Panel booths material wall. Internal panel walls of civil houses
Internal walls panel booths Mayut, as a rule, single-row razrіzannya. According to the old walls, a rosette is established, which confirms the dimensions of the constructive and planning center. For the obviousness of the door openings in the panel, they are designed to be closed with a jumper above the opening and a jumper (or a reinforcing link) under it. For an addendum, to the end of the opening, zastosovuyut T-i G-like picks (Fig. 18.2). The panels of the inner walls are worked on the center-to-center embossing behind the static scheme of a thin plate, riveted along the vertical edges of the walls perpendicular to the straight line, and the horizontal ones - with overlaps.
Panels of load-bearing walls sound like a sucilny cut. Rich empty panels are installed at different walls for load-bearing walls of elements ventilation ducts. The material of the wall panels is hard concrete. Walls made of lightweight concrete are less likely to be blocked if they are technically primed and economically docilly. The minimum class of concrete walls for the mіtsnіstyu on stisk for important concrete is 15, for light concrete 10.
The thickness of the panels of the internal load-bearing walls is determined by the material of the middle section of the panel, the assembly of the node, the support of the overlaps on the wall and the sound insulation. The minimum weight of 1 m of panels with a strong cross-section, molded from important concrete, at different stosuvannia in acoustically uniform walls and partitions is 400 kg with a sound insulation index due to repeated noise R w = 50 dB, 300 kg with R w = 45 dB and 150 kg with R w \u003d 41 dB, which matches the thickness of the panels 160, 120 and 60 mm. If you need more sound insulation in panel booths, acoustically heterogeneous designs with flexible screens or single-ball designs of a larger group are installed. Vymogi zvukoizolyatsi ї vrakhovuyut at recognized not only pererіzіv konstruktsiї, scho protect, but also її spoluchen z іnshimi elements budіvlі. For this purpose, at the sticks of internal walls with outer walls and with overlaps, the mutual bypass to the depth is not less than 30 mm, the attachment of monolithic splines is successful at the sticks with load-bearing structures, and in the sticks with non-bearing structures, the throat is sealed (spring).
Wall panels are designed with concrete without vertical reinforcement. At the same time, they transfer okremі elements of rozrachunk reinforcement (at the lintels above the openings) and constructively double-sided reinforcement with vertical transverse frames of 600-900 mm crochet over the entire area of the panel, as well as steel elements of zv'yazkіv. Cast-iron concrete panels (with rozrahunkovym vertical reinforcement) are rarely, the main rank of the lower surfaces of tall buds for the need to save the unified comrades of the wall.
Horizontal junctions of the panels ensure the strength of the spores in case of force surges. Cistiks are designed with contacts to transfer the vertical tension through the wall panel, which is higher to lie, to the lower lying one through the horizontal or concrete seam, or platform with the transfer of tension through the supporting boards of the overlapping panels.
The platform stick (Fig. 18.4) is the widest, which allows the vins to be stuck in the simplest form. Sound the wines to remove three seams from the cement gap: two horizontal (under and above the overlaps) with a thickness of not more than 20 mm and one vertical (between the ends of the elements of the overlaps). Mіtsnіst stіn іn zonі stіkі to lay іnіd mіtіnіstі rozchinu іn іm thаt size majdanchik spirannі perekritіv іn sіnu. When changing the thickness of the difference between zero and 15, the thickness of the wall in the growth zone is 2.5-2.7 times. To this, before the installation of panels on a regular basis, є obov'yazkovoy.
Continued Sticks (Fig. 18.5) War down from Outirants Plittіv on Spetsіalnі ConsoleI Internal Country ABO ABO VIPUSIV - "Palzіv" Nastilіv Podritіv at Vіdpovіdnі ї ї Pasya at the top of the steinovo panels for analogue З З Зовной пінінь пририть. . A shortcoming of the first option is the need for powering consoles. The stench of negligence in the interior and the way of preparing the panels. A small part of the other is the need for damage to sound insulation overlapping in the areas of yogo non-sheltered adjoining to the wall (between “fingers”) and their manifestation in the interior.
The contact stick should be stuck with pairs of panels of heavily stressed walls with rich hollow overlaps. Vіn including the problem of tenditny crushing of thin slabs of reinforced concrete over voids. However, the richly hollow concrete slabs overlap at the platform sticks with the movement of the supporting space of the supporting yards to overlap the path of monolithic emptying.
