Tension of the snake strum. What is tightness, mitteva tightness
Author: – The logic of our mirkuvan will be the same, as if with a twisted middle and mitt's shvidkost. Let's look at the robot as a function of the hour. Come on BUT(t) – robot, vikonan per hour t. BUT(t+Δt) – robot, vikonan per hour (t+Δt). Todi [ BUT(t+Δt) - BUT(t)]/Δt – average stiffness for an hour interval between t and (t+Δt). Between the sequences, the value of such average tensions at Δt→0 is mitteva tension, so that tension at the time of the hour t is the same day of work for an hour.
N(t)= 
=A'(t) (2.10.1)
Vivedіt okremia vpadok, if the tension does not lie in the hour.
Student:- N=A/t.
Student: – Tse buvaє, if the strength is constant, what is the body.
N(t) = / Δt = F / Δt = FV.
Abo, vikoristovuyuchi rules for calculating the pokhіdnyh:
N(t)=A"(t)=(FS)"=FS"=FV. (2.10.2)
Bachimo, that the pressure to lie down is not only due to strength, but also due to swiftness, like for a fairly accelerated pace, it is the function of the hour.
Respectfully, scho viraz for mitteva's tightness N(t)=F(t) V(t)є fair for any kind of mechanical movement. The proof is based on the knowledge of the integral calculation, and mi yogo is skipped.
For training, we will take one cicava and practical Task 2.5.
The car breaks down with the mass. The coefficient of the cost of the wheel on the road k. Car inspection Find out the availability of the car’s security at the hour. Motor fatigue N.
Student: – I don’t understand, it’s already said for the mind about the conductors of the wasps. A few of them did not stick together.
Author: – Tse z rozrakhunkom rubbing strength. It is possible with good accuracy to accept that the mass of the car has been subdivided on the offending axis. As an insult to the axles of the conductor, it means that the force of forging is more expensive for the production of all the car's mass at a coefficient of tertya. As a leader, there was only one weight, then half of the mass of the car fell on it and the force was rubbing, so that the car ahead was counted as follows: kmg/2. It is significant that the maximum possible force is taken here when forging, so it is important that the wheels of the car slip on the road. Truth, on good cars water doesn't start like that.
Student: – Then, for the mind of our manager, go out, which will speed up the car, losing strength, as if it’s more expensive kmg. It is easy to see the signs: the car is collapsing evenly accelerated and the speed is to lie down at the hour like this: V(t)= a t= kgt.
Author: – Tse is fair more than often. Guess the intensity of the tightness (2.10.2). At cold sweating swidkіst is impromptu, uncircumcised with growth. It is your fault to give you two hints: 1) to know the boundary hour, until which your opinion will be fair; 2) then hurry up with energetic mirkuvannyami.
Student: – Once borderline tightness N, then from (2.10.2) we take:
N = FV (t) = kmg kgt.
Zvіdsi boundary hour t0=N/(mk2g2).
Student: – Nadalі for the next interval of an hour Δt=t–t 0 dvigun zdіysny to the robot A=NΔt, as if to increase the kinetic energy. We first know the kinetic energy of the car at the time t 0:
mV 02/2=m2/2=.
Change of kinetic energy is healthy
mV 2 / 2–mV 0 2 / 2 \u003d A \u003d NΔt \u003d N (t - t 0),
◄V(t)=kgt for t≤ t 0 =N/(mk 2 g 2),
V(t)= for t> t0.
History.
Erasmus Darwin, having taken into account that some researchers have found experiments. From them, perhaps, nothing can come out, but if the stench goes in, the result will be slanderous. Darwin engraved on a trumpet in front of tulips. Annual results.
Vіdpovіdі on receipts from electrical engineering.
Designation of the electric field.
Electric field - one of the two sides of the electromagnetic field, which is characterized by a surge on an electrically charged particle with a force proportional to the charge of the particle and does not lie in the form of liquidity.
Electrostatic induction. Zahist in the radio transmission code.
electrostatic induction- a manifestation of directing a wet electrostatic field when dividing on the body of an ovnishny electric field. The phenomenon is zoomed in by the redistribution of charges in the middle of conductive bodies, as well as by the polarization of internal microstructures in non-conductive bodies. An ominous electric field can significantly occur near the body with an induced electric field.
Vykoristovuyut for zahistu mehanіzmіv priladіv, deyakyh radio components just like zovnіshnіh elektrichnіh polіv. The part that is being protected is placed in an aluminum or brass casing (screen). Screens can be as strong as they are common.
Electrical capacity. Z'ednannya condensers.
Electrical capacity- characteristics of the conductor, the world of his ability to accumulate an electric charge.
The potential of the metal water-reinforced body due to the increase in the increase of the increased charge. At what charge Q that potential c pov'yazanі mizh yourself spіvvіdshennyam
Q \u003d C c, stars
C = Q/c
Here W- Coefficient of proportionality, or electric capacitance of the body.
In this order, electrical capacity W body signifies a charge, which is necessary to restore the body, in order to cause an increase in its potential by 1 Art.
The unity of the capacity, like the formula sings, є coulomb per volt, or farad:
[W] = 1 C/1V=1F.
Capacitors - attachments, which are made up of two metal conductors, separated by a dielectric, are used for vikoristannya єх ємnostі.
Parallel to the day. With a parallel connection of capacitors, the potential of the plates connected to the positive pole of the dzherel, however, is equal to the potential of the pole. Vіdpovidno the potential of the plates, connected with the negative pole, is equal to the potential of the pole. Later, the voltage applied to the capacitors is the same.
Z Zagaln \u003d Q 1 + Q 2 + Q 3. Oskіlki, zgіdno, Q = CU, then
Q Hot = C Hot U; Q 1 \u003d C 1 U; Q 2 \u003d C 2 U; Q 3 \u003d C 3 U; C Zagalny U \u003d C 1 U + C 2 U + C 3 U.
In this rank, the total or equivalent capacity with a parallel connection of capacitors is more than the sum of the capacities of four capacitors:
Z zag \u003d Z 1 + Z 2 + Z 3
From the formula of the following, scho parallel to the connection of n the same capacitors is the capacity of the main capacity. Z zag \u003d n C.
The last day. With the subsequent connection of capacitors (small 1.10), there will be equal charges on the plates. On the outside, the charge electrodes should be placed outside the living room. On the internal electrodes of capacitors Z 1і Z 3 such a charge is eliminated, like on the stars. Ale shards of charge on the internal electrodes are taken away for a small amount of charge for additional electrostatic induction, the charge of a capacitor Z 2 may have the same meaning.
We know the deep capacity of this change. so yak
U \u003d U 1 + U 2 + U 3
de U = Q/C zag; U 1 \u003d Q / C 1; U 2 \u003d Q / C 2; U 3 \u003d Q / C 3, then Q / C zag \u003d Q / C 1 + Q / C 2 + Q / C 3.
