Scheme, description. The main values of the electric stream

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Entry

electromagnetic induction lance strum

The first reports about electricity, which turned out to be rich, lay down to electric charges, otrimanih for help rubbing. Already in ancient times, people knew that burshtin, rubbed against wool, bulging buildings attract light objects. And just like in the 16th century, the English doctor Gilbert reportedly reported on the appearance and z'yasuvav, that there were plenty of other speeches with the same powers. Body, building, like a burshtin, after rubbing to attract light objects, calling wines electrified. This word is adopted from the Greek electron - "burshtin". We say that the bodies of such a station have electric charges, and the bodies themselves are called “chargers”.

Electric charges