Horizontal sticks of wall panels sound flat. The embossed horizontal planes sound safe and secure, zusil zsuva vіd vplyu vіru for rahunok rubbing that zcheplennya roschin. In case of intensive horizontal inflows, for example seismic ones, the strength of horizontal sticks on the ground is increased by the way of laying of reinforced concrete and steel dowels (Fig. 18.6).
Mineralization and soundproofing of vertical sticks of panels of load-bearing walls when it is necessary to secure the attachment of keyed monolithic joints with the transfer of the opening to the keys on steel links between wall panels for analogy with the solutions of vertical sticks of walls (divine walls).
Vymogi _industrial_zatsії prizvodivat to expand the functions of structures, yakі nasichut elements of the engineering possession of that measure. At the panels of the inner walls, there are demo-ventilation and ventilation ducts, singed registers, scorched risers, and electrical wiring (Fig. 18.7). When placing opiate registers from thin steel pipes in a concrete panel, internal load-bearing or self-supporting wall will not follow structural functions heating element- scorching panels in the scorching system in the panel on top and at the bottom of the transfer pipes, which allow the risers to be stacked during the installation of the bud. Raztashuvannya stoichikov white edges of wall panels that adjoin to the outer walls, improving the temperature difference on the inner surface of the walls near the stick zone.
Walls with dim channels, which allow gas to be injected with a temperature of up to 600 ° C (type of plates, which work on solid fire), it is allowed to stand in booths with a height of no more than five surfaces. Such walls are designed to be self-supporting and cast from panels (demo-ventilation blocks), curtains on top, molded from heat-resistant concrete.
Walls with dim channels, yakі vіdvodvat gas with a temperature not higher than 200 ° C, also designed as self-supporting, the panels of such walls are molded from the most important concrete class not lower than 30 or from lightweight concrete class 15.
Walls with ventilation ducts are designed as load-bearing, self-supporting and non-bearing. Fallow in the surface of the future ventilation system, install ventilation blocks with a height on top of single-row rotting of round or oval channels with a cross-sectional area of not less than 200 cm 2 or shafts with large channels of a rectangular or square cross-section with walls up to 1: 1.5. Water-reinforcement of canals at the places of obtaining blocks and mines is ensured by sealing of horizontal sticks. Ventilation blocks are installed for load-bearing and self-supporting walls, ventilation shafts- for self-supporting or non-load-bearing structures that are installed on the ceiling (at the boudins of the raised surface).
The ventilation panels of the shaft, which are installed above the mountain ceiling or the roofless roof, are designed with insulation with a heat transfer support in the walls of the outer walls, not less than 0.85 R 0 TP for the outer walls.
Shafts of dimovidalennya (near budinkas with a height of over 9 tops) are designed with self-supporting concrete or non-supporting ones with a fire resistance limit of at least 1 year.
Arrangement in the panels of the walls of the elements of the engineering possession or the measure is not guilty to reduce the cracks or sound insulation. In this way, constructive reinforcement of ventilation blocks and mines with protective meshes of the front surfaces and additional reinforcement of the surface of the wall panels at the places of ventilation of the channels are transferred. attached electrical wiring. At the panels of the inter-apartment walls, there are separate channels for attached electrical wiring at the semi-zhny apartments, the power supply of open openings at the panels at the seats is turned on, holes for the installation of soldered boxes, socket outlets and vimikachiv.
Lift shafts vykonuyut s important concrete class 20 in the view of the volumetric air-concrete blocks-tubes for one or two lifts. At the set with them, a flat cast-in-place concrete slab covering the shaft and pedestal stands under the buffer of the elevator cabin are installed. The elevator shafts are designed as self-supporting structures with a wall thickness of at least 100 mm. To ensure sound insulation, the walls and the foundation of the shaft are water-reinforced in the design, which is covered by a gap. A gap of 20-40 mm between the shaft and between the overhead overlaps is covered with soundproofing gaskets.