Short on Q, take 1 / C Zagaln \u003d 1 / C 1 + 1 / C 2 + 1 / C 3.
With the last connection of two capacitors, vicorist, we know
G OVR = C 1 C 2 / (C 1 + C 2)
In the event of a subsequent connection of n the same capacitors, the leather capacitance is on the base
Z OVR = Z/n.
When the capacitor is charged, the energy of that dzherel is transformed into the energy of the electric field of the capacitor:
W C = C U 2 / 2 or because of the fact that Q = CU,
Physically accumulated energy in electric field considered for the polarization of molecules and atoms of the dielectric.
When the capacitor plates are closed, the conductor discharges the capacitor and as a result, the energy of the electric field is converted into heat, which is seen when the stream passes through the conductor.
Electric lance. Ohm's law.
An electric lance is a collection of outbuildings that are used for the acquisition, transmission, transformation and conversion of electrical energy.
The electric lancet is made up of okremih outbuildings - elements electric lansyug.
Dzherelami electrical energy - electrical generators, in which mechanical energy is converted into electricity, as well as primary elements and batteries, in which chemical, thermal, light and other types of energy are converted.
Ohm's law- physical law, which signifies the connection between Electrodestructive force dzherela but with the strength of the struma and the support of the conductor.
Let's take a look at the house of the lancer zavdovka l and the area of the transverse section S.
Let the conductor be in a uniform electric field voltage. Under the direction of the field of the electric conductor, the accelerations of the ruh y in a straight line, along the vector ξ. Rukh electronics are blown until quiet feasts, until the stench swells with the ions of the crystal conductor's gates. With this, the speed of electrons decreases to zero, after which the process of accelerating electrons is repeated anew. Shards of ruh electronics are evenly accelerated, then they are average speed
υ cf = υ max /2
de υ max- The speed of electrons before closing with ions.
It is obvious that the speed of the electron is directly proportional to the strength of the field ξ ; later, and the average speed is proportional to ξ . Ale strum and strum width are determined by the security of the electronics at the conductor.
Electric robot that tightness.
We know the robot, how to create a strum to move the charge q according to the whole closed lance.
W I = E q; q = It; , E \u003d U + U W;
The value that is characterized by swidkistyu, with which the robot works, is called straining:
P = W/t. P \u003d U I t / t \u003d U I \u003d I 2 R \u003d U 2 / R;[P] \u003d 1 J / 1 s \u003d 1 W.
Q = I 2 R t
The deposit is determined according to the Lenz-Joule law: the amount of heat that is seen during the passage of the stream at the conductor, in proportion to the square of the force of the stream, the support of the conductor at that time the passage of the stream.
Characteristics of the magnetic field.
The magnetic field is one of the two sides of the electromagnetic field, which is characterized by an influx on an electrically charged particle with a force proportional to the charge of the particle of that particle.
The magnetic field is depicted by lines of force, which are moving around in order to align with the orientation of the magnetic arrows introduced near the field. In this rank, the magnetic arrows are test elements for the magnetic field.
Magnetic induction B is a vector quantity that characterizes the magnetic field and determines the force that affects the charged particle, that collapses, from the side of the magnetic field
Absolute magnetic penetration of the medium ma - a value that is a coefficient that reflects the magnetic power of the medium
The intensity of the magnetic field H is a vector quantity, as it lies in the power of the medium of residence and is only shown as streams in conductors, creating a magnetic field.
Conductor from the strum to the magnetic field.
On the conductor with a strum, which has a magnetic field (Fig. 3.16), there is a power. Oskolki strum at the metal conductor of the wires with a handful of electrons, the force that is on the conductor can be seen as the sum of the forces that exist on all the conductor's electronics with a dovzhina l. As a result, it is necessary to reduce the relationship: F = F O n l S,
de F O is the Lorentz force, which acts on an electron;
n – concentration of electrons (number of electrons per unit volume);
l, S - the length of the cross section of the conductor.
With the help of formulas, you can write F \u003d q o n v S B l sin b.
It is easy to understand that the dobut q o n v є thick struma J; otzhe,
F \u003d J S B l sin b.
Tver J S є strum I, then F = I B l sin b
Otriman's fallowness vibrates Ampère's law.
Directly forces are assigned to the rule of the left hand. Take a look at the phenomenon laid the foundation for robotic electric motors.
The transformation of mechanical energy into electricity.
Conductor from the strum of the premises near the magnetic field, the electromagnetic force F is direct, as it follows the rule of the left hand. Under the pressure of the conductor, the conductor shifted more often, then, the electrical energy turned into a mechanical one.
This is the image of the snake strum.
The change is called the strum, the change of which for the meaning is directly repeated after equal intervals of the hour.
Between the poles of an electromagnet or a permanent magnet (Fig. 4.1), a cylindrical rotor (yakir) is milled, and a set of sheets of electrical steel. At the anchor, a cat is strengthened, which is made up of the song number of turns of the dart. Kіntsі tsієї kotushki z'єdnаnі z kontaktnymi kіltsy, scho wrapped at once іz anchor. With contact rings, non-violent contacts (shields) are tied, with the help of such a cat the cat is hung up from the oval lance. The gap between the poles and the anchor is profiled in such a way that the induction of the magnetic field in the new one changes according to the sinusoidal law: B \u003d V m sin b.
If the yakir is wrapped in a magnetic field around the magnetic field, EPC induction is induced in the active sides of the coil (active sides are called those that are in the magnetic field of the generator)
Image of sinusoidal values behind additional vectors.
Let the vector I m wrap around with a constant apex frequency of the opposite arrow. The general position of the vector I m is inserted by the cut of Sh.
The projection of the vector I m on the whole is determined by the I m sin (w t + W), as it confirms the mitt value of the snake stream.
In this order, the hourly diagram of the snake stream is a vertical projection of the vector I m, which wraps around the swidkistyu sch.
The image of the sinusoidal values behind the auxiliary vector allows you to visually show the cob phase values and the phases between them.
On the vector diagrams, the vectors show the fluctuating values of the struma, the voltage and the EPC, the stink scales proportional to the amplitudes of these values.
Electric lansyug of a zminny strumu with an active support.
On the grips of the lansyug of the zminny struma, the voltage is u \u003d U m sin scht. Since the lanciug can only be an active opir, then, according to Ohm's law for dilyanki lansyuga,
i \u003d u / R \u003d U m sin u t / R \u003d I m sin u t,
de I m \u003d U m / R є viraz Ohm's law for amplitude values. Having divided the left and right of the part of that virase on, we take Ohm's law for the developing values:
Zіstavchi vrazi for mittєvih the value of the strum and the voltage, it comes to the point that the strum and the stress in the lance with the active support are shifting in phase.
Mitta's tension. As you can see, the tightness signifies the speed of vitrati energy and, later, the lances of the snake's struma, the change's size. For appointments, tightness: p = u I = U m I m sin 2 sht.
