain, which is seen in the advancement.
● In the most important blocks of life, protection schemes have been installed in case of emergency situations, such as protection in the event of a short circuit, or else not connected to the outbuilding.

What is the IIP like?

Impulse life blocks (Eng. Switching Power Supply) again and again become the subject of discussions, superechok, how to design and construct, they call out the difficult problems in radio amateur camps. More often than not impulse outbuildings eating is looking at home radiomasters, shards of stink may have a low number of non-peripheral advantages in pairs with traditional transformer blocks. However, a lot of radioamators, zokrema pochatkivtsiv, do not dare to pick them up, regardless of how they are everywhere in the current radioelectronic production.

The reasons for this are plentiful. Due to the unreasonable principles leading to the complexity of the circuitry of the impulse blocks of the secondary life. Deyakі simply can not know the need for a radio element base. And the axis of the dosvіdchenі radioengineering has already long ago been introduced into the important overall transformers of the electric power in the butovіy compact elektroіnіtsі.

However, it is true that for the house the supply of transformer dzherel dzherel is true, then, for example, in a car, in a road, in a floor, and so on. transformer vzagalі marny.

Here, the impulses to change the voltage come to the rescue. The stench of the building draws electricity literally from a battery or a battery of galvanic elements of a constant stream and converts it to the required voltage with the maximum intensity from a few watts to a few kilowatts.

Wait, if you get more expensive, be it some kind of transport, and there are no sockets nearby, so you can connect a charger to it and recharge the battery of a digital camera, a stylish phone, a digital video camera, a player and a lot of others. otherwise the manager of the mass of unhandedness. And how many times you can already take a picture with a digital camera, what was worthy of it and immediately send it to relatives and friends for help by phone.

And it’s all the more necessary to sleep the clumsy circuit of a pulsed voltage changer on a different board, build a house in the valley, and take a couple of finger batteries with you. Axis and everything you need for happiness!

Literary liknep on the theme of BDZh

Prote is not hoarse, but let's go straight to the point of the article. We have already told more than once about the theoretical and practical aspects of designing in the home minds of impulse blocks of life, for example, Impulse changeover, Automobile voltage changeover; they presented the methods of rozrahunka of transformers, shared core literature from power electronics, recommended for reading not only to electronics-pochatkivtsy, for example, Rozrahunka of a power transformer; and statti Scheme of reworking the power of 1000 VA, having flared up, one might say, a dispute over the reworking of the scheme.

And today’s power supply, given by one of the radioamators:

and є schos for eating +/-25 - 30 volts (bipolar) for 4 triplets of visnovkiv for powering the UMZCH - 4 x TDA7293? Attenuation of watts at 550-600 ... for living in electric lights (~ 220V).

From this drive, I wrote an article to publish, in order to show the fundamental theoretical principles of the development of impulse blocks of life.

The presentation of the material from the attention of the authorities on the other power supplies of the design and circuitry of the impulse blocks of the secondary power generation of the clicks to show the radioamators the entire algorithm of the current rozrahunka. All technical, design, schematic and additional solutions, if necessary, will be listed below in the comments. We ask you to take part in the discussed pulse blocks of life.

Let's do it, motherfucker.

Also, for the cob it is significant, as the main modules are in a pulsed power supply unit. In a typical variant, the impulse block of life can be mentally subdivided into three functional parts. Tse:

1. PWM (PWM) controller, for which the master oscillator is selected, it sounds with a frequency of about 30 ... 60 kHz;

2. a cascade of power switches, the role of which can be played by electric bipolar, polar or IGBT (bipolar insulated gate) transistors; the entire power cascade can include an additional control circuit for the keys themselves on integrated drivers or low-power transistors; the scheme of switching on the power switches is also important: brukіvka (full-bridge), napіvbridge (half-bridge) or from the middle point (push-pull);

3. Impulse transformer with primary(s) and secondary(s) winding(s) i. at the exit; like a core, vibrate ferit or alsifer; using such magnetic materials as building materials at high frequencies (in some cases, over 100 kHz).