The internal walls of monolithic and selective-monolithic buds are designed as monolithic, with an important class for the squeezing not lower than B25 and the curtains are not less than 160 mm, for budinkas with a height of up to 16 surfaces with a small cut of transverse walls. In the booths of a large surface (or a wide cut of the transverse walls), the width of the inner walls should not be less than 200 mm. Like panel, monolithic internal walls, they are designed more importantly with concrete (without vertical reinforcement). Structurally, the reinforcement is made up of transverse steel frames with 600-900mm crochet, tied with 400-500mm crochet by horizontal shear bars at a single reinforcing block. With warehouse elements, there is a reinforcing reinforcement frame above the door lintel and constructive frames along the edge of the opening contour.
Tsі priyomi є the main pіd hour of the design of the elements of monolithic internal walls. Other constructive approaches are connected without intermediary with the type of structures that adjoin (selected or monolithic) and schemes of their concreting (one-hour or sequential).
In case of one-hour concreting of internal walls and overlappings in bulk formwork, the unevenness of the overlapping slabs with the supportive and supporting reinforcements on the support is ensured. However, the technology is connected with concrete step-by-step internal and external (їх internal sphere) walls. For your safety sleeping robot transfer reinforcing dowels with a croque of no more than 900 mm (Fig. 18.8), which can be included between the elements of selected structures or a monolithic wall.
When concreting in a shield formwork, it is safe to immediately link the outer (inner ball) and inner walls (later and transverse), which simply asks the installation of reinforcing bars between them: they are cast from bent reinforcing cages (Fig. 18.9). On top of the height, the frameworks are connected between themselves with rimmed haircuts less, lower at two equals.
For overlapping of intersurface ties, vertical reinforcing cages should be moved 200 mm higher than the rib of the intersurface overlap, which allows them to “overlap” with the frame more than the stitched top. At the crossroads, the frames are tied with a knitting dart.
More and more often, stagnation of wall panels in a low-surface everyday life is repaired, but few people know about this technology. To add a lot of swindlers to bring in like panel pickers, so do housekeepers themselves, like they don’t tell until the end about the different nuances in the view of some panels and others. In this article, we will try to get to know more about similar life technology.
Classification of panel walls
Most Russians have the phrase " panel living life» call out, persh for everything, associations with modern richly superficial panel booths or de z memorable "Khrushchev". Panel booths far from elite, prote stinks are readily available for the middle class and will be drunk quickly. It should be noted that the cheapness of the existence of such life can be explained by the cost of large concrete wall panels.Panels - tse budіvelnі elements, yakі occupied great area that one is noticeably thin. Such panels are created from light porous concrete or important concrete in factory minds. The stench is characterized by a great degree of readiness. Often, the wall panels are made from ready-made ovnishnoy obrobka, as well as with budding door and window openings. The inner side of such panels is often already ready before gluing with trellises or stuffing. The installation of the panels is carried out even quickly behind the help of a crane, so the workers only have to lay the sticks and carry out the work of the internal work.
In terms of the constructive basis, all panel buildings can be divided into three types: panel-frame, frame and frameless. In the first view, the frame and panels are a single structure that they carry, in the other view, the focus is transferred to the frame, and in the third view, all the view is transferred to the load-bearing panel walls. It should be noted that frameless booths can be both with non-load-bearing transverse walls and with lower ones (including the inner wall). Similar technology has a few advantages: daily columns in the middle of the working day, ease of installation, savings when building a frame. Most often, the frame technique is used in booths with a non-standard and folding design, or in booths with a large number of surfaces.
All the outer panels are also divided into sprat types, fallow in their designation: hanging (the walls are laterally transferred to the frame of the bud), self-supporting (the walls take on only their own water) and non-bearing (the walls take on the water and overlap).
Also, the panels are one-, two-triballed. For the preparation of single-ball vicor panels, light porous concrete is used, for vicor-vault panels, a cast-in-place concrete base with an insulating core, and for tri-ball panels, two cast-in-place concrete shells with an insulated core. On this day, zabudovniks more and more often vicorist three-ball panels, regardless of their great art. Practically all single-ball panels do not meet current heat saving standards, regardless of those that require lower weights and materials.
On which we will finish the excursion with a richly topped booth. Possibly, for someone who has wine, it is necessary to tell about everything, like panels made of porous concrete, or important concrete, are practically not victorious for the life of individual houses? On the right, in the fact that it is possible to carry out a great number of analogies from the panels, as if it were sounding to stop at a low-surface everyday life. In this rank, more information has been brought in, it will not be a zayvoi.