Looking at, sho sin 2 sht = (1 - cos 2sht) / 2 і U m I m / 2 = U m I m / () = UI, the rest is taken: p = UI - UI cos 2sht.
The analysis of the formula, which confirms this formula, shows that there is a mitigation of tightness, overwhelmed by the positive for the whole hour, cumulatively equal to UI.
Middle tightness. For the purpose of exercising energy for a long time, it should be done with an average swidkistyu of energy or with an average (active) tension. H = U I.
Units of active pressure є watt (W), kilo-(kW) and megawatt (MW): 1 kW = 10 3 W; 1 MW = 106 W.
Electric lansyug of a changeable struma with inductance.
Pіd deіyu sinusoidal voltage pass in a lance with an inductive coil without a ferromagnetic core sinusoidal strum i \u003d I m sin u t. As a result of which, for the most part, the coils are caused by a change in the magnetic field and in the coil L induced by EPC self-induction eL. At R=0 the voltage dzherela povnistyu ide vrіvnovazhennya tsієї EPC; otzhe, u = eL. Oskіlki e L = - L , then
u = L = L = I m sh L cos sht. or u \u003d U m sin (wt + de U m \u003d I m u L
Zіstavchi vrazi for mittєvih znachennya strumu and naprugi, it comes to vysnovka, stumu at lancezі s іduktivnіstyu vіdstaє in phase vіd narugi per ku p / 2. Physically, it is only explained that an inductive coil realizes the inertia of electromagnetic processes. Coil inductance Lє kіlkіsnym setting ієї іnertsії.
Let's see Ohm's law for the first Lanzug. From virazu (5.6) we see that I m = U m / (Sch L). Come on w L = 2p f L = X L, de X L- inductive opir lanzyuga. Todi otrimaєmo vy
I m = U m / X L
like Ohm's law for amplitude values. Having divided the left and right of the part of that virase on, we take Ohm's law for the developing values: I \u003d U / X L.
We analyze viraz for X L \u003d 2p f L. To increase the frequency of the struma f inductive opir X L increase (Fig. 5.8). Physically, it is explained by the fact that the increase in speed changes the struma, and also, EPC self-induction.
Let's take a look at the energy power of the lancer with inductance.
Mittyva tightness. Yak i for lancer z R, mittve the value of tension is determined by the additional mitt’s value of the tension and struma:
p \u003d u i \u003d U m I m sin (wt + l / 2) sin wt \u003d U m I m cos wt sin wt .
so yak sin scht cos scht = sin 2schtі U m I m / 2 = U I, then the rest can be: p \u003d U I sin 2 sht.
3 graph of fig. 5.9 it can be seen that with the same signs of tension, that struma mitteva tension is positive, and with different signs- Negative. Physically, it means that in the first quarter of the period of the windstorm, the energy of the dzherel is transformed into the energy of the magnetic field of the cat. A friend has a quarter of a period, if the stream changes, the cat turns the accumulated energy to the dzherel. In the next quarter of the period, the process of transferring energy with a dzherel is repeated thinly.
In this rank, in the middle the cat does not save energy and, later, active tension P=0.
Reactive pressure. For a sample characteristic of the intensity of energy exchange between the coil and the coil, the reactive pressure: Q = U I.
A unit of reactive pressure is a reactive volt-ampere (VAr).
Electric lansyug of a replaceable stream with an active support and inductance.
Lansyug is made up of peasants, the power of those in the house.
Let's analyze the work of this lancer. Let the strum at the Lanziug change according to the law i \u003d I m sin u t. Then the voltage on the active support u R \u003d U Rm sin u t, So, as on tsіy dilyantsі, the voltage and strum run in phase.
Voltage on the coil u L \u003d U Lm sin (wt + p / 2), spikes on the inductance, the voltage viperedzhaє in the phase of the strum per coil p/2. Let's have a vector diagram for the analyzed lancer.
Spachatku vіdkladєmo vector struma I then the voltage vector U R, which moves in phase with the strum vector. Cob vector U L, which viperedzhaє vector strumu on kut p/2, with the end of the UR vector for clarity of folding. Total voltage u \u003d U m sin (wt + c) vector U, Let's put the vector struma on the cut ts in phase.
Vectors U R, U L і U appease trikutnik naprug.
Let's see Ohm's law for the first Lanzug. On the basis of the Pythagorean theorem for a tricot, the voltage can be U=
ale U R = I R, a U L = I X L; otzhe, U = = I ,
Stars I = U / .
Let's introduce the value = Z, de Z- The latest opir of the Lanziug. Todi viraz Ohm's law in the future I will look I = U/Z.
Shards of the new opir of the lancer Z are attributed to the Pythagorean theorem, which is why it is supported by the tricot support.
Shards at the last load of the voltage on the plots are directly proportional to the supports; Zsuv phases c between the strum and the tension, it springs from the tricot of the supports: tg c \u003d X L / R; cos c = R/Z
For successive lancer let's wash up kut c view vector strumu I. Oskelki vector U failures according to the phase length of the vector I on kut c the opposite of the year's arrow, the whole kut may have a positive value.
We show the energy efficiency for the lancet with an active support and inductance.
Mittyva tightness.
p \u003d U I cos c - U I cos (2 sht + c).
Analysis of virazu, induced by the yoga basis, shows that the mittve of the meaning of the tension is fluctuating in the case of fasting UI cos c which characterizes the average stiffness. The negative part of the graph indicates the energy, like going from the dzherel to the inductive coil and back.
Middle tightness. The middle, or active, tension for this lancet characterizes the amount of energy on active support i, otzhe, P = U R I.
From the vector diagrams it can be seen that U R \u003d U cos c. Todi P \u003d U I cos c.
Reactive tightness. Reactive potency characterizes the intensity of energy exchange between an inductive coil and a coil: Q = U L I = U I sin c
Too tight. The concept of total tightness is to be assessed for the assessment of the boundary tightness of electric machines: S = U I.
Oskіlki sin 2 c + cos 2 c \u003d 1, then S \u003d
The unit of total tension is volt-ampere (A).
Electric Lansyug
Let's analyze the processes of Lancuga.
Asking for tension on the zatiskachi dzherel u \u003d U m sin u t then the strum at the lanciug will also change according to the sinusoidal law. Strum to name the formula i = dQ/dt. Number of electricians Q on the capacitor plates it is tied with a voltage on the capacitance and yoga viraz: Q = Cu.
Otzhe i \u003d dQ / dt \u003d U m u C sin (u t + p / 2)
In this order, the strum of the lances with the help of the phase of the voltage on the cut p / 2
Physically, it is explained only by the fact that the voltage at the tank is increasing due to the additional support of the charges on the side of the strum. Otzhe, the pressure blames less then the blame for the struma.
Let's see Ohm's law for the Lantzug іz єmnistyu. Virazu screaming, scho I
I m \u003d U m y C = ,
Let's introduce the notation: 1 / (uC) \u003d 1 / (2p f C) \u003d X C,
de X C- єmnіsny opіr lansyug.
