Yaki є see illumination. Dzherela piece lighting
Entry
1. See piece lighting
2 Functional recognition of piece lighting
3 Dzherela piece vysvitlennya. lampi roasting
3.1. Types of heating lamps
3.2. The design of the heating lamp
3.3. Perevagi and short lamps rozharyuvannya
4. Discharge lamps. Significant characteristic. Galuzy zastosuvannya. vidi
4.1. Sodium discharge lamp
4.2. Fluorescent lamp
4.3. Mercury discharge lamp
List of references
Entry
The purpose of piece lighting is to create smart mind appearances, take good care of the self-esteem of the people and change the stubbornness of the eyes. With piece lighting, all objects look different, lower than daylight. To the fact that the camp is changing, the spectral warehouse and the intensity of the generation of the industry.
The history of the piece visvetlennya began the same time, if a person became a wild fire. Bagattya, tar skip and skіpka became the first piece of light. Then oil lamps and candles appeared. AT cob XIX centuries learned to see the gas and refined petroleum products, the gas lamp appeared, as if victorious until today.
When ignited, the gnat vikaє half-light, which shines. The half-lights grow lighter only once, if the body is heated up firmly by the half-lights. Do not bring forth light, less speech, brought to a baked state, make light. Near the half-light, particles of soot lightly bloom. At whom you can perekonatisya, like placing a candle over the half-lights of a candle or a gas lamp.
On the streets of Moscow and St. Petersburg, the lighting of oil lamps appeared in the 30s of the 18th century. Then the oil was replaced with an alcohol-turpentine sum. Pіznіshe, like a pale, they began to vicorist gas і, nareshti, luminous gas, which was taken off by a piece way. Svіtlova vіddacha of such dzherel bula was even small due to the low color temperature of half a day. Vaughn did not overwatch 2000K.
behind color temperature piece light is strongly ventilated in the daytime, and tsya vіdminnіst has long been marked by a changeable color of objects during the transition from the day to the evening piece lighting. We were marked in front of the change of the color of the clothes. In the 20th century, with wide widths of electric lighting, the change in color during the transition to piece lighting changed, but did not disappear.
Today, a rare person knows about the backwaters, as they prepared light gas. The gas was removed by heating stone wool in retorts. Retorts - ce great metal or clay empty boats, like they were reminiscent of coals and heated in the oven. The gas that was seen was purified and collected in spores for collecting light gas - gas holders.
Over a hundred years ago, in 1838, the St. Petersburg Gas Lighting Association initiated the first gas plant. Until the end of the 19th century, gas holders appeared at all the great places of Russia. The streets, railway stations, businesses, theaters and living quarters were lit with gas. In Kiev, engineer A.E. Struve had gas lighting installed in 1872.
The creation of an electric generator in a standing stream with a steam engine drive made it possible to widely exploit the power of electricity. The culprits slandered us about the fire of light and raised respect for the power of the electric arc, as Vasil Volodimirovich Petrov had predicted before in 1802. The blindly bright light allowed people to be able to move in the light of candles, candles, gas lamps and wind gas lighters.
At the arc lamps, it was possible to constantly put the electrodes with their noses one to one - the stench burned dryly. A bunch of them were destroyed by hand, then dozens of regulators appeared, the simplest of them being the Archro regulator. The lamp is folded from a positive non-destructive electrode fixed on the brackets, and a soft negative electrode connected to the regulator. The regulator is folded from the coils and the block with the vantage.
When the lamp is turned on through the coil, the strum passed through the coil, the core was drawn into the coil and introduced the negative electrode into the positive one. The arc was fired automatically. When the struma was changed, the susilla of the coil was retracted, and the negative electrode was lifted to a greater extent. These other systems did not develop a wide width due to the low pressure.
In 1875, roci Pavlo Mikolayovich Yablochkov uttered that simple solution. Vіn roztashuvav ugіlnі elektrodі in parallel, dividing them with an insulating ball. Vinahid is a little colossal success, and "Yablochkov's candle" or "Russian light" is widely known in Europe.
Pieces of lighting are transferred to the places where there is not enough natural light, or for lighting the place at the time of the day, if there is natural lighting during the day.
1. See piece lighting
Piece lighting can be wild(all vacancies are illuminated by the same type of lamps, evenly spread over the illuminated surface and by safe lamps of the same intensity) and combinable(Major illumination on robots is done with lamps, which are found at the apparatus, verstat, having fitted it toshcho). It is unacceptable to use only the light of the light, the sharp contrast between the brightly lighted and unlighted houses stings the eyes, improves the process of work and can cause unfortunate accidents.
2. Functional recognition of piece lighting
For functional recognition piece lighting share on roboche, chergov, emergency.
Robotic lighting obov'yazkovo at all places and on the illuminating territories for the provision of normal work for people and traffic.
chergov osvіtlennya switched on during the working hour.
Emergency lighting handed over for ensuring the minimum lighting in the workplace at the time of the rapt inclusion of the working light.
In modern bagatoprogon one-surface booths without light lights with one side slope daytime dobi zastosovuyt at once natural that piece of lighting (summіsne lighting). Importantly, so that the insults, seeing the illumination, harmonized one with one. For piece lighting, use fluorescent lamps in different dotsily.
3. Dzherela piece lighting. Roasting lamps.
In modern lighting installations, which are used for lighting industrial applications, as a light source, there are lamps for heating, halogen gas discharge.
Naka lampLebanon-- electrically dzherelo the light that shines with the body of which to serve in this way is the body of the heat (the heat is the conductor that heats up electric struma up to high temperatures. As a material for the preparation of the body of roasting, in the given hour, it is practically exclusively tungsten and alloys based on it. AT for example XIX- in the first half of the XX century. The roasting body was made from the most accessible and simplest material in the sample - carbon fiber.
3.1. Tipifrying lamps
The industry produces different types of heating lamps:
vacuum, gas supply(reminds me of argon and nitrogen), bispiral, h kryptonian .
3.2. The design of the heating lamp
Fig.1 Roasting lamp
Contemporary lamp design. On the scheme: 1 - flask; 2 - empty flask (vacuumed or filled with gas); 3 - body tension; 4, 5 - electrodes (strum insertion); 6 - trimachs-tila roasting; 7 - bottom of the lamp; 8 - zovnishnya lanka strumivvodu, zapobіzhnik; 9 - base case; 10 - basement insulator (slope); 11 - base contact.
The design of the fire lamps is also different and can be laid down depending on the particular type of lamps. Prote zagalnym all incandescent lamps are the same elements: filament body, bulb, current leads. Depending on the peculiarities of a particular type of lamp, there may be zastosovuvatsya otrimuvachі tіla razzharennya raznoї konstruktsії; The lamps can be made with baseless or with bases of various types, a mother supplementary flask and other supplementary structural elements.