Axis, vlasne, and everything that is necessary for the selection of the impulse block of life. on the photo of the main part of the DBZh was seen. For clarity, we see the modules and on electrical circuit diagram whether it be a pulsed block of life. For example:

Before the word, there is a power cascade of inclusions behind the circuit from the middle point.

Now, modularly rozroblyatimemo circuitry solution of the future add-on.

For the cob, it is significant from the generator, what is set. To be more precise, then PWM controller. In this hour, as you know, you are really impersonal. Here, perhaps, the main selection criteria are the availability and quality of food. We need not be a generator, but the pulse-width modulation itself. The principle of work, like in two words, then “є / ni signal”. At the output of the controller chi one (high rіven) chi zero (low rіven).

Vіdpovіdno up to tsgogo vihіdnі transistors vіdkritі chi closed, apply voltage to the coil of the pulse transformer chi nі. Moreover, it is necessary to mix with a high frequency (as before, sound the frequency of 30 ... 60 kHz).

The frequency is adjusted depending on the needs of the projector with the help of a lanyard for tying the PWM controller, which is formed, as a rule, with resistors and capacitors. Axis recently stumbled upon the idea of ​​vikoristannya dzherelo PIM COM port of the computer. Well, that garazd ... For our future block of life take PWM controller K1156EU2. Alece doesn't matter. You can take it practically be it two-stroke Controller. For example, one of the widest TL494. The generator circuit, which is set, is shown on the basis of yoga. Vzagali, typical scheme the inclusion of any other microcircuit can be found in technical documentation on it (datasheet).

Razrahunok of the frequency of impulses in the block of life

The K1156EU2 controller is intended for use as a control circuit for secondary power pulses, which operates at frequencies up to 1 MHz. Zavdyaki vysokіy svidkodії microcircuit known widely zastosuvannya and well recommended itself. In the case of a different type of variant of the yoga controller, you can replace analogues of the type UC1825, UC2825, UC3825. Nap_vіvіdnі vіhіdnі cascades of the controller are designed for the work on the big єmіsne navantage, for example, shutters of tight MOS-transistors, and they switch like a strum, what it turns, so it turns. Description of accessories K1156EU2:

Varto also means that the frequency of the pulses should be determined by the ratings of the resistor and capacitor on 5 and 6 circuits of the microcircuit. Moreover, for a pause (so titles, a dead hour) between pulses, the capacitance of the capacitor is increased. And it is directly signified on the safety of one-hour closing of the weekend keys, so that the deep streams are hidden. Nutrition is especially relevant for great strains. Opir resistor is selected from the range of 3 ... 100 kOhm, the capacitance of the capacitor is 0.47 ... 100 nF. Nomograms for the selection of these radio components are lower by a little:

In this way, to ensure a dead hour of 1.5 µs (to reduce the noise of the appearance of flashing streams through the MOSFET at the power stage), you need a capacitor with a capacity of 15 nF (0.015 µF or 15000 pF). Now we marvel at the current schedule. About the frequency dodatkovo will be. At this stage, 60 kHz is accepted as nominal. So the resistor for our generator, what is asked, is consumed by the nominal value? 3 kOhm Let's put pіdstroyuvalny on 4.7 room. It will be possible to slightly increase the frequency, thereby increasing the pressure on the block of life as a whole.

Synchronization of two and more PWM controllers

An important function of K1156EU2 is the splendid choice. Tobto. one generator will be conducted, and the other one will be managed. For what is the main functional vysnovok 4 synchronization. At the result, you can take two synchronously operating PWM generators. Zastosuvannya this way you can know the mass. The oscillators of the generator work synchronously, then the skin of them can be navantazhit okremim output cascade with power switches and a pulse transformer. With this, it is possible to use transformers with a smaller overall tightness. So, if we need the heat power of the impulse power unit not less than 600 W for 4 UMZCH, then we can use two transformers of 300 W each, connecting two UMZCH to them. Obviously, we can take a part of the bias from the transistors in the power stage, winding dart, so we need a core of a smaller size. At zv'yazku z tsim can be encouraged to buy radio components for the upcoming BDZH. The synchronization scheme for two PWM controllers (master and slave) looks like this:

However, in warm lighting purposes, K1156EU2 inclusions are intermixed with a single (typical) variant, because Before us, we can give you the basic skills of development. And yet, the rationality of the victoriousness of these other schemes of the technical solution lies in the form of vikoristannya of the impulse block of life.