Todi viraz Ohm's law is possible for an offensive look: for amplitude values I m = U m / X C
for fluctuating values I = U/X C.
3 formulas are clear, what is the variant of the opir X Changes with increasing frequency f. This is explained by the fact that at a higher frequency, a larger amount of electricity flows through the transverse section of the dielectric in one hour at the same voltage, which is equivalent to changing the support of the lancet.
Let's take a look at the energy characteristics of the lance with a capacity.
Mittyva tightness. Viraz for mitteva tightness may look
p =ui = - U m I m sin scht cos scht = - UI sin 2 scht
The analysis of the formula shows that in lance with єmnistyu, just like in lance with inductance, the transition of energy from the dzherel to the navpak is necessary. At times, the energy of the dzherel is transformed into the energy of the electric field of the capacitor. Z porіvnyannya virazіv i vіdpovіdnykh їm graphіkіv next, scho yakbi inductive coil and capacitor were switched on sequentially, between them in the exchange of energy.
The average tension of the lansyug is also equal to zero: P=0.
Reactive tightness. For a sample characteristic of the intensity of the exchange of energy between the dzherel and the capacitor, reactive pressure is used Q=UI.
Electric lansyug of a zminny strumu with an active support that єmnistyu.
Lanciug's technique Rі W similar to the technique of lansiug s Rі L. Asking Strum i \u003d I m sin u t.
Then the voltage on the active support u R \u003d U Rm sin sht.
The voltage on the capacity in the phase in the stream per coil l/2: u C \u003d U Cm sin (wt - l/2).
On the basis of pointing the virus, we will create a vector diagram for the first lancer.
From the vector diagrams you can see that U = = = I
Stars I = U /
adjust the level Enter the value =Z,
Viraz can be recorded at the sight I = U/Z.
Trikutnik supports for the looked-up lancet of the testimony of the little one. Rotation of the yogo side shows the rotation of the sides of the voltage tricot on the vector diagram. Zsv phases f in which direction is negative, so that the voltage is in the phase in the stream: tg c \u003d - X C / R; cos c = R/Z .
In an energetic way, lansyug Rі W formally not recognized as a lancer Rі L. Let's show it.
Mittyva tightness. If the phase of the struma is assumed to be zero, then i \u003d I m sin u t voltage in phase
vіd struma on kut ts | i, otzhe, u \u003d U m sin (wt + c)
Todi p \u003d u i \u003d U m I sin (wt + c) sin wt.
Having omitted the interchanges, we take away p \u003d U I cos c - U I cos (2 sht + c).
Middle tightness. The average tension is characterized by a constant warehouse mitteva tension: p \u003d U I cos c.
Reactive tightness. Reactive tension characterizes the intensity of the exchange of energy between the body and the mind: Q \u003d U I sin c.
so yak c< 0 , then reactive tension Q< 0 . Physically, it means that if the capacity is the source of energy, the inductance is slow, as if the stench is in one lance.
Electric lansyug of a replaceable struma with an active support, inductance and capacitance.
Lansyug with an active support, inductance and єmnіstyu є zagalnym drop of the subsequent launch of active and reactive poles and є poslіdovnim kolivalny circuit.
We accept the zero phase of the struma: i \u003d I m sin u t.
Then the voltage on the active support u R \u003d U Rm sin u t,
voltage on inductance u L \u003d U Lm sin (wt + p / 2),
voltage on the container u C \u003d U Cm sin (wt - p / 2).
Let's have a vector diagram for your mind X L > X C, then. U L \u003d I X L\u003e U C \u003d I X C.
Resultant stress vector U zamikaє bugatokutnik vektorіv U R, U Lі U C.
Vector U L + U C determines the voltage on the inductance and capacitance. As can be seen from the diagrams, the voltage may be less for the voltage on the skin s of the okremo. By the process of exchange of energy between inductance and capacity.
We show Ohm's law for the analyzed Lancug. Oskilki vector module U L + U C pay as a difference between the values of U L - U C, then with the diagrams you can see that U=
ale U R = I R; U L = I X L , U C = I X C;
otzhe, U=I
stars I = .
Vvіvshi sign \u003d Z, de Z - the last opіr of the Lanciug,
We know I = U/Z.
Retail between inductive and mnistible supports = X called the reactive support of the lanceug. Vahovuyuch tse, otrimaemo trikutnik supports for lansyug R, Lі W.
At X L > X C reactive opir positively and opir lansyug may have an active-inductive character.
At X L< X C the reactive opir is negative and the opir of the lansyug has an active-mnistical character. The sign of the phase difference between the strum and the pressure is automatically taken away, since the reactive opir is an algebraic quantity:
tg c \u003d X / R.
In such a manner, at X L ≠ X C transcends either inductive, or єmnіsny opіr, then from the energy points of the gap lanciug s R, L і Z lead up to the lance z R, L or R, C. Todi mitteva tightness p \u003d U I cos c - U I cos (2sht + c), why the sign c follow the formula tg c \u003d X / R. Vidpovidno active, reactive and povna tension characterized by virase:
P \u003d U I cos c; Q \u003d U I sin c; S= = U I.
The resonant regime of the robotic lanzug. Voltage resonance.
Let the electric lansyug take away one or more inductances of capacities.
Under the resonant mode, the robotic lancer understands the mode, in which the opir is purely active. According to the age of life, the elements of the lancer are driven in resonant mode as an active support, so the strum and the voltage of the non-galvanized part are shifted in phase. The reactive pressure of the lansyug is near zero.
There are two main modes: stress resonance and stream resonance.
Resonance voltage call the lancer's appearance with the last contour, if the lancer's strum fluctuates in phase with the tension of the dzherel.
We know the mind resonance of the voltage. In order for the strum of the lancer to move in phase with the voltage, the reactive opir can reach zero, since tg c \u003d X / R.
In this order, the mental resonance of the voltage is є X \u003d 0 or X L \u003d X C. Ale X L \u003d 2nfL, and X C \u003d 1 / (2nf C), de f is the frequency of the living room. As a result, one can write
2nf L = l/(2nf C).
Rozv'yazavshi tse rivnyannya shdo f, otrimaemo f= = fo
At the resonance of the voltage, the frequency of the dzherel is equal to its own frequency of the knocking circuit.
Viraz є Thomson's formula, which indicates the deposition of the water frequency of the coil to the circuit f according to the parameters L and С. fast strumu, and then close it to an inductive coil, then in the circuit change strum frequency f o . At the end of the inflow, the inflow in the circuit should be extinguished, moreover, the hour of extinguishing should lie in the value of the inflow.
Resonance of the voltage is shown by the vector diagram.