3.3. Perevagi and short lamps rozharyuvannya
Advantages:
Minimum varity
Small roses
The need for ballasts
When turned on, the stench is lit by mayzhe mittevo
The presence of toxic components and, as a result, the importance of the need in infrastructure for the selection and disposal
Ability to work on fast stream(be it polarity), so on the snake
Possibility of preparing lamps for different voltages (for frequency of volts up to hundreds of volts)
Vidsutnіst merekhtinnya and buzzing when working on a zminny jet
Uninterrupted spectrum of viprominuvannya
Resistance to electromagnetic impulse
Possibility of victorious regulator in brightness
Normal operation for low temperature of the superfluous core
Noodles:
Low light output
Vidnosno small term of service
Rizka staleness of light output and the term of service in terms of voltage
The color temperature is more likely to lie in the range of 2300-2900 K, which gives a light of yellow color.
Lampi roasting represent I'll burn the nebezpeku. After 30 minutes after turning on the heating lamps, the temperature of the outer surface reaches in the fall due to the tension of the offensive values: 40 W - 145 ° C, 75 W - 250 ° C, 100 W - 290 ° C, 200 W - 330 ° C. with textile materials, the flask heats up even more strongly. Straw that hangs on the surface of a 60 W lamp will burn approximately 67 strands.
Light coefficient of brown light of heating lamps electric lines, more maly and do not overwhelm 4%
4. Discharge lamps. Significant characteristic. Galuzy zastosuvannya. See.
The rest of the hour is accepted to be called discharge lamps discharge lamps. Podіlyayutsya on discharge lamps of high and low vise. More important is the number of discharge lamps used in mercury vapor. Mayut high efficiency transformation of electrical energy in Svitlov. Efficiency is reduced by lumens/Watt.
The discharge lamps of the light (gas-discharge lamps) step by step light up the lights earlier than the ignition lamps, the linear spectrum of the heating industry is left with a short interval, the noise of the light is measured, the noise of the ballasts (PRA), the exposure to the penetration of mercury. high vice.
In the minds of increasing prices for energy and more expensive lighting fittings, lamps and components, more and more impudent demand for advanced technologies, which allow speeding up non-viral windows.
Significant characteristic of discharge lamps
Service term from 3000 to 20000.
Efficiency from 40 to 150 lm/W.
Vibrant colors: warm white (3000 K) or neutral white (4200 K)
Color transfer: good (3000 K: Ra>80), moderate (4200 K: Ra>90)
The compact expansion of the light arc allows the creation of light beams of high intensity.
Areas of congestion of gas-discharge lamps.
Shops and windows, offices and communities
Decorative lighting: lighting of living and living areas
Artistic lighting of theaters, cinema and stage (professional lighting)
See gas discharge lamps.
The greatest efficiency, for today, may discharge lamps in sodium vapor. The cream of the type of discharge lamps is wide wide fluorescent lamps(discharge lamps of low vise), metal halide lamps, arc mercuryfluorescent lamps. Smallest wide xenon vapor lampsa.
4.1. Sodium discharge lamp
Sodium discharge lamp(NL) - an electric light, which shines with a body that serves as a gas discharge in sodium vapor. Therefore, the spectrum of such lamps is more important than the resonant vibration of sodium; lamps give bright orange-yellow light. Tsya specific feature of NL (monochromaticity of appearance) calls out, when illuminated by them, an unsatisfactory quality of transmission to the color. Due to the peculiarities of the spectrum of CL, it is mainly used for street lighting, utilitarian, architectural and decorative. Zastosuvannya NL for clarification of virobnicheskih that community life it is bordered on the edge, and, as a rule, with an aesthetic character.
The fallow in the value of the partial pressure of the sodium vapor of the lamp is subdivided into sodium lampslow vise(NLND) that high pressure sodium lamps(NLAN)
Historically, the first sodium lamps were created low pressure sodium lamps (NLND). In the 1930s. this kind of dzherel light became widely spread in Europe. The SRSR carried out experiments on mastering the production of NLND, based on the development of models that were mass-produced, proteo implementation of them in practice glowing lighting broke through the development of technological lamps DRL, yak, in his line, NLS began to appear.
NLND are characterized by low features, which essentially complicate both their variability and their exploitation. First, parry sodium for the high temperature of the arc, even aggressively pour it into the slope of the colby, ruynuyuchi yogo. Through the chains of the NLND, ring out from the borosilicate warehouse. In another way, the efficiency of NLND depends on the temperature of the necessary medium. To ensure a comfortable temperature regime of the palnik, the rest is placed near the outer glass flask, which plays the role of a “thermos”.
fold high pressure sodium lamps(NLVD) there was another variant of the problem of suffocation of the material of the palnik in the injection of sodium vapor: the technology for the preparation of tubular palniks with aluminum oxide Al2O3 was developed. Such a ceramic palnik with thermally and chemically resistant material, which allows light to pass through, is placed near the outer flask from a heat-resistant glass. The empty old flask is evacuated and degassed significantly. Rest is necessary for maintaining the normal temperature regime of the robotic bed and zahistu nіobієvih. jet inputs in the form of atmospheric gases.
The NLVD burner is filled with a buffer gas, as it serves as a gas sum in a different warehouse, and they also dose sodium amalgam (alloy with mercury). Іsnuyut NLVS "with reduced environmental authorities" - mercury-free.
4.2. Fluorescent lamp
Fluorescent lamp- gas-discharging dzherelo svіtla, svіtlovy potіk of which is designated in the main svіtіnnyam luminophores under the influx of ultraviolet vaping discharge; we can see the light is sort of picked up from a number of vіdsotkіv.
Fluorescent lamps are widely used for deep lighting, with which the light output is much larger, lower in the lamps for heating the same recognition. Service term fluorescent lamps You can up to 20 times revisit the term of the service of the lamps of heating for the mind, the safety of sufficient power of electricity, the ballast and the maintenance of the fence for the number of commutations, otherwise it’s easy to get out of tune. The widest variety of similar lamps is a mercury fluorescent lamp. Vaughn with a glass tube filled with mercury vapor, applied to the inner surface with a ball of phosphor.
Fluorescent lamps are the widest and most economical light for creating rose-colored lighting in public buildings: offices, schools, primary and design institutes, pharmacies, shops, banks, businesses. With the advent of modern compact fluorescent lamps, which are recommended for installation in the original cartridge E27 or E14 instead of heating lamps, stinks began to gain popularity among consumers. Zastosuvannya electronic ballasts (ballasts) instead of traditional electromagnetic allows you to improve the characteristics of fluorescent lamps - help merehtinnya that hum, even more zbіshiti ekonomіchnіst, pіdvishchiti compactness.