With the first functional module of the possible block of the secondary electric power generation, they were taken apart. Remaining accepted is the circuit design of the generator on K1156EU2, as shown under the number 1. If necessary at the final stage of designing, the ratings of the parts can be corrected, which, well, will not appear on the functional diagram of the generator.

Selection of power keys for the block of life

Now about those who use the PWM controller K1156EU2 or TL494 or be it another IMS. Like the power keys we will win MOSFET transistors as the most effective. As for the bipolar ones, then with their present shortfalls, there is an excess voltage on the collectors in the saturation mode, the control pressure of the base line is great, and the great hour of expansion. Mustache to lead to a significant reduction in KKD keys. And IGBT or bipolar transistors with an insulated gate are more expensive and not wider. Vibration falls on the MOSFET.

Let's take a look at the difference between MOS transistors. For the mind, we need a pulsed power supply unit of 600 W for electric power of 220 volts. Tse means that after directing diodes and a capacitor, which filters, 220 volts of a changeable stream are converted to 300 ... 310 volts of a direct one. Tse at a nominal voltage of 220 V. Ale in the electric circuit can be 175 and 250 volts. The power of the struma in lances is nominally more expensive I=P/U or I=600 W/300(310) V=1.94…2 amperes.

possible pulse shifter be a two-stroke type, because single-stroke good have proven themselves on tensions up to 100 watts. The circuit for switching on the power cascade of a two-cycle pulsed power supply unit is selected from three essential ones. Tse, as it was said, brukivka (full-bridge), nap_bridge (half-bridge) or with a middle point (push-pull). The remaining circuit is the most efficient with input voltage up to 100 volts and voltage up to 500 watts. In principle, you can tweak and push-pull the inclusion scheme, but do not repeat it, because won and є the topic of the dispute at the article “Scheme of converting the tension of 1000 VA”. Napіvmostova and brukіvka schemes are effectively vikoristovuyutsya with more high voltage at the entrance (and we have 310 V) and with tensions up to 1 kW for the first one and more than 1 kW for the other. We need to go bridge scheme switching on the power stage.

The switching frequency of power transistors is taken close to 60 kHz. Through the possible frequency drift, it can move up to 65 kHz. It is possible, obviously, to increase the frequency to 100 kHz, or to wind more. However, there are a lot of magnetic materials that can be built up like the cores of pulse transformers that cannot be used at such frequencies. Until then, when the frequency is increased, we need high-frequency voltage-controlled diodes. And the stench is not cheap, but it is important for the rich. Before that, after a two-period straightening, the frequency moves twice. So we mix with a frequency of 60 kHz, as the most optimal.

Now, the amplitude of the nominal voltage on the primary winding of the pulse transformer is significant with the improvement of the voltage drop of the transistor transitions. U = 310/2 - u, de u - voltage drop on the MOSFET junction. The oscillating transistors have not yet been selected, then it is taken in the average u = 0.7 V. Sounds U = (310/2) -0.7 = 154.3 V. V, and the maximum when driven up to 250 is not less than 176 V. For the selection of MIS transistors, it is necessary to consider the maximum allowable power of the stream (600/123 = 4.8 A) and voltage (176 V). We need a MOSFET with a drain-turn voltage of 200 volts and the maximum allowable power of the stream through the transition is not lower than 6 amperes. Given to minds, for example, IRF630, 2SK1117, 2SK1917, IRF740, IRFP460, IRF830 and other. Here I am again, apparently, due to the availability and vartost. For the butt, take IRFP460. The power keys were picked up.

Diodes in the direct bridge at the input of the pulse block of life are selected for the adjustment of the reversible voltage of 400 volts and the power of the stream of 2 amperes (600/(175 * 2 pcs.) = 1.71 A) with a bridge circuit. We take a diode mist type KBU810. Scheme twill straightener you will look like this:

Resistors R1 and R2 are ballast and viceroys for the discharge of high-voltage capacitors with a safety method.