On the basis of diagrams and Ohm's law for the Lancer s R, Lі W we formulate the signs of the resonance of the voltage:
a) opir lancer Z = R minimal and daily active;
b) the strum of the lancet moves in phase with the tension of the dzherel and reaches the maximum value;
c) the voltage on the inductive coil is more expensive the voltage on the capacitors and the skin can significantly overestimate the voltage on the lants of the lancet.
Physically, it is explained by the fact that the voltage was dzherela at resonance, it was less to cover the losses at the circuit. The voltage on the coils and the capacitors is connected with the energy accumulated in them, which means more, the less you spend in the lances. The most important phenomenon is characterized by the quality factor of the Q circuit, which means that the voltage on the coil or capacitors is up to the voltage on the lancet at resonance:
Q = U L / U = U L / U R = I X L / (I R) = X L / R = X C / R
At resonance X L \u003d 2nf L \u003d 2p
the value = Z B is called the thin support of the contour. in such a manner,
Q = ZB/R.
The structure of the kolivalny contour to see a jet of resonant frequencies and to weaken the jet of lower frequencies is characterized by a resonant curve.
The resonance curve shows the staleness of the primal value of the struma in the circuit at the frequency of the dzherel for its constant frequency to the circuit.
The fallow is determined by Ohm's law for Lanziug s R, L and C. True, I = U/Z, de Z = .
The little one shows the stock of a jet support X = X L - X C Vіd dzherel frequency f.
The analysis of this graph clearly shows that at low and high frequencies the reactive support is a great strum near the contour of the malium. At frequencies close to f pro, reactive support is small and the contour is great. At what, what is the greater quality factor of the contour Q, Tim gostrіsha resonant curve contour.
The resonant regime of the robotic lanzug. Strum resonance.
Resonance of strums call such a phenomenon in the lance with a parallel kolyalny circuit, if the strum at the unbroken part of the lance is in phase with the tension of the dzherel.
A diagram of a parallel kolivalny circuit is presented on the little one. Opir R in the inductive chamber it is sounded by thermal inputs on the active support of the coil. By spending money in the legion, you can sneer.
We know the mental resonance of strums. Zgіdno z vzachennyam, strum zbіgaєtsya in phase with the voltage U. Also, the conductivity of the circuit can be purely active, and the reactive conductivity is equal to zero / The mind resonance of the stream is equal to zero of the reactive conductivity of the circuit.
For z'yasuvannya sign resonance strumov zbuduєmo vector diagram.
For that schob strum I at the unbroken part of the lancet, it fluctuates in phase with the tension, is reactive to the storage stream of the inductive coil I Lp is responsible for supplementing the strum module I C. Active storage jet of inductive hose I La the equal struma of the dzherel appears I.
We formulate the signs of the resonance of strums:
a) opir contour Z K maximum i purely active;
b) the strum at the unbroken part of the lancet fluctuates in phase with the tension of the neck and reaches a practically minimum value;
c) reactive storage struma in the cote d'orіvnyuє єmnіsny struma, moreover, qi struma can at a great extent outweigh the strum of the dzherel.
Physically, it is explained that for small losses at the contour (with a small R) Strum dzherela is used only for covering these expenses. Strum at the circuit of the exchange of energy between the coil and the capacitor. In an ideal mode (contour without vtrat) strum dzherela vіdsutnіy.
At the end, it is necessary to note that it is a manifestation of the resonance of the stream in a folding and a different manifestation of the resonance of the voltage. In fact, it was only seen more than a fraction of the resonance of radio technical resonance.
The main schemes for the planting of three-phase lances.
Schematic diagram generator
On fig. a diagram of the simplest three-phase generator is shown, for the help of which it is easy to explain the principle of omitting a three-phase EPC. In a uniform magnetic field of a permanent magnet, three frames are wrapped with a permanent apex swidkist, one is thrust into space, one is visible at a apex of 120 °.
At the moment t = 0 frame OH spread horizontally and EPC e A \u003d E m sin u t .
Such an EPC itself is inducible and framed BY if won turn 120 ° and take the position of the frame OH. Otzhe, at t = 0 e B = E m sin (wt -120 °).
Rosemary by a similar rank, we know EPC at the frame cz:
e C \u003d Em sin (sht - 240 o) \u003d Em sin (sht +120 °).
Scheme of an unconnected three-phase met
Winding saving method three-phase generator zirkoy chi trikutnik. At the same time, the number of return darts from the generator to the beginning changes to three or more.
Scheme of the generator windings, obtained with a star
On the circuit diagrams The three-phase generator is taken to look at three windings, rotated at a pitch of 120 ° one to one. When connected with a star (Fig. 6.5), the ends of these windings are connected to one point, which is called the zero point of the generator and is designated O. The cobs of the windings are designated by the letters A, B, C.
Scheme of the windings of the generator, connected by a tricot
When connected with a tricot (Fig. 6.6), the end of the first winding of the generator is connected with the cob of the other, the end of the other - with the cob of the third, the end of the third with the cob of the first. To points A, B, Z, attach darts of a good line.
Significantly, for the presence of the winding of the stream in the windings of such a winding, the shards of the geometric sum of EPC E A , E Bі E C equals zero.
Spivvіdnoshennia between phases and linear streams and voltages.
The system of EPC windings of a three-phase generator, which is used in the power system, is always symmetrical: EPCs are trimmed with constant amplitude and phase disruption by 120°.
Looks more symmetrical than the vanity (Fig. 6.10), on the yak
Z A = Z B = Z C = Z, ts A = ts B = ts C = ts.
Up to zatyskіv A, B, C fit the wires of the power transmission lines - the line wires.
Let's introduce the notation: I L- Line strum at the wires of power transmission lines; I F- Strum at the supports (phases) of advancement; U L- Line voltage between line wires; U F- voltage phase on the stress phases.
At the analysis of the phase scheme linear streams avoid: I L = I F, voltage U AB , U BCі UCAє linear, and the voltage U A , U B , U C- Faznimi. Adding the voltages, we know (Fig. 6.10): U AB = U A - U B; U B W = U B - U C; U SA = U Z - U A.
Z'ednannya adventure with a star
The vector diagram, yak indicative of equals (Fig. 6.11), may be based on the image of the star phase voltage U A , U B , U C. Let's sweat it out vector U AB- like a geometric sum of vectors U Aі - U B, vector U BC- like a geometric sum of vectors Uaі - Uc, vector U SA- like a geometric sum of vectors U Wі - U A
Polar vector voltage diagram
To complete the picture on the vector diagram of the image, there are also vectors and streams that are on the cut in the vectors of the phase voltages (the design is important inductive).
On the prompted vector diagram, the cob of all vectors are in one point (poles), which is called polar. The main advantage of the polar vector diagrams is її precision.
Rivnyannyam, scho zv'yazuє vectors and linear and phase voltages, please also the vector diagram fig. 6.12, yaku is called topographic. Vaughn allows you to graphically know the voltage between any points of the circuit, which is shown in fig. 6.10. For example, in order to determine the voltage between point C and point, how to divide navpil opir, inclusions in the phase, it is enough to put point Z on the vector diagram with the middle of the vector Uв. On the diagram, the voltage vector of the readings is dotted.