Sandwiches budivelni
As you can see, in the zamіskom residential life, concrete panels are practically not vicorated. In that case, as a matter of necessity and priming, the memorials will vicorist a large-format ceramic block, or a concrete monolith with an unknown formwork, like a heat-insulating unit. Sound the panels victorious in panel-frame and frame booths. The basis of similar booths is wood or wooden materials, which are combined with different heat insulation materials. As it was predicted earlier, in empty frames they are filled with various materials, including wall panels. It is clear that the main focus is on the frame, so that the panels play a key defensive role, protecting the internal premises from the outside vents (wood, snow, thin wind). When carrying out an analogy with a richly superficial life, there will be a scheme of hanging or self-supporting panels, as if they transfer their power to the frame of the booth. The similar panel is guilty of confirming the same parameters of the material, such as the basis of vicorous material: OSB, DSP, chipboard, and so on. Krіm tsgogo, the wall is responsible for protecting the internal premises in the cold, for which the insulator is responsible for the warehouse of the panels. We take the title of “sandwich” (two stone plates with a ball of insulation between them) for granted. In other words - a tri-ball panel was made, only with environmentally friendly and lightweight materials, a replacement for a cast-in-place concrete shell.
It should be noted that the variant of the tri-ball design cannot be simplistic to ensure the tightness of the panels, as it is not the fault of the vologer, and again. The very reason for the storage of panels also includes vapor barrier membranes, windproofing and waterproofing sheets, as well as drywall, as a black version for interior improvement. In this rank, the match with the sandwich is 100% true.
Fallow in the form of technologies, the back of the house, the sandwich panels are built for the house and the ceiling, for the internal partitions and for the outer walls. Different panels are presented with different requests, so the same panels are called one after the other. For example, in covering panels thickness of mineral wool insulation can exceed 150 kg/m3, and wall panels - not lower than 110 kg/m3. Also, similarly, they signify a transverse cut of the frame ribs, a necessary joint of heat-insulating balls, a method of sealing hermetically. different parts all designs and so on.
To create a pro-groove of insulation in sandwich panels, ring vicorous mineral-cotton pro-shafts or polystyrene. Significantly, the cream of high heat-insulating powers, sandwiches with polystyrene are significantly lighter, lower with mineral wool insulation.
Panel-frame life
Panel panels, which are built into a panel-frame booth, are not only fenced, but also serve as functions of load-bearing structures. Zavdyaks of this stench can finish a stіyky and mіtsny frame of special blocks (I-beams, channel bars and so on) and wood.Cі panels є practi cally ready-made walls booth. Ogorodzhuvalnye slabs with OSB at the bottom with the frame create a superb mechanical basis, as a building vitrimatization of both overlapping and covering. In the middle of the panels there are elements of communication and insulation, doors and windows open also in the panels. On the inner side of the wall panel, the sound is refinished with gypsum plaster for finishing.
The manufacturing of wall panels is carried out at the factories with a high degree of accuracy (the maximum tolerance for a given size is less than a kilo of millimeters). If this panel is delivered to the weekly Maydanchik for additional special transport, then the stench is mounted literally in a few days. It should be noted that at the first hour of the life of a panel booth, there is no need to consume it in a small frame of life. The role of this frame is engraved with wooden beams, which are glued into the panel (from the sides) at the factory.
Practically all modern sawmills for folding vicorous boards are either OSB (Oriented Strand Board) or OSB (Oriented Strand Board). Slabs with oriented flat chips are the result of high-tech reworking of wood and lead to ecological non-shedding (which cannot be said about chipboard) and high characteristics of minerality. Often finish the frame of the panels with glued timber, which does not change its geometry in any way. in such a manner, panel frame booth, promptings on the basis of wooden materials, you will not be shy before any gardening processes.