Rozrahunok and winding of the pulse transformer

Now we need to rebuild the pulse transformer.

The transformer housing is the most foldable, important and “thin” part of the entire housing of the impulse block of life. For the most efficient use of computer programs, the most popular of them can be found on our amateur radio site. Application for the software for the refurbishment of the transformer and report description znahodjatsja also at vyshchezgadanih stattyah.

Also, we can assume that the current voltage range is 247 ... 355 V (with a voltage deviation of 175 ... 250 V), the intensity is not less than 600 watts, the effective induction of the magnetic circuit is 0.1 to 0.2 T, the effective magnetic penetration is core ferite ring brand M2500NMS1 K65x40x9 to become 1800 ... 2000. More specifically, the voltage of the electric circuit was induced for the expansion of the pulse transformer in the Design tools pulse transformers 4.0.0.0 program and similar to it (div. stats). However, as I am radiv, the programs are more likely to zastosovuvati once everything is complex. Obviously, for some it is necessary to charge the voltage without intermediary on the primary winding of the pulse transformer. We were instructing the scheme of the tethered vipryamlyach of the life of the impulse block. Yak bachite, there shear stress for the help of a dilnik, it changes to a bipolar +/-154.3 V. It is indicated Rated voltage with a voltage of 220 V. Vidpovidno, with a voltage deviation of 175 ... 250 V, it is not 247 ... 355 volts at the primary winding (so after the rectifier diodes and capacitors that filter), but 247 / 2-0 ,7...355/ 2-0.7, tobto. 122.8 ... 176.8 volts. Be respectful!

We think that for additional programs it is difficult to determine the main characteristics of the required pulse transformer. For the taken kіltsya К65х40х9 mi can be stepped on. KKD close to 98%; the number of turns of the primary winding is about 55 with a diameter of 1.2 mm; the number of turns of the skin secondary winding for voltage +/-30 becomes 10 + 10 with a 1.5 mm diameter rod inserted in the middle. All data for winding the transformer is known to us. As a result of self-preparation, it can be more similar, and maybe even shorter (windings are shorter spaced evenly on the ring):

Let's go straight to the circuitry part of the development.

Design of the electrical circuit diagram of the DBZH

We have already indicated that we will have a two-stroke pulse block from the bridged power terminal stage, which consists of two strained MOSFET IRFP460. The K1156EU2R chip was chosen as a PWM controller. Now we are faced with the task of combining all three functional modules, which can electric lanceug. Instead, if you want to find a bike, you can upgrade the typical electrical circuit of the already designed DBZH on the controller we have chosen. Zreshtoyu, we took away such a variant of the scheme of the impulse block of life:

As you can bachiti, before it enters all three modules, looked at by us more.

Dodatkovo for an additional relay and an intermediate resistor R1 (type C5-16MB or C5-5V) at the input of soft start implementations, which allows you to avoid sharp kicks in the stream. The relay can be set to a voltage of 12 or 24 volts with the selection of resistor R19. Varistor RU1 protects the input signal from pulses of overworld amplitude. Capacitors C1-C4 and a double-winding inductor L1 make a meshing filter, which prevents the penetration of high-frequency ripples, which turn into a livelihood. L1 is wound up to the top of the winding with a rod with a diameter of 0.5 mm on the magnetic core Sh7x7 with alsifer TCH60, TCHK55 or type 2000NM. The windings of the inductor should be replaced by the same number of turns. It is possible to zastosuvat magnetic conductor type K24x14x7. Todi wind 50 turns at 2 darts.

Switching resistor R16 and capacitor C12 determine the switching frequency. To change the EPC self-induction of the transformer T2 in parallel to the channels of the transistors in the included damping diodes VD7 and VD8. Schottky diodes VD2 and VD3 protect switching transistors and outputs of the DA2 microcircuit in the form of impulses of the turning voltage.