Topographic vector stress diagram
At more symmetrical modules of vector phase (linear) voltage equal to each other. The same topographic diagram can be drawn as shown in Fig. 6.13.
vector diagram phase and line voltages with symmetrical vanishing
Having lowered the perpendicular OM, we know from a right-angle tricot.
U L /2 = = .
AT symmetrical stars phases and linear strums and voltages connected with spivv_dnosheniya
I l = I F; U L = U F.
Appointment of transformers and yogo zastosuvannya. Attachment of the transformer
Purpose transformer for converting a changeable stream of one voltage to a changeable stream of another voltage. The increase in stress is needed for help promote transformers, change - lowering.
Transformers zastosovuyt at power lines, at tekhnіtsі zv'yazku, in automation, vimіryuvalnіy tehnіtsі and other areas.
Transformerє short circuits of the magnetic conductor, on which two or more windings are ripped. In low-power high-frequency transformers, like in radio engineering circuits, the core can be damaged by a magnetic circuit.
The principle of single-phase transformer Transformation coefficient.
The work of the transformer is grounded on the phenomena of mutual induction, as it follows the law of electromagnetic induction.
Let's take a look at the essence of the process of transformation of the stream and the voltage.
Schematic diagram of a single-phase transformer
When connecting the primary winding of the transformer to the measure of the changeable jet, the voltage U 1 pass the strum along the winding I 1(Fig. 7.5) to create a magnetic flux at the magnetic circuit secondary winding, induction in niy EPC E 2 you can vicoristovuvati for livelihood adventage.
The shards of the primary and secondary windings of the transformer are pierced by the same magnetic flux Ф, which can be recorded in the EPC windings as follows: E 1 \u003d 4.44 f w 1 F m. E 2 \u003d 4.44 f w 2 F m.
de f- The frequency of the zminny struma; w- Number of turns of windings.
Having added one equivalence to another, we take E 1 / E 2 = w 1 / w 2 = k.
The number of turns of the transformer windings is called transformation coefficient k.
In this way, the transformation coefficient shows how the effective values of the EPC of the primary and secondary windings are seen. From then on, at some point in time, the time of the mittvih value of the EPC of the secondary and primary windings will increase the coefficient of transformation. It is not important to understand that it is only possible with a complete change in the EPC phase in the primary and secondary windings.
If the lance of the secondary winding of the transformer is open (idle), then the voltage on the winding clamps is more expensive than EPC: U 2 \u003d E 2, and the voltage of the lifeline may be again restored to EPC of the primary winding U ≈ E 1. Father, you can write what k \u003d E 1 / E 2 ≈ U 1 / U 2.
In this way, the transformation coefficient can be assigned to the substituent by varying the voltage at the input and output of an unattached transformer. The voltage change on the windings of an unpowered transformer is indicated in the passport.
Vrahovyuchi high KKD transformer, you can enter, scho S1 ≈ S2, de S1=U 1 I 1- Tension, scho spozhivaetsya z merezhі; S2 = U 2 I 2- Tension, which is seen in the adventurousness.
in such a manner, U 1 I 1 ≈ U 2 I 2, stars U 1 / U 2 ≈ I 2 / I 1 = k .
Strumming of the secondary and primary windings is approximately equal to the transformation coefficient, to which the strum I 2 at the same time it changes (changes), at the same time it changes (changes) U 2.
Three-phase transformers.
At power lines, three-phase power transformers are more important. Starry look, design features that layout of the main elements of this transformer is shown in fig. 7.2. The magnetic conductor of a three-phase transformer has three strands, two windings of one phase are placed on the skin z (Fig. 7.6).
To connect a transformer to a power line on the tank roof, enter it with porcelain insulators, in the middle of which there are middle strands. The introduction of a higher voltage is indicated by letters A, B, C, lower voltage input - in letters a, b, c. Introduction zero dart roztashovuyut zlіva vіd vіdnya a that means O (Fig. 7.7).
The principle of robotic and electromagnetic processes in a three-phase transformer is similar to the one discussed earlier. The peculiarity of a three-phase transformer is the presence of the coefficient of transformation of the linear voltage according to the method of winding windings.
There are three ways to connect the windings of a three-phase transformer with the head rank: 1) connect the primary and secondary windings with a star (Fig. 7.8 a); 2) winding the primary windings with a star, the secondary windings with a tricot (Fig. 7.8, b); 3) winding of the primary windings with a tricot, secondary windings with a star (Fig. 7.8, c).
Ways to connect the windings of a three-phase transformer
Significantly, the number of turns of the windings of one phase with a letter k, What is the coefficient of transformation of a single-phase transformer and can be expressed through the change in phase voltages: k \u003d w 1 / w 2 ≈ U f1 / U f2.
Significantly coefficient of transformation of linear voltages with a letter h.
When connecting the windings behind the scheme of the star - star c \u003d U l1 / U l2 \u003d U f1/( U f2) = k.
When connecting the windings behind the circuit of the star - trikutnik c \u003d U l1 / U l2 \u003d U f1 / U f2 = k.
When connecting the windings behind the circuit trikutnik-zirka c \u003d U l1 / U l2 \u003d U f1 U f2 = k .
In this way, with the same number of turns of the transformer windings, it is possible to significantly increase or change the transformation coefficient by choosing the appropriate winding circuit.
Autotransformers and winding transformers
Schematic diagram of an autotransformer
At the autotransformer part of the turns of the primary winding is twisted like a secondary winding, so there is a magnetic link between the primary and secondary lances. Vidpovidno up to the first energy from the primary lancet is transmitted to the second one as for the help of the magnetic flux, which flickers along the magnetic circuit, and without any intermediary through the rods. Oskіlki formula transformer EPC zastosovna before the winding of the autotransformer so, as before the windings of the transformer, the transformation coefficient of the autotransformer is expressed in the same way. k \u003d w 1 / w 2 \u003d E 1 / E 2 ≈ U f1 / U f2 ≈ I 2 / I 1.
Due to the electrical connection of the windings through a part of the turns, which lie at the same time for the primary and secondary lances, pass streams I 1і I 2, yakі directing zustrіchno and for a small coefficient of transformation little vіdznyayutsya one kind of one for the values. Therefore, their difference is shown by a small winding. w 2 you can vikonati from a thin dart.
In such a manner, at k= 0.5...2 With larger or smaller coefficients of transformation, the autotransformer gains strength, shards and part of the winding, through the yak to pass the streaks. I 1і I 2, change to a few turns, and the cost of the stream itself increases.
The electrical installation of the primary and secondary lances causes insecurity during the operation of the device, so that in the event of an insulation breakdown in a lowering autotransformer, the operator can opine high tension primary stake.
Autotransformers stop for starting hard engines of a winding stream, adjusting the voltage in the lighting gaps, as well as in other fluctuations, if it is necessary to regulate the voltage in small gaps.