At the panels that are being protected, there is also a vicorous waterproofing, a windscreen and so on, like in other sandwich panels. And the axis of the insulation can be twisted differently. Warming materials with mineral wool have become popular, as they can effectively withstand the cold, it is practical not to take in water and not to burn. However, when folding the panels with vicorist, you need to use other types of insulation, including expanded polystyrene. Such a way of insulating the panels should be looked at more closely, even if it is not for nothing that the manufacturers blame similar panels in the same category under the name "SIP-panels" (Structural Insulated Panel). For the preparation of sheathing slabs, OSB-3 collars are used, close to 12 mm, and for insulation, expanded polystyrene PSB-25 is used. The next step is to indicate that all these components and vice versa are glued together to complete the structure. For monolithic gluing, such panels (with a width of 1250 millimeters) building vitrimat about 10 tons of vertical tension and transverse tension of about 2 tons per one square meter area.
Zavdyaks to the physical power of the materials, which vikoristovuyutsya every hour of the creation of materials, SIP-panels are resistant to temperature drops from -50 to +50 degrees Celsius, not weak to rot and freezing, and also do not take moisture. Takozh important momentє the fact that the glued foam polystyrene does not allow the slabs of the skin to show through under the pressure or axial pressure. It is a similar feature to build SIP panels with the optimal material for the life of outdoor walls. Another positive quality of SIP-panels is environmental friendliness, which are victorious with their composition, materials, as well as their high indicators of the plan fire safety. The panels themselves are technologically similar to those in the sample, and in the next sample.
Like visnovok, it can be said that all the greater popularity comes from panel life in the sphere of low-surface living life. The panel booths are reminiscent of a small vartist in povryvnyanni with beamed or flat, small terms of everyday life, as well as the geometric accuracy of victorious elements.
2. Construction civil life with walls from large-sized elements
1. Panel walls and their elements:
a) single-ball concrete panels;
b) 2, 3 ball concrete panels;
2. Horizontal and vertical panel sticks.
3. Internal walls of panel booths.
1. Panel walls and their elements.
Wall panels through their values of length and height, with a small tovshchina, do not suffer from self-supporting stability. Tsya stability is ensured by fastening of panels between themselves, with overlapping structures and other.
Depending on the design scheme, the wall panels can be divided into bearing, self-supporting and hanging ones. The panels of the outer walls can be one and the same spherical.
a) Single ball panels they are made from a homogeneous low-heat-conductive material (light or porous concrete), the class of materiality of which is responsible for the trends that are accepted, and the community, in addition, vrakhovuvati climatic mind district budivnitstva. The panel is reinforced with a steel frame and mesh.
From the outer side of the panel, a scorching ball is made of important concrete with a thickness of 20 ... 40 mm or decorative slotted concrete (for protection from atmospheric inflows) and from the inner side - a sintering ball of cement or vape-cement with a thickness of 10 ... 15 mm.
good material for single-ball panels є nіzdryuvaty concrete shіlnіstyu 600...700 kg/m3. The thickness of the panels made of cold concrete should be laid down according to climatic conditions and is accepted from 240 to 320 mm. Cі panels zastosovuyut for budіvel with transverse load-bearing walls, and ovnіshnі sіnovі panels є self-supporting. The end walls are made up of two panels: internal load-bearing - from reinforced concrete and external self-supporting - from porous concrete. Single-ball panels can be simple constructive solutions and manufacturing technology.
Widely zastosovuyt single-ball claydite-concrete panels class B5 thickness 800... 1100 kg/m3. The outside of the surface of the panel is made of a textured ball with a thickness of 20 mm from decorative concrete, and the inside is a finished ball with a thickness of 10 mm from a size that fits into the shape when the panel is prepared. After the installation of the panel, spackle the putty and fill it from the inside or glue it with trellises.
b) Two-ball panels folded from a load-bearing ball from a thick lightweight or important concrete class B10...B15 thickness over 1000 kg / m3 and a ball that is insulating - from heat-insulating light or cold concrete or hard thermal insulation plates. The thickness of the bearing ball for wall panels is due to but not less than 60 mm and to expand it from the inner side of the placement, so that the windows are also vapor barrier. The heat-insulating ball is protected by a ball of decorative concrete with a size of brand 50 ... 70 tovshchina 15 ... 20 mm. If you want to put insulating material at the look of nap_zhorst thermal insulation slabs or pouring, which are laid in a way, then the load-bearing concrete ball is taken with ribs along the contour or often ribbed.