4.3. Mercury discharge lamp
mercurydischarge lampsє an electric lamp of light, in which for the generation of optical vibration a gas discharge is generated in mercury vapor. For naming all types of such lamps, the term "discharge lamp" is used by the military lighting technology, which includes inclusions to the stock of the International Lighting Engineering Glossary, approved by the International Commission for Lighting.
Zalezhno vіd vise napovnennya razraznyayut discharge lampslow vise(RLND), discharge lampshigh vise(RLVS) that discharge lampssupratemporal vise(RLSVD).
Before low voltage discharge lamps bring in mercury lamps with a partial pressure of mercury vapor in the mode less than 100 Pa. For low pressure discharge lamps, the value should be close to 100 kPa, and for high pressure discharge lamps - 1 MPa and more.
For flashy lighting of workshops, streets, industrial enterprises those other objects, which do not hang high, to the point of color, stagnate discharge lamps of a high vise DRL type.
DRL(Dugova Mercury Luminophorna) - adopted by the military lighting technicians for the designation of the radar, for those for the correction of color light stream, straightened on polypshennya kolor, vikoristovuetsya vyprominyuvannya luminophor deposited on the inner surface of the flask.
Vlashtuvannya lampi DRL
The first DRL lamps were made with two electrodes. For the ignition of such lamps, a lot of high-voltage impulses were needed. Like yoga, the attachment PURL-220 was stuck ( Launcher attachment Mercury lamps for a voltage of 220 V). The electronics of quiet hours did not allow the creation of sufficient superstructures that could be fired, and a gas discharger entered the PURL warehouse, although the term of service is smaller, lower than that of the lamp itself. Tom in the 1970s. promislovіst step by step pinned the release of two-electrode lamps. Chotireelektrodni came to replace them, so they don’t overpower the outside outbuildings, which they fire.
In order to improve the electrical parameters of the lamp and the electric power supply, practically all types of radar, which may have an excellent current-voltage characteristic, which falls, require a different ballast, in the capacity of which, in most cases, the choke is switched on, switching on from the lamp in series.
Fig. 1 Mercury lamp in a high vise.
Chotiriohelectrodna lamp DRL foldable old glass flask(1), secure threaded plinth(2). The lamps are mounted on the bottom and installed on the geometric axis of the outer bulb quartz finger (discharge tube)(3), filled with argon from the addition of mercury. Chotireelektrodnі lamps basic electrodes(4) that rozashovanі order with them additional electrodes to ignite(5). The skin priming electrode is connected to the main electrode, which is located in the adjacent end of the discharge tube. streum-intermediating opir(6). Additional electrodes make it easier to light the lamp and make the robot work more stable during the start-up period.
In the rest of the hour, a number of foreign companies are preparing three-electrode lamps for DRL, equipped with only one electrode, which is ignited. Tsya design vіdrіznyаєєєtіlki ії bolshej tekhnologicheskoі і vіrobnіstvі, іn't hаνе аny іnshih іnshih іnshih vіdryelektrodnimi.
Principle dії
The light bulb is made of refractory and chemically resistant translucent material (quartz glass or special ceramics) and is reminiscent of strictly dosed portions of inert gases. In addition, metal mercury is introduced into the palnik, as in cold lamps May look like a compact bag or settle at a look at the deposit on the walls of the colby and (or) electrodes. The decay of the RLVD, which shines, is the stovp of an arc electric discharge.
The process of igniting a lamp equipped with electrodes, which is ignited, looking like an approaching rank. When a voltage is applied to the lamp, live energy between the closely spread main and igniting electrodes generates a glowing discharge, which is why the spray is small between them, as a matter of fact less than between the main electrodes, then, lower that voltage by breaking through that gap. In an empty discharge tube, add a large amount of charge (of large electrons and positive ions) to spray breakdown between the main electrodes and the ignition between them of a low-temperature discharge, which is practically easy to pass to the arc ones.
Stabilization of electrical and light parameters of the lamp sets in 10 - 15 minutes after switching on. For a while, the strum of the lamp significantly shifts the nominal one and becomes less than a support for the ballast. Trivality of the start-up mode to lie down at the temperature of the hot middle - it is colder, when the lamp burns up more.
The electrical discharge of a mercury arc lamp creates a visible change of blackite or violet (and not white as it is accepted to vvazhat) color, as well as a harder ultraviolet change. The rest of the luminescence of the phosphor applied on the inner wall of the oval bulb of the lamp. The red light of the luminophor, along with the white-green shades of the palnik, gives bright light, close to white.
Changing the voltage of the lifeline at the larger or smaller side calls for a change in the light flow. Reducing the voltage of life by 10 - 15% is acceptable and accompanied by a change in the light flux of the lamp by 25 - 30%. If the voltage of life is changed less than 80% of the nominal value, the lamp may not light up, but if it burns out, it will go out.
When the lamp is hot, it heats up a lot. Tse vymagaє vikoristannya at light fixtures from arc mercury lamps of heat-resistant wires, visuvaє seroznі vomogi to the level of contacts in cartridges. Shards of pressure at the bed of a hot lamp are growing, the voltage is increasing and breakdown. The value of the voltage of the life line appears to be insufficient for igniting a hot lamp. Therefore, before re-ignition, the lamp may cool down. This effect is a small amount of arc mercury lamps of a high grip, winding a short-hour interruption of electricity to extinguish them, and for re-ignition, a pause is needed to wake up.
Traditional galuzi zastosuvannya lamps DRL
Visvіtlennya v_dkritih territorіy, virobnichih, silskogopodarskih and warehousing facilities. Skrіz, de tse pov'zano z the need for great economy of electricity, qi lamps step by step vytіsnyayutsya NLVS (illumination mіst, great budіvelnyh maydanchikiv, high virobnichih shops and іn.).
List of references 1. Security of life. Abstract of lectures. Part 2 / P.G. Belov, A.F. Koziakov. S.V. Bєlov that іn; For red. S.V. Belova. - M: VASOT. 1993.2. Safety of life / N.G. Zanko. G.A. Korsakov, K. R. Malayan et al. For red. O.M. Rusakiv. - S.-P.: View of the Petersburg Forestry Academy, 1996.3. Dovidkov book of light engineering / For red. Yu.B. Eisenberg. M: Energoatomizdat, 1995.Piece lighting pіdrozdіlyaєtsya on work, emergency, chergov and ohoronne.
Robotic lighting- Visvіtlennya, scho ensuring the normalization of illuminating minds (illumination, akіst illuminating) at the premises and in the missions, vikonannya robs the posture of wakefulness.
Emergency lighting, at his own side, podrozdilyaetsya on the evacuation and illumination of security.
Evacuation lighting- Visvitlennya, recognized for the evacuation of people from the accommodation in case of emergency switching on of the working lighting. Evacuation lighting can be provided with the least lighting at the entrance to the main passages and at the exits: at the reception - 0.5 lux, in the open areas - 0.2 lux.