Vimiryuvalnі voltage transformers and struma vikoristovuyut for switching on vimiryuvalnyh priladіv, automatic control equipment and zakhistu at high-voltage lances. The stench allows you to change the size of the mass of vimiryuvalnyh outbuildings, increase the safety of the service personnel, expand the interim of the miiryuvannya by adjusting the vibrating stream.
Vimіryuvalnі voltage transformers serve to turn on the voltmeters and the voltage windings of the winding devices (Fig. 7.10). Shards of the windings can be a great opir and save a little tension, you can consider that the voltage transformers work in the idling mode.
Switching scheme mental knowledge voltage transformer
Vimiryuvalnі transformers strumu vicorist for the inclusion of ammeters and jet coils in the control accessories (Fig. 7.11). Qi coils may be even a small opir, so the struma transformers are practically used in the short circuit mode.
Scheme of inclusion and mental recognition of the vimiruval transformer strumu
The resulting magnetic flux at the magnetic circuit of the transformer is more diverse than the magnetic fluxes created by the primary and secondary windings. For normal minds, the work of the transformer is small. However, when the lances of the secondary winding are opened, only the magnetic flux of the primary winding will be used in the core, which significantly outweighs the retail magnetic flux. Spend in the heart sharply, the transformer will overheat and get out of tune. In addition, at the ends of a torn secondary lance, a large EPC appears, which is unsafe for a robotic operator. Therefore, the struma transformer cannot be connected to the line without a power supply attached to it. For the movement of the safety of the service personnel, the casing of the winding transformer may be connected to grounding.
Principle dії asynchronous dvigun Kovzannya and the frequency of the wrapping of the rotor.
The principle of an asynchronous dvigun of foundations on the basis of a magnetic field, which turns around, and the basic laws of electrical engineering.
When the engine is turned on to the edge triphasic struma at the stator, a magnetic field is established, which is wrapped around, the power lines of which are twisted by the strands or the coils of the rotor winding. With this, according to the law of electromagnetic induction, EPC is induced in the rotor winding, proportional to the frequency of the power lines. Under the influence of the induced EPC, a short-circuited rotor is blamed for significant jets.
According to the Ampère's law on conductors with a strum, which in a magnetic field, develop mechanical forces, like following the Lenz principle, try to find a reason that calls for induction of a strum, tobto. crossbars of the rotor winding strands with power lines of the wrap field. In this way, the mechanical forces that winkli will spin the rotor at the direct wrapping of the field, changing the tightness of the shear of the rotor winding with magnetic lines of force.
The rotor cannot reach the frequency of the wrapping of the field in real minds, so that these shear windings would appear to be unbreakable as magnetic power lines and induced jets in the rotor winding would appear. Therefore, the rotor wraps around with a frequency that is less than the frequency of wrapping the field, either asynchronously with the field, or asynchronously.
Even though the forces that tumble around the rotor wrap are small, then the rotor reaches a frequency close to the frequency of the wrapping field.
With an increase in mechanical stress on the motor shaft, the frequency of the rotor wrap changes, the jets in the rotor windings increase, which leads to an increase in the torque of the motor. At the current frequency, the wrapping of the rotor is restored equally between the galvanic and the moment that it wraps.
Significantly through n 2 the frequency of the rotor wrapping of the asynchronous motor Bulo is set, which n 2< n 1 .
The frequency of wrapping the magnetic field around the rotor, tobto. retail n 1 - n 2, name forgings. Ring out forging to turn around in parts of the frequency, wrapping the field and designate it with a letter s: s \u003d (n 1 - n 2) / n 1 Kovzannya to lay in the vіd vantagennya dvigun. At the nominal pressure value, it should be close to 0.05 for low pressure machines and close to 0.02 for heavy machines. From the rest of the equality, it is known that n 2 \u003d (l - s) n 1 . After the transformation, it is necessary to change the frequency of the wrapping of the engine, more convenient for distant mirkuvan: n 2 \u003d (l - s)
Shards in the normal mode of the work of the forging engine are small, the frequency of the wrapping of the engine is little compared to the frequency of the wrapping of the field.
Indeed, forging is often shown in squares: b = ·100 .
Bigness asynchronous motors forging is no more than 2 ... 5%.
Forging is one of the most important characteristics of the engine; EPC and rotor jet, torque, frequency of rotor wrapping are deflected through it.
With a non-destructive rotor ( n 2= 0) s = l. Such forgings can dvigun at the moment of launch.
It was planned, forging, to lie down at the moment of advancing on the shaft of the dvigun; Also, the frequency of the wrapping of the rotor depends on the galvanic moment on the shaft. Rated value of rotor wrapping frequency n 2, which confirms the rozrahunkovy values of the voltage, frequency and voltage measure, indicated on the factory shield of the asynchronous motor.
Asynchronous machines, like that electrical machines, werewolves. At 0 < s < l machine runs in motor mode, rotor wrap frequency n 2 less or better frequency wrapping of the magnetic field of the stator n 1. Alternately, with the help of a proper motor, spin the rotor up to the wrapping frequency, then a higher synchronous frequency: n 2 > n 1 then the machine will switch to the robotic generator mode of the squirrel. With this forging, it will become negative, and the mechanical energy of the drive motor will be converted into electrical energy.
Asynchronous generators and a changeable stream are little zastosovuyutsya.
Synchronous generator. synchronous motor
The rotor of synchronous machines wraps synchronously with the magnetic field that wraps around (their name). Scatters of frequency around the rotor and the magnetic field are the same, jets are not induced in the rotor windings. Therefore, the winding of the rotor takes away the life of the permanent strum.
The attachment of the stator of a synchronous machine is practically not visible in the attachment of the stator of an asynchronous machine. Lay at the stator groove three-phase winding, kintsі yakoї vyvodyat on klemovu panel Rotor deyakih vipadki vygotovlyayut like a permanent magnet.
Zagalny look synchronous generator stator
The rotors of synchronous generators can be explicitly pole (Fig. 8.23) and implicitly pole (Fig. 8.24). In the first type, synchronous generators are guided by quiet turbines of hydroelectric power plants, in the other - by steam or gas turbines of thermal power plants.
A glaring view of a non-salient pole rotor of a synchronous generator
A glaring view of a non-salient pole rotor of a synchronous generator
Life to the rotor winding is connected through forged contacts, which are formed from the middle rings and graphite shields. When wrapping the rotor, the magnetic field changes the turns of the winding stator, inducing EPC in them. To eliminate the sinusoidal shape of the EPC, the gap between the surface of the rotor and the stator should be increased from the middle of the pole piece to the edges (Fig. 8.25).
The shape of the surface gap that rose under the magnetic induction on the surface of the rotor in a synchronous generator
Frequency of induced EPC (voltage, struma) of a synchronous generator f = p n / 60,
de R- Number of pairs of generator rotor poles.