Strumovy transformer T1 windings on a ferite ring K10 × 6x3 brand 4000NM or on K12 × 8x3 brand 2000NM. The primary winding should be 1 turn of a wire with a diameter of 0.5 mm or mounting dart in polyvinyl chloride insulation. The secondary winding is 100 turns, with openings in the middle of the PELSHO dart with a diameter of 0.06 ... 0.12 mm. Windings should be insulated, for example, varnished. Strum flows through the primary winding of the transformer T1. The voltage of the secondary winding through the resistor R12 should be at the input of the comparator 9 of the stream of the DA2 microcircuit. At the moment, if the voltage on which input is exceeded, the comparator activation threshold (1 volt), the generation of the wake-up pulse will be applied. Strum spratsovuvannya zahistu to lay on the number of turns of the secondary winding of the transformer T1, the capacitance of the capacitor C8 and the support of the resistors R8, R9 (pidstroyuvalny), R12.

From the moment the K1156EU2R microcircuit is included in the measure until the inverter wakes up, it will take the food off parametric stabilizer the voltage on the resistor R2 (opir of which, it is possible, it will be necessary to reduce) and the stabilitron VD4 through the diode VD5. In this mode, the microcircuit slows down the flow of three more than 2 mA. After the inverter is turned on, the PWM controller will operate an additional VD13-VD16 rectifier, the voltage of which is stabilized by the KR142EN8V microcircuit (or be it the other one on the stabilization voltage of 15 volts). Diodes VD5 and VD18 turn on the mutual injection of two dzherel zherel zhilennya microcircuit K1156EU2R.

The U1 optocoupler ensures the galvanic decoupling of the lancet coil. Lantsyug OS is needed for stabilizing the output voltage of the impulse block of life. If it is necessary to overshoot nominally, then sharply increase the strum through the VD17 zener diode and the optocoupler modification diode. As a result of which the phototransistor of the optocoupler is displayed. The voltage at the input of the comparator of the return link increases with the voltage (1 lower microcircuit). The pulse trivality changes at the generator output. It is necessary to reduce the output voltage to the nominal level.

The principle of dії scheme of the impulse block of life can be understood. Now let's move on to the design of the layout of the other board and the installation of radio components.

At the end of the warto, a sprig of words should be attached to such a negative phenomenon, like skin effect. In the wake of the new change strum high frequency when passing through the conductor, it is spread not evenly by the peratin, but more importantly in the surface ball. Tse mozhe sumnі slіdki of our іpulse transformer at great strains. Therefore, it is recommended to wind the power windings of the transformer not alone with a large cut, because there will be no crusty look, but “pussy”, woven from small darts of smaller diameter. Come out of your kind litzendrat. Tim, we ourselves improve the quality factor of the windings, moving the KKD and the quality of the pulse transformer. Show respect, how the primary winding is wound:

In the photo there are 8 pussies, 15 darts per skin. You look solid, don't you?

Epilog

In Denmark, as it turned out, far from a short article was looked at the most important moments designing pulsed sides of life, with some kind of obov'yazkovo zіtknetsya leather, hto zvazhivsya on the creation of IIP radioamator. We tried to describe the entire algorithm as clearly as possible. The reporters looked at the moments, on which warto bring respect. Please add your suggestions and recommendations in the comments.

It is proponable to look at what is such an impulse block of life (DBZH), how it works, as well as how it works in household minds.

General information about BDZH

DBZH - ce attachment, which vibrates the voltage, and then forms a new impulse with a frequency of more than 10 kHz, which is then fed to a special impulse transformer.

DBZH is an electronic converter, which includes a pulse regulator, for efficient conversion of electrical energy and a pulse-width modulator (PWM). As if it were still alive, BDZh transmits the tension of the electric circuit to the point of tension, at the same time changing the voltage.

Scheme Impulse block eating

Ideally, the impulse block of life does not supply any energy. On the contrary to this, the line was alive, regulating the output voltage, without interruption p-n transitions transistor. In such a rank, the high efficiency of transformation is the important priority of the impulse dzherel of life before the linear one. In addition, be it a simple impulse block of life, richly compact, low transformer with a linear stabilizer, but with which efficiency is not compromised.