Security lighting- Vision, necessary for the continuation of work in case of emergency switching on of work lighting. It’s good to be a rustle at the vipads, if the timid is the timid overtolen that is the one who is obliged to the service of the servant of the funeral, the mechanisms can have reached Vibuh, I will, the abbess of people, the triviliy zbi technologic process, the roboti Obtykktv, the yaki zealous. Illumination of safety may be safe on working surfaces, the minimum illumination is 5% per worker, but not less than 2 lux at the middle of the day and 1 lux - on the territory of the enterprise.
Chergove visvitlennya is recognized for visvitlennya prismіschen at a non-working hour.
The security lighting is transferred between the territories, which are protected at a different hour. At the same time, the illumination should not be less than 0.5 lux.
Piece-by-piece hanging is secured by systems of flashy chi combined hanging. Zagalne vysvitlennya rozdilyaetsya in the wild evenly, as if it were roaming without rozashuvannya roztashuvannya working mіsts, and zagalno localized, with any placement of lamps in pov'yazane s roztashuvannya possession of that working mіsts. With the first - the height of the ceiling of the lamps, the type of lamps, the intensity of the lamps is thin. are accepted the same, in case of another - the listed indications may be different.
As for the nature of the victorious work, it is necessary to increase the illumination of the working area, and the general illumination is not enough, then in this way the additional illumination is in power. Odnochasne zagalne that mіstseve osvіtlennya ring "combination".
With piece lighting of working areas, the minimum lighting is normalized work surfaces fallow in the category and sub-order of the convoy work. The normative value of the minimum lightness was set by the National Security Service 2.04.05-98.
Lighting standards move the lightness scale by one slab in such situations:
a) with robots of I - VI grades, as a zorova robot, it takes over half a working day;
b) for promoted insecurity traumatism, as well as illumination from the system of indirect illumination to become 150 lux and less (robot on circular saws, guillotine scissors thinly);
c) in case of special promotions of sanitary services (for example, at the establishments of grub and chemical and pharmaceutical industries), as well as lighting from the system of indirect lighting - 500 lux or less;
d) pid hour of work or to the foreman pіdlіtkіv, yakscho illuminance vіd zagalny illumination - 300 lux and less;
e) for the amount of light in the presence of natural light and permanent refurbishment of those who work, as well as the illumination from the system of indirect lighting - 750 lux and less;
f) in case of careful details, which are covered with swidkistyu, which are more expensive or more than 5000 rpm, or objects, which are collapsing with swidkistyu, which are more expensive or more than 1.5 m / hv;
h) among the adoptees, de ponad half of the applicants are older than 40 years.
For the obviousness of one hour, how many signs of the norm of lightening should be raised by more than one scree.
At the occupants, robots of the IV-VI categories are conferred, it is necessary to reduce them by one salary for a short-hour change of people, or for the obviousness of possession, which will not require constant service.
At the vikonannі at the occupants robot I-III, IVa, IVb, IVc, Va discharges next to zastosovuvat system of combined visvelennia. The transfer of the system of indirect lighting is allowed due to technical impossibility or inadequacy of the power of public lighting, which is concretized by the Galuze standards of lighting, according to the authorities of the Sovereign Sanitary Inspection.
For the presence in one place of working and additional zones, there was a transfer of localized indirect lighting (for any system of lighting) of working zones and a lesser intensity of lighting of additional zones, ranging up to the category VIIIa.
Illumination of the working surface, which are created by lamps of indirect lighting in the system of combined lighting, are obliged to become at least 10% of the standard for combined lighting for quiet lights, like zastosovuyutsya for public lighting. In this case, the illumination can be not less than 200 lux with gas-discharge lamps, not less than 75 lux - with heating lamps. The creation of lighting in the form of glowing lighting in a combined lighting system of 5000 lux with gas discharge lamps and more than 150 lux with lamps of heating is allowed only for obviousness of priming.
In applications without natural light, the illumination of the working surface, which creates lamps of glowing illumination in a combined system, should be increased by one slab.
The increase in maximum illumination to the minimum is not guilty for the operation of the I-III discharges with fluorescent lamps 1.3, the lower lamps of light - 1.5, for the operation of the discharges IV-VII - 1.5 and 2.0 apparently.
Irregularity of lighting is allowed to be increased to 3.0 in quiet weather, if behind the minds of the technology, lighting fixtures can only be installed on the squares, columns or walls of the premises.
In the case of commercial premises, the illumination of the passages of that trade, where the robot is not carried out, is to be no more than 25% of the normalized illumination, which is created by lamps of luminous illumination, and not less than 30 lux with lamps of heating.
More light.
Daily lighting and one-hour lighting for lighting working surfaces with a light day of natural and piece lighting. It should be observed in the premises, in which the robots of the I-III categories are vibrated, as well as in the premises, where natural lighting is insufficient, and the actual coefficient of natural lighting becomes 80% and less than the normative one in case of room lighting, 50% less in case of upper lighting. The KEO value for the application with confusion of lighting cannot be less than a single value. The normative values of KEO for such applications are set by the National Security Service 2.04.05-98.
For a piece hanging with a confused hanging, a system of a single-piece hanging is used. Illumination of working surfaces in case of confused illumination is to blame but not lower normative values with piece visvitlennі.
Talking about the dzherel of light, you can see two main kind of lighting:
- - natural;
- - Piece.
Nature's vision is created by the springs of light of the natural character. Yogo characteristics, first for everything, lie down at the hour of the day, but so they themselves signify the geographic expansion of the masses, the hour of fate and the camp of the atmosphere.
Natural lighting is physiologically necessary for a person and the most friendly. Prote vono can secure the whole world for a normal life. Through tsche in a long time ago people began to shukati to a new addition - a piece of visvelennya.
Today, as a dzherela of piece lighting, as a rule, glowing lamps, fluorescent lamps, or dzherela svіtla appear, which vicorist light.
See piece lighting
Piece lighting is subdivided into sprats of various varieties. Use Chotiri vidi piece lighting. Ring out three of them to be installed at living quarters, the fourth to sound closer.
1. Zagalne.
In case of scorching illumination, there is an even distribution of light over the entire area. Tse reach the same age between the lamps, yakі equally rozsіyanі.
When the light is dzherel, localized in one point, there will be a difference in the brightness of the light, but sharp drops will be daily. A chandelier can be butt-stitched in the middle of the stele.
2. Mistseve.
In order to see the necessary objects or zones, vikoristovyte the lighting. Dzherelo svetla at its own roztashovuyt singing room: kitchen stove, work table part of the wall.
Behind the words of the designers, the lighting plays an important role in the design of the interior. Vono nada yoma povnoti and logical completeness. For example, at the office and bedrooms, you can light up more than one little light, raising your eyes to the bright.