Mitteva tension p \u003d ui lance of the snake strum є function of the hour.
Let's take a look at the energy processes in Lancuse, which are formed from successively planted plots r, L and C (Fig. 1.13).
Rice. 1.13. Lantsyug, which is made up of successively made plots r, L and C
Rivnyannya for the voltage in the same country may look:
(1.26)
Obviously, for mitt's tensions on the lancet's tucks and on the lancet's okremi plots, it is necessary to equalize:
From the rest of the hangover, the strain on the gap with the support r є is a positive value and characterizes the irreversible process of consuming energy. Attenuation is indicated when the supply of energy is in the magnetic field of the coil i at p L< 0 – скорость возвращения энергии из этого поля. Мощность определяет при p C >0 speed of supply of energy in the electric field of the capacitor, and at p C<0 – скорость возвращения энергии из этого поля.
Give the voltage uі strum i є sinusoidal functions to the hour
Here the cob phase of the strum is taken equal to zero, which is handy, because the strum is hot for all the lancers. At this point, the phase of the voltage appears to be even φ. Mittevi stress on okremih plots at the same level
Evidently, for mittiev's strains on the okremi plots of the lansyug, it is necessary to use virazi:
Total pressure on condensers and coils
The tightness on the tightness of the entire lansyug appears at the sight
It can be seen that the average pressure on the coils and capacitors for the period is zero. The middle of the period is fatigue, tobto. tension is active, on the contraction of the entire lancet it is more than the average for the period of tension on the support gap:
(1.27)
The amplitude of colic pressure p x is equal to the absolute value of reactive tension.
All tensions change with a frequency of 2ω, which doubles the frequency ω of the struma and the tension.
On fig. 1.14 one under one given diagrams of struma i, tension and tension
Rice. 1.14. Strumu i diagrams, voltage
that tightness 
Small on the diagram. 1.14 a image of the value of the dilnitsa r. Mi, scho at the hour and the average value of one.
On the diagram in fig. 1.14 b the image is the size that lies up to the coil. Here the average value of p L is equal to zero. Energy is stored in the magnetic field of the coil, if the strum grows beyond the absolute value. When p L > 0. Energy is rotated from the magnetic field of the coil, if the strum changes beyond the absolute value. When p L< 0.
On fig. 1.14 in a quantity is given that lies before the capacitor. It's the same here, like on the coil, the average value of the tension is close to zero. Energy is stored in the electric field of the capacitor, if the voltage on the capacitor increases beyond the absolute value. When p C > 0. Energy is rotated from the electric field of the capacitor, if the voltage on the capacitor changes beyond the absolute value. When p C< 0.
Zі por_vnyannya diagram fig. 1.14 bі in Bachimo, scho in the case, which was prompted by these diagrams, the amplitude of the voltage on the coil is greater than the amplitude of the voltage on the capacitor, tobto. U L > U C . Tse vіdpovіdaє spіvvіdnoshenyu. On fig. 1.14 G for this type of change given the crooked struma, the voltage and the tension p x on the distance of the lance, which is formed from the coils and the condenser. The character of the crooked here is so the same, like on the cotters of the cat, to that in this vipadka. However, the amplitude of the tension u x i mitteva p x less than the amplitude of the values u L і p L . Tse remains the result of the fact that the voltages u L and u are prolong in phase.
Small on the diagram. 1.14 d the values are shown on the zatiskachi of the entire lansyug, as it appears to be the sum of the values on the diagrams of fig. 1.14 a, bі in or aі G. The mean value of tension is good. The fluctuations of this average value vary with the amplitude, which can be seen from the analytical virase for the river. Strum i vіdstaє vіd naprugi u on cut φ. In the interval from 0 to t 2, the tightness on the lancet grips is positive (p > 0) and the energy comes from the dzherel to the lancet. In the interval from t2 to t3, the tightness on the lancet grips is negative (p< 0) и энергия возвращается источнику.
If the mitt of the tightness on the laps of the passive lancet is positive, then such tightness is called the mitt of the relaxed tightness. If the tightness on the laps of a passive lancer is negative, then such tightness is called a tightness, as you can see.
The concept of mitt's tension allows a formalized look to define the concept of reactive and active elements of the electric lance. So, reactive elements can be called those, which we take the integral of mitt's tension for the first time interval to zero.
In the active elements of the electric stake, the integral of the intensity of the tension for the song interval of an hour is a negative value - the whole element is the source of energy - it sees the energy. In the passive elements of the lances, the integral of the mittevoi tightness for the song interval is the positive one - this element saves energy.
Since і, later, cosφ > 0, then the energy that is in the lance is signified by the positive area of the p(t) curve, rotates more to the core of the energy, which is signified by the negative area of the p(t) curve.
On fig. 1.15 for different time intervals, the dashed arrow shows the current straight line and the signs “plus” (+) and “minus” (-) the current straight line voltage on the lansyug and on all cutters.
Rice. 1.15. Right straight strumu and right straight line voltage
on the laps of the lancet and on all the stretches for different hourly intervals
The arrows on the tail plumage indicate the direction of the energy flow at the correct hour interval.
Small scheme 1.15 a vіdpovіdaє іn the interval іd 0 to t 1 by stretching thаt strum grows from zero to the maximum value. At the same time, energy is stored at the boiler. Since the voltage on the capacitor falls beyond the absolute value, then the energy of the electric field stored in the capacitor turns and turns into the energy of the magnetic field of the coil. In this situation, i p L > p C, the cat needs additional energy from the dzherel to live the lancer. Zhivlennya lansyug dzherelo pokrivaє also energy, which is clayed by the support r.
Small scheme 1.15 b vіdpovіdє іn the interval of the hour vіd t1 to t2. Strum i changes at every interval, and the energy turns from the magnetic field of the coil, often going into the capacitor, which is charged at every time, and often transforming into heat on a distance with a support r. At this interval, the strum is more than enough great value i, obviously, significant tightness. To that, it was dzherelo, like in the early interval, sending energy into the lansyug, often compensating for spending at the distance with the support of r. The moment t 2 is characteristic, that the value of the flooring has changed, that the speed of the change in energy in the boiler will accumulate the speed of the energy supply to the condenser and the deck with support r. At this moment, the tightness on the grip of the entire lancet is closer to zero (p = 0).
Small scheme 1.15 in depending on the coming interval of the hour from t 2 to t 3 the stretch of which stream changes from the value at t = t 2 to zero. At the same time, the energy continues to turn from the coils, going to the condenser, to the plot with the support r and dzherelo, connecting to the lancing of the lance. This interval has an hour p< 0.
The entire review interval is in half of the strum period (T/2). At the new povnistyu, one cycle of cogeneration of energy is completed, but the period of mittvazhnosti vdvichі is less than the period of strum. In the next half of the period of the change in the struma, the energy process is repeated and it is less effective to straighten the struma and all the stresses change on the stretch.