Photo - Merezhevy Impulse Life Block

Impulse blocks of vitality vikoristovuyutsya as a replacement for linear, so you can have a smaller size and weight with similar efficiency.

Video: how to build a simple life block (impulse)

Principle dії

Let's take a look at the cycles of the principle of operation of a simple impulse block of life.

If the DBZH can input the voltage of the changeable stream for example, in a computer, PC, laptop, then the first stage is applied in the converted input of the changeable voltage to the constant one. The block of living with the entrance, we will cover the input voltage of the steady stream without affecting the stage. In some blocks of life, for example, computer, electrical diagram vypryamlyach can be lashed, like at the podvoyuvach of the voltage with a way to add a kerovanny jumper manually or automatically. This function allows you to use dzherelami zhivlennija vіd merezhі, as it sounds like 115 V or 230 V.

Vipryamlyach zgladzhuє unregulated zminnu naprugu in postyne, like then vіdpravlyaєtsya in the accumulative condenser filter. The strum, which spozhivaetsya in the dzherel zhivlennya tsgogo lansyug (vipryamlyach), transforms into short pulses at the peak of the voltage of the snake strum.

These signals may have significant high-frequency energy, as it changes the pressure coefficient of the pulse transformer, which is why you need to change the dimensions. For the correction of this phenomenon of a richly new BDZh, a special PFC scheme is to be used to determine the input strum to follow the sinusoidal shape of the input voltage of the streak and to correct the coefficient of tension. The impulses of the vitality circuit, like the Active PFC vibrate, are emitted in video warning cameras, computers, just to increase the input voltage of ~ 100 Volts of the replacement stream up to 250 V.

Іpulsny return running block of vitality for the input of a variable voltage, as a rule, as a rule, it can itself be used and in the case of a constant stream, so as a constant voltage passes through the bridge or the bridge is straightened without change. As a block of living purposes for 115 V and cannot change the voltage, then a voltage of 163 constant currents (115 × √2) is required.

Ale tse type of vikoristannya, it can be shkidlivim for vipryamlyach, tk. Vіn bude vikoristovuvat half of the diodes at vipryamlyachі for a new focus. It is possible to bring one of the warehouse straighteners to overheating, through which the durability is significantly reduced. On the other side, as if the power supply could change the mode switch in the input voltage 115/230V (computer AT-ATX power supply unit Panasonic, Samsung, Vbulletin dvd drive), the switcher is responsible for setting to the 230 position and taking the required voltage 325 V (d.c. 230×√2).

Diodes in this type of life will kindly rectify the changing voltage, so like stench, they repeat the bipolar voltage booster after their parameters. The only shortcoming of this simple blockє yoga nedovgovіchnіst.

After that, as the net voltage became straightened out, it should go to the inverter.

Inverter constant strum at the change, having launched it through a voltage switch, whose output energy of transformation is already small, with dozens of turns of the transformer winding at a frequency of tens of hundreds of kilohertz, vin pratsyuє yak ULF. The frequency of the sound is selected more than 20 kHz, so that the sound is not strange for a person. Switching vikonan as a high-speed PWM signal on key MOSFET transistors. MOSFET transistors are a type of attachment with a low support for a high-voltage transition and a high building for the passage of large streams.

The principle of operation of the impulse block of life

As soon as you turn out to be guilty of insulation at the entrance, as if you are sounding in the live wires, the inversion of the change strum is reversed for the primary winding of the high-frequency transformer. The transformer is already moving or lowering the voltage secondary winding to the necessary level. In the block diagram, it is visible at the output of the transformer.

Principal diagram of a living life

For output voltages greater than ten volts, silicon diodes are used. When more low voltage ring out vikoristovuyutsya Schottky's diodes like elements of a vipryamlyach; stench advances:

1. More hours of renewal, lower hours for silicon diodes (allows you to work with small costs at high frequencies);
2. Low voltage drop during the passage of the stream. For even more low output voltages, small-sized DBZH, the transistor is switched as a synchronous voltage, in such a case, the main voltage is reversed in the transistors.

We will then carry out smoothing for an additional filter, which is formed from the choke and condenser. At higher switching frequencies, the components with lower capacitance and inductance are required.