Refurbished more see the illumination wash your wadi. So, the bright lighting includes the possibility of changing the direct direction of the main light flow, as well as the transcendental roaring of the light.
Misceve lighting at the same time allows you to see only a specific room of the room, as it clearly hangs by the localized dzherel of light.
3. Combined.
It is possible to sink all these nedolki, having eaten the moon and sleeping light at once. In this manner, the problem of the illumination of a modern life will be eliminated. To the very same combination of lighting, as if going in your own two in front, you can see the most often stagnant option.
4. Emergency.
Descriptions see the illumination zastosovuyutsya at living quarters. The fourth type of vision is emergency. It’s a pity, yoga can’t be used to learn from living quarters.
Zhivlennya dzherel svіtla tsgo kind of osvіtlennya to look like batteries. Auxiliary lamps of low intensity automatically turn on when the main jack is switched on.
Emergency lighting is not necessary for patients; turning off lights can cause serious injury.
The simplest butt is the booths with gatherings, which, due to the lack of light, are easy to fall into. And emergency lamps, stashed from the sides of the exits, protect the bags from similar inaccuracies.
In case of insufficient natural lighting, or 3 dark hours, achieve blockage of lighting. It is created by piece lamps of light and spreads roboche, emergency, evacuation (emergency lighting for evacuation), protection. If necessary, a part of the lamp of that kind of lighting can be victorious for earth lighting.
Robotic lighting is added to the fire and combo. In the case of indirect lighting, the luminaires are located near the upper area of the premises evenly (highly functionally evenly illuminated) or with improved lighting of those working areas (highly functionally localized lighting).
Combination of lighting - tse subdivision of glowing lighting with space. Misceve lighting allows you to take away the concentrating light flow without a middle on the working surface. In case of any illumination by luminaires of glowing illumination, which is created on it, it is to be no less than 10% of the standard for combined illumination.
Emergency lighting is recognized for the safety of work in case of emergency switching on of a worker, as it causes disruption of the normal maintenance of the possession of that mechanism, which can cause vibrations, burn or destroy people; Trival damage to the technological process; damage to the work of dispatcher points, pumping installations for water supply, sewerage, heating, ventilation, air conditioning. The minimum illumination in emergency mode is up to the Galuze standards, it is necessary to become at least 5% of the illumination, which is normalized for working indirect lighting, with which it is not less than 2 lux and 1 lux on the territory of enterprises.
Evacuation lighting is recognized for the evacuation of people from the premises in case of emergency lighting of working lighting. Vono may go to places that are not safe for the passage of people; at the aisles and at the gatherings, which serve for the evacuation of people; with the number of evacuees over 50 cases; along the main passages of the picking places, in some cases there are over 50 cases; in virobnicheskih occupants from permanently working people in them, deactivating people in case of emergency switching on of the working lighting, the consequences of the unsafe infliction of injuries to the working possessors.
Evacuation lighting can be safe at the entrances and gatherings, lighting is not less than 0.5 lux in the premises and not less than 0.2 lux in the open areas.
For emergency and evacuation lighting, xenon lamps, DRL, metal halide, high-pressure sodium lamps are not allowed to be stoked, and fluorescent lamps are to be stoked (stop below the minimum temperature, again not less than 5 ° C).
Lamps of emergency and evacuation lighting are due to come to the railing, so as not to lie in the railing of the working lighting. Luminaires for emergency lighting are due to fall asleep for operational lighting by type, size and special signs.
At a non-working hour, scho zbіgaєtsya with a dark hour, dobi, at rich vipads, it is necessary to ensure a minimum, piece-wise hanging for carrying a cherguvan bury. For the security lighting of the Maidanchiks in the enterprises, that earthly lighting is used to see a part of the lamps of the working emergency lighting.
For illumination, the application should be preceded by vicoristing gas-discharge lamps of low and high pressure (fluorescent, arc mercury lamps, metal halide, sodium, xenon).
Lights for roasting hot and easy to prepare, easy to use, do not fade additional outbuildings for inclusion in the merezha, a number of stotnyh nedolіkіv. Before them, one can see the minimum light output (7-20 lm / W), low CCD (10-13%), minimum term of service (800-1000). In addition, the spectrum of variation is seen in the light of the day overwhelmed by zhovtih and red exchanges, which leads to an insufficient adoption of the color of the most important objects by the people. Zastosuvannya lamps rozzharyuvannya allowed only at the time of impossibility or technical and economic inadequacy of the gas-discharging lamps of the light.
The most friendly with a hygienic look and economical fluorescent lamps. Luminescent lamp day light (LD) and day light with a reduced color transfer (LDC) may have a bright color of light, which in the spectrum is closest to day light. Lamps of white light (LB) may have a trifle of yellow colors, warm white color (LTB) - erysipelas, and lamps of cold white color (LHB) occupy an intermediate position between lamps LB and LD. LHB lamps are recommended to be installed at brewery premises with increased temperatures repeatedly, for example, at bakery halls of bakeries, breweries of breweries. As for the minds of the technological process in the workshops, low temperatures are maintained, for example, the laboratory workshop of a brewery, it is recommended to use LTB lamps.
Fluorescent lamps are 2.5-3 times more economical for heating lamps, may increase up to 5000-10000 years of service life and up to 78 lm/W light output. The surface temperature is low, which by 5 ° C exceeds the temperature again in the room, ensuring the safety of the fire. These lamps are characterized by lower brightness and blindness. Up to nedolіkіv overgrown with pulsations of the light stream; stroboscopic effect, after which one can see images of decal objects at once, there is a manifestation of direct movement, that parts of machines can be wrapped around unruly; the road is visually foldable; the glare is significant, which reduces the visibility through the superworld, the increase in the brightness of the working surface and the veiling effect, which reduces the contrast between the object and the background; sensitivity to low temperature fluctuations (optimum temperature is 20-25 ° C), changes are accompanied by changes in the light flow.
Arc mercury lamps (DRL) may have a great intensity (250-1000 W). The stench is designated for lighting the vineyards of 6 m and more, as well as open spaces. Such a DRL may be a guarantee of operational power, high light output (up to 55 lm / W), a great term of service. There is a short period (XV-7) of a great period (XV-XV) of the early after the inclusion of that day in the spectrum of the light flow of yellow-red warehouses. Chastkovo tse corrects zastosuvannyam luminophores on the outer bulb of the lamp.
Even more promising are metal halide arc mercury lamps of a high vice type DRI. In these lamps, the charge from the flow in the mercury discharge is vicarious, vicarious in the discharge of the middle halogen half of lukewarm and rare earth metals (especially their iodine half).