Triball panels are made up of two thin cast-in-place concrete slabs and an effective heat-insulating ball (insulation) that is placed between them. How to insulate nap_vzhorstki mineral-cotton plates, mineral cork, cement fiberboard, asbestos-cement slabs, mineral wool mats on a phenolic link, mats with fiberglass, as well as hard insulating materials - pinosklo, foam ceramic, foam ceramic Concrete balls. The inner ball of the trispherical panel accepts 80 mm shutters, and the outer one - 50 mm. The tovshchina of the heat-insulating ball is designated as a heat engineering rozrahunk. Even more efficient are asbestos-cement panels, which can be used as a frame and frameless construction. The frame panel is made up of two asbestos-cement sheets: the outer one is 10 mm thick, the inner one is 8 mm thick, and the frame between them is made of asbestos-cement bars of a special profile. In the middle of the panel lay an insulator. Three-ball panels of the "sandwich" type from three balls of fiberboard, glued with cement rosette and veneered on both sides with flat asbestos-cement sheets, are brought up to frameless ones. In Denmark, the wall panels from plastic masses are to be installed.
2. Horizontal and vertical panel sticks
The sticks between the panels of the outer walls are to blame but are hermetic to prevent condensation in the mist, the mother has enough moisture to protect the stick from appearing in new cracks.
Vertical sticks after the method of joining panels between themselves are attached to springs and zhorstki (monolithic). When the spring-yielding stick is pressed in, the panels are joined behind the help of steel ties, which are welded to the embedded parts of the elements, which stick. At the groove, which is closed by quarters, enter the depth of 50 mm of the wall panel of the inner transverse wall. Attach the panels behind the additional lining of the smug steel, which is welded to the embedded parts of the panels. To seal the stikku yogo in a narrow gap, start an amplifying cord sealant on glue or poroizol on mastic. From the outer side, the stick is smeared with a special mastic - a thick sealant. For isolation from the penetration of water from the inner side, the stick is glued onto the bituminous mastic vertically with one ball of hydrosol or roofing material. The vertical curvature of the stick is covered with an important concrete. Not a lot of spring-yielding sticks and the possibility of corrosion of steel links and front parts.
Bigger nadіynimi at robotі є zhorstki monolithic sticks. Mіtsnіst z'єdnannya mіzh elements, scho sticking, bezpechuєtsya zamonolіchuvannyam spolіchuvannya steel fittings with concrete. Between the monolithic zone and the sealing there is a vertically pitted empty, to serve as a drainage channel, to allow water to enter the middle of the seam with a vent and name it on the level of the basement. Quite often, in the stick of panels for the promotion of thermal power, a mineral wool insert is laid, burnt with polyethylene plivkoy or with polystyrene foam.
For mounting horizontal sticks on the top wall panel lay on the bottom cement retail. When tsiom through a horizontal seam, schіlno zapovneniya rozchiny, wood water can penetrate the lead rank through the capillary pіdsmoktuvannya vody through rozchin. In this rank, m- bachimo scho for zabezpechennya normal ekspluatatsіynih yakostey stіn of great panels vlashtuvannya stikіv zastosovuyut rіznі materіali scho mayutsya nayrіznomanіtnіshі two physical and mehanіchnі vlastivostі: krіpilnі (steel) uteplyuvalnі (mіneralovatnі vkladishі) gіdroіzolyuyuchі (ruberoid abo іzol) scho get that strengthening (concrete and cracks), sealing (porosol or sealing and mastics). All these materials can vary in durability and often a lot less for the term of service life. Why, when designing the sticks of panels of those vikonann, it is necessary to pay special attention to the ability to ensure high viability weekly work, zastosovuchi with which materials are less likely to have good physical and mechanical powers.
The seams between the panels and the slabs are fixed on the slabs. However, at times of uneven filling of the seams in different sections of the panels, an unsafe concentration of stress can be blamed. In order to preserve this phenomenon, for stick joints, it is necessary to put in a cement-sanded plasticized paste, for which it is possible to take thin seams of 4 ... 5 mm. Such a paste is made up of Portland cement grade 400 ... 500 and dry sand with additional plasticizing and anti-frost additives sodium nitrate in an amount of 5 ... 10% of cement mass. Such a paste is like a glue for panels between themselves.