Miniature impulse block

The simplest non-isolated impulse was a life-threatening choke to replace the transformer. To this type one can see the transformations, which are promoted and reduced. The stinks lie down to the simplest class with one input and one output, like vikoristovuyut one throttle and one active jumper.

How to build a living block with your own hands

Choose a medium-stretching or low-strength do-it-yourself impulse block for a portable TV set tablet computer you can at home minds.

Pokrokovy description, like a miniature universal self-contained DBZH, like a pidide for a floor LED lamp, primach, music player:

1. Choose a charger that can provide a sufficient jet to charge the battery. Revіrte perevoryuvachі, recognized for the great pozashlyahovikіv, so rob the folding system.

Scheme of a simple DBZ

Reverse the sonyachni dzherela zhivlennya for booths and inverters for great systems. Change your contacts charger outbuilding buildings to convey the tension for the life of your ambition.

1. Choose batteries for a long cycle. Don't vicorate car battery. If you use gel batteries or batteries that are not serviced, the system will work properly. For large systems that consist of a number of low cycle batteries, it is necessary to choose only AGM batteries or batteries with rare electrolyte.

Flip that the batteries are ventilated to let the water out. If you buy batteries with rare electrolyte, change your mind so that you increase the charge strength. Lead-acid batteries are sold in nominal values ​​of 6 and 12 volts. You will need to charge them sequentially, to increase the voltage, or in parallel, to increase the ampere-year pressure.

Photo - Dzherelo living with batteries

Battery replacement for pulsed life blocks with charge controller and without:

12 volts = 2x6V - two 6 volt batteries are required, connected in series;

24 volts = 4x6V or 2x12V batteries for the serial connection.

Don't laugh different types batteries. New batteries, added to the basic kit, will accept a lower charge of the first ones.

1. Select inverter. It is necessary to buy a single-stroke or two-stroke inverter, which is suitable. The intensity of the inverter in watts is due to buti in 3-7 times more, lower in par strumu vanity. The inverter is available for input voltages of 12, 24, 36, 48 and up to 96 volts. What voltage, then more beautiful, especially for great systems. 12 volts is the widest, but in the same time it is not possible to see 12 volts for a system larger, lower than 2400 watts of intensity.

1. For additional cables, connect an inverter, a battery and other accessories. For the details, it is necessary to take not important darts, so that the contacts do not pull the stench. Obov'yazkovo check the link for the help of a multimeter.

1. Indicating the polarity on the darts, it is necessary to attach power cable to the batteries and the charge controller, it is possible to work with a soldering iron. For help, the multimeter will turn over all the data of the conductors.

1. Prepare the charging system. Connect the charger to the cell and turn it on.

1. Now it is necessary to carry out the adjustment of the system of the impulse block of life, let's look at how to reverse the inverter. Attach and connect the attachment, as if the vins of rotting around the charger will be added. Connect the cables to the batteries, knowing the polarity. Increase the inverter and reverse the display of the accessory with different options for the replacement jet.

Signs of failure of the pulse unit:

1. Into the fire;
2. Iskri.

Leave the inverter for a low charge, similar to the planned one, and the battery will be charged for the entire low. The battery is at fault but fully charged.

Self-contained impulse blocks of life are the easiest to convert from ready-made ones, to a PWM chip of the IR2151, TL431, UC3842 series with automatic turning (regulation), their circuitry is ideal for this work.

Golovna umova - pratsyuvati іz zahistom! It is necessary to put on mittens, eyepieces, wear masks.

Obviously, for a robotic DVD player or a lamp for lighting, you can get a cheap Chinese accessory. But for field robots, it’s better to get a 12 V pulsed power supply (like for a PC) on microcircuits IR2153, TL494, the price is quite acceptable, and the robot circuit is universal. You can find a tool at any electrical shop in your area.

Also pay attention to models on microcircuits of such companies as: APC, Logicpower, CyberPower, FSP, Dyno, Eaton, Robiton, PSU, PSS, TOP, Samsung. Regularly carry out scheduled repairs of equipment, pay the dues for re-checking the skin.