Due to their design, the DRI lamps are blown into the DRL through the phosphor ball on the outer flask. The stench is characterized by a high light output (up to 100 lm/W) and a shorter spectral warehouse of light (the color of the light is approximately the same as the color of the LHB fluorescent lamps). The service life of DRI lamps is up to 5000 years.
When choosing a lamp, you need to keep in mind that different types of discharge lamps are characterized by different pulsation coefficients. For example, for fluorescent lamps LD this coefficient is 50%, and DRL -65%. Adjust the pulsation coefficient of the heating lamps to 7%.
For fluorescent lamps, it is important to install bugatolampovі luminaires, which gives the ability to vicorate special switching circuits for changing the pulsation of the light flow and including the stroboscopic effect.
Fluorescent and other mercury lamps, which were out of order, are not guilty of uncontrollable wandering, the stench is supposed to be disposed of. Such a skin lamp. in the middle(povitrya, ґrunt), which is extremely unsafe for people's health. That is why, until disposal, faulty lamps are stored in warehouses. Before the lamps are brought to the site, mercury from them can be either eliminated or neutralized.
Rice. 50. Schemes for the design of the zakhis kut of the lamp:
a - h DRL; b, c - h tubular lamps
Dzherela of a piece of light due to obov'yazkovo roztashovuvatisya in illuminating fittings. The sukupnіst is called a chandelier. Luminaires provide the necessary direct light flow on the working surface, protect eyes from blind lamps, protect them from fog, mechanical unfriendly infusion dovkilla.
The lamps lie fallow under the stream of light near the expanse, they are subdivided into lamps of the direct, pink and broken light. The first ones direct at least 90% of the total light flow, the others - 40-60% from both sides, and the third - at least 90% uphill.
It is of great importance for the exchange of glare, made with lamps, majestic kut, making with vіdbivachem (small 50), and in lamps with fluorescent lamps, gratings, which are screened. The Zahisniy Kut is guilty of overshooting 30°.
Fallow in the form of a constructive vikonannya, luminaires for protection, protection, closed, pile-proof, moisture protection, vibuhozahisn, vibuhobezpechni are distinguished.
Pieces of lighting are supplied to the hosts, who have a lack of natural light, as well as for lighting the homes of that year, if there is natural lighting during the day.
According to the principle of organization, piece-by-piece display can be divided into two types: blazing and combined.
Illumination is recognized for illumination of the premises, it can be equal or localized. I create a more evenly illuminating mind for the victorious work in any place of the illumined expanse. In case of scorched localized illumination of the lamp, it is possible to expand the lighting up to the level of expansion, which allows the creation of increased illumination in the working areas.
Combination of lighting is made up of the main and the mass. It is docily to control with high-precision robots, as well as for the need to create a robotic directness of the light flow in the robotic process. Misceve illumination is recognized for illumination of less than working surfaces and does not create the necessary illumination on the adjacent plots. It cannot be stationary and portable. The stagnation of less than the local illumination in the virobnicheskih places is occluded, the shards of sharp contrast between the brightly illuminated and unilluminated places stomp the air, the improvement of the robotic work is often the cause of unfortunate vipadkivs.
For functional recognition, piece lighting is divided into work, emergency, evacuation and security.
The robotic lighting is transferred to all the places of the future, and to bring the workers into the open spaces, recognized to work, the passage of people and the traffic of transport.
Emergency lighting at the premises and on the missions of the viconnance works as necessary, as a result of switching on the working lighting and lighting, and the lighting is caused by the disruption of the technological process or the work of life safety. The minimum lighting, created by emergency lighting, is due to become 5% of the lighting, which is normalized for working lighting, but not less than 2 lux, and not less than 1 lux for the territory of enterprises.
Evacuation lighting next to the places where people pass through, at the aisles and at the gatherings, which serve for the evacuation of people from a total of over 50 people. Tse lighting can be safe on the ground of the main passages (or on the ground) and at the gatherings, the lighting is not less than 0.5 lux at the premises and 0.2 lux on the open area.
Security lighting is transferred between the territory, which is protected at night. Protective lighting may be safe, lighting less than 0.5 lux or less on equal ground.
Dzherela piece lighting
Like a dzherela of piece lighting, the lamps are ignited and gas-discharge lamps.
At the lamps, the fire with a dzherelom lighted up the fire of tungsten drіt. Qi lamps give an uninterrupted spectrum of improvement with an increased (along with natural light) intensity in the yellow-red region of the spectrum. Behind the design, the heating lamps are vacuum, gas-filled, spiralless (halogen).
With a glaring little lamp of lighting up, a small term of service (less than 2000 years) and a small light supply (setting the light flow created by the lamp to a reduced electrical intensity) (8-20 lm / W) are reduced. In industry, the stink knows to stop for the organization of the mass exhibition.
The most zastosuvannya in industry is known to be gas-discharge lamps of low and high pressure. Discharging lamps of low pressure, called luminescent, sweep the glass tube, the inner surface of which is covered with a phosphor, filled with a dosed amount of mercury (30-80 mg) and the sum of inert gases under pressure is close to 400 Pa. On the opposite ends of the tube, electrodes are placed, between them, when the lamps are turned on, a gas discharge is produced in the measure, which is accompanied by changes in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum. Tse viprominyuvannya, with its blackness, transforms into a phosphor on a visible light viprominuvannya. Fallow in the warehouse of the luminophor, luminescent lamps can vary in color.
In the rest of the rocks, gas-discharge lamps of low pressure appeared from the vbudovannym high-frequency conversion. The gas discharge in such lamps (the titles of vortex) is ignited at high frequencies (tens of kHz) for which the high light is provided.
Mercury-arc lamps (DRL) are brought up to gas-discharge lamps of a high vice (0.03-0.08 MPa). In the spectrum of viprominence of these lamps, the warehouses of the green-blankite region of the spectrum are more important.
The main advantage of discharge lamps is their longevity (over 10,000 years), economy, low preparation, friendly spectrum of industrialization, which ensures high quality of color transfer, low surface temperature. The light output of these lamps is no more than 30 to 105 lm / W, which in some cases exceeds the light output of the heating lamps.
Standardization of piece lighting
The minimum illumination of working surfaces in industrial premises is established in a fallow manner, depending on the characteristics of the zonal work, and is regulated by the daily norms and rules of SNiP 23-05-95 * "Natural and piece lighting."
Characteristics of Zoro's work is determined by the minimum size of the object of differentiation, the contrast of the object from the ashes and the power of the background.
The object of disaggregation is an analysis of an object, except for one part or a defect, as a follow-up to control the process of work.
The background is on the surface, lay down without a middle to the object of differentiation, de vin is looked at. The background is important: light for the coefficient of fermentation ( ) light flow over the surface over 0.4; moderately light with a coefficient of impact from 0.2 to 0.4; dark for a coefficient of fermentation less than 0.2.
The contrast of the object of differentiation with the background ( Before) depends on the absolute value of the difference in the clarity of the object AT 0 ta background AT f to the greatest of these two radiances. The contrast is considered great - with values Before over 0.5; average - at values Before vіd 0.2 to 0.5; malim - with meanings Before less than 0.2.
Vіdpovidno to SNiP 23-05-95 all zorovі works are divided into 8 ranks fallowly according to the scope of the object of division and the minds of zorovї work. Permissible value of the least lightness of working surfaces in virobnicheskih prismіshchennyah dpovіdno to SNiP 23-05-95 induced at addendum 1.
Crimium color dzherel light and color processing of the interior, which is added to the subjective assessment of lighting, an important parameter that characterizes the brightness of lighting, the coefficient of pulsation of lighting Before P :
de E Max- the maximum value of pulsating lightness on the working surface;
E xv– minimum value of pulsating lightness;
E Wed- Average lightness value.
Pulsations of illumination on the working surface, not only stop the light, but may also not adequately react to the object, which is to be feared for the appearance of a stroboscopic effect. The stroboscopic effect is a change or a change in the movement of an object, which appears to be light, periodically changes with a singing frequency. For example, like a white disk, which wraps around, with a black sector visviting with a pulsating light stream (spalakhs), then the sector will be given up: unbreakable at a frequency f Vsp =f turn, which is properly wrapped around the return bik when f Vsp >f turn, which is properly wrapped in the same book when f Vsp <f turn, de f Vspі f turn- depending on the frequency of the spalls and the wrapping of the disk. Pulsations of illumination on objects that are wrapped around can cause the visibility of their unruliness, which in its own right, can become a cause of injury.
Value Before P change in the number of watts (for heating lamps) to the number of tens of watts (for fluorescent lamps). Male value Before P for lamps, the roasting is explained by the great thermal inertia of the roasting thread, which crosses the commemorative change in the light flow. F ln lamps at the moment of transition of the mitt value of the variable voltage of the line through 0 (div. Figure 1a). At the same hour, gas-discharge lamps have a small inertia and change their light flow. F l may be proportional to the amplitude of the tension of the measure (div. small 1a).
Malyunok 1a
Malyunok 1b.
To change the pulsation coefficient of lightness Before P fluorescent lamps include different phases of a three-phase electric circuit. Do a good job of explaining the lower curve to the little one 1b, demonstrating the nature of the change in the hour of the light stream (and the illumination associated with it), which is created by the triplet of fluorescent lamps 3 F l, turn on the phase BUT and in three different phases. In the rest of the fall, for the fluctuation of the zvu phases for 1/3 of the period, the dips in the light flux of the skin lamps are compensated by the light fluxes of the two other lamps, so that the pulsations of the total light flux gradually change. At this average value of illumination, created by lamps, it remains unchanged and lies in the way they are turned on.
Vidpovidno to SNiP 23-05-95 Before P normalize fallow according to the category of well-known robots in case of blindness R:
,
de s- coefficient of slickness, which is determined as:
,
de B fir- Threshold difference between the brightness of an object and the background when an object is detected on aphids of equal brightness;
(B fir )
S- those are for the obviousness in the field of the gleaming (clear) light.
On the illumination of the working surfaces near the target, add the fermentation of that clay light by the walls, laying on those other surfaces, rise from the lamp to the working surface, become the light of the surface of the lamp, revealing the rose of the light. As a result of which, there is less than a part of the light stream, which is vindicated by the light.
Coefficient of variation of the lighting installation
Rozrahunok of piece lighting transmitting: choose the type of dzherel light, lighting system, luminaire, conducting lighting technical rosrahunkiv, rozpodil luminaires that are designated by the lighting system of tension. The value that characterizes the efficiency of the light source is called the coefficient of the light flux or the coefficient of the light output of the lighting installation. ) and is regarded as a reference to the actual light flux ( F fak) to the total light flux ( F amp) vikoristovuvanih dzherel svetla, appointed for their nominal intensity according to the normative documentation:
,
The value of the actual light flow F fact can be relied upon for the results of testing in a medium-light environment E Wed behind the formula:
,
de S- Area of application, m2.
When designing lighting for assessing the light flow F fact vikoristovuetsya formula:
,
de E- Standardized illumination, lm;
K h- Coefficient of stock, which is the old age of lamps, sawn and polluted lamps (sound K h- 1.3 for heating lamps and 1.5 for fluorescent lamps);
Z- Coefficient of illumination unevenness (sound Z = 1,1-1,2).
Vіdobrazhuvalnі authority vіdobіshchennya vіdobіshchennya can be vrahuvati for an additional coefficient vіbrіdіzhennya svіtlovogo flow . In times of equal diffuse fermentation, if the bright light flow rises with the same brightness in all directions, the clarity of the dilyanka is evenly diffusely diffused on the surface:
,
de E- Illumination of surfaces.
Vimiryati illuminance, created by different dzherels of light and parity with normalized values. Behind the varying values of illumination, the coefficient of the variation of the illumination installation is determined. Vymіryat that porіvnyati coefficient of pulsation of illumination, created by different lamps of light, estimate the fallow of the coefficient of pulsation of illuminance according to the method of connecting lamps to the phases of a three-phase line.
Description of the laboratory setup
The laboratory installation is composed of a mock-up of a sampler, equipped with different lamps for piece lighting, and a luxmeter-pulse meter for measuring the value of illumination and the coefficient of pulsation. The layout and the luxmeter-pulsemeter are installed on the laboratory table.
The old look to the layout of the representations of the little one 2.
The model may have a frame 1 with an aluminum profile, an underlay 2, a stele 3, side walls can be fixed and can be installed from two sides in the middle of the layout of the accommodation, fixing in the openings of the frame behind the help of magnetic shutters. One side of the walls is tipped at light tone, the other side is at dark tone, while the lower side is tipped with half of the dark wall for the upper one.
The front wall is zhorstko 5 mounted in a frame and vikonan with a toned transparent fold. At the front lower part of the frame 1, a window for the installation of a vibrating head 6, a luxmeter-pulsemeter 7, was placed in the middle of the frame.
There are 2 ventilator 8 on the premises for maintaining the stroboscopic effect and cooling the lamps in the robotic process.
On the stele there are 3 placements of 7 cartridges, in which two fire lamps 9 are installed, three lamps 10 fluorescent type KL9, a halogen lamp 11 and a fluorescent lamp 12 type SKLEN with a high-frequency switch.
The vertical projection of the lamps is indicated on the bottom with 2 digits, which corresponds to the numbers of the lamps on the front panel of the layout.
The power supply of the installation is automatically activated, which is located on the rear panel of the frame, it is registered by a signal lamp, placed on the front panel of the frame.
On the front panel of the frame (Figure 3) there are stashed controls and controls, including:
– lamp for indicating voltage increase;
– jumper for fan boost;
– jumpers (1-7) for boosting lamps.
Figure 3
Electricity of lamps for heating and fluorescent lamps is installed in different phases. The scheme allows you to turn on the skin lamp for additional auxiliary switches, roztashovannyh on the front panel of the frame. On the back panel of the frame, zashtovanie automatic locking and a double socket with a voltage of 220 for the connection of switching devices.
The luxmeter-pulsemeter is folded from the data processing unit 1 (baby 4) ON OFF”, control button “ HOLD”, indicator button “ Pіdsvіchuvannya”, rose type D.B.-9 . On the rear wall of the signal processing unit, the battery cover is ripped. The photodetector with corrective filters, which shape the spectral characteristics, is placed near the photometric head 2 (Figure 4). When the live power is on, the attachment works like a luxmeter-pulsemeter (TKA-PKM) and allows you to control the light
range from 10 to 200000 lx and coefficient of pulsation in the range from 1 to 100%.
Figure 4
To modify the characteristics of the modification, it is necessary to expand the photometric head of the attachment in the plane of the object, which is to be modified.
To carry out the simulation with the “TKA-PKM” attachment, it is necessary to turn it on with the “ ON OFF". On the screen, when the notice appears, a letter from the company of the picker and the name of the accessory will appear. Under the hour of the war, the symbol “ Battery”, which informs about the battery life.
For the correct zeroing of the accessory, darken the sensor of the accessory and press the button " HOLD". The zeroing process is accompanied by writing on a rare crystal indicator. CHECK IN, GO VIMIR».
Illumination of the vimiruval part under the hour of zeroing will lead to the wrong vimiriv by the year!
After the appearance of a pre-perezhuvalny writing, it will switch to the main mode of vimiryuvan. The first row is to bring in-line illumination at the lux (klk). E =”, in another row, the value of the pulsation coefficient of the light flow in% is displayed in% “ Before P = ».
In order to reduce the illumination, it is necessary to expand the photometric head parallel to the plane of the object, which is observed (when the photodetector is on, it is not the fault of the fall of the operator’s view, which vibrates the light, as well as third-party objects). Check for 3 seconds and check the value of the digital indicator. With an increase in the signal, made by a dzherel of a light stream, in a row E an automatic transition of the numerical value of the brightness of the click is performed. When you leave for the intermediary lighting, you will appear written " LIGHTING».
For memorization of the measured indication on the indicator of the accessory, it is necessary to briefly press the button " HOLD". To continue dying, press the button “ HOLD».
Yakshcho pіd hour roboti prilada z'appear wrote: “REPLACE THE BATTERY”, then it is necessary to replace the life element.
After the end of the vimiryuvan, the attachment vibrates, pushing the button " ON OFF».
Vimogi security for the hour of vikonannya laboratory work
Students are allowed to work if they are aware of the power of the laboratory installation, the principle of safety and security calls for an hour of laboratory work.
To prevent overheating of the installation when the lamps fail, it is necessary to turn off the fan.
After carrying out the laboratory work, switching on the power supply to the stand and the luxmeter-pulsemeter.
The procedure for conducting laboratory work
Set the walls to the layout of the intended placement in such a manner that the sides, poofed in dark tone, turn back to the placement.
Notice the installation behind the automatic machine help, which is located on the rear panel of the frame.
Turn on the lamps for the next time (the choice of lamps is determined by the order of the day).
To reduce the illumination and the pulsation coefficient for the skin switched on lamp behind the auxiliary luxmeter-pulsometer is not less than the lower at five points of the layout of the vibrational environment (near the center and corners of the corners), determine the average value of the illumination E Wed .
Equalize the values as a result of variance of the value of lightness and the coefficient of pulsation with acceptable values
Set up the walls of the layout of the intended accommodation in such a way that the sides, barred by the light, turn back inside the accommodation.
Decrease the lightness not less than the lower one at five points of the layout of the sampled area, indicate the average value of the lightness.
Equalize the values as a result of variance of the value of lightness and the coefficient of pulsation with acceptable values
Calculate the value of the actual light flux for the variant with dark and light glare for the results of lightness reduction for the option with dark and light walls F fact behind the formula:
,
de E Wed- Average value of illumination, lx;
S- The area of the layout layout, m2.
Calculate the factor of the lighting installation for the option with dark and light stained walls according to the formula:
.
Sumarny light potik F lamps choose for the nominal intensity of the skin type of lamps according to table 1.
Table 1 Technical characteristics of lamps
* After the minimum volatility of the mountain (2000)
Equalize the values of the coefficients of different lighting installations, omit for different varieties of different lamps and different bulbs.
За допомогою люксметра-пульсометра виміряти коефіцієнти пульсації освітленості при включенні однієї люмінесцентної лампи, потім - двох і нарешті, при включенні трьох люмінесцентних ламп типу КЛ9 (слід врахувати, що люмінесцентні лампи включені в три різні фази трифазної мережі, тому вимірювальну головку люксметра розташовувати в геометричному center of the lamp switching system).
Equalize the values of the coefficients of the lightness pulsation with the allowable values. Explain the subtracted results.
Turn on the KL9 type fluorescent lamp at the center of the installation and the fan. Wrapping the “Frequency” knob, which regulates the speed of the wrapping of the fan blades, select such a frequency, with a stroboscopic effect (the blades are not shattered).
Turn off the stand. Scribble down about the work.
Table 2 The results of lightening and lighting control of laboratory work (light, dark side of the wall)
|
Lamp type |
point no. |
Illumination, lux (E) |
Average illumination, lx |
Normative value of lighting, |
Actual light potik, lm |
Coefficient victoria |
Coefficient pulsations |
||
|
Fluorescent lamp, 9W | |||||||||
|
Fluorescent lamp, 11W | |||||||||
|
Burning lamp recognition | |||||||||
|
roasting halogen | |||||||||
Table 3. The results of the simulation of the pulsation of the light flow
The call is guilty of revenge:
Name that meta robot.
the order of the work.
A description of victorious fittings and possessions.
Tables of results of vimiriv.
The results of the processing of experimental data from different roses.
Visnovki schodo dermal point in the order of the work.
Control nutrition
1. What is the purpose of seeing?
2. Perekhuyte see lighting fallowly in the light of the light.
3. What is the flow of light, the power of light, lightness, brightness?
4. What are the systems of piece vision?
5. Look at piece lighting for functional reasons.
6. Name the box of piece lighting.
7. Why does the principle of standardization of the parameters of the light medium apply?
8. What is the coefficient of pulsation of the light stream?
9. How can I change the pulsation coefficient of the light stream?
10. Explain the essence of the stroboscopic effect.
11. What is the coefficient of lighting installation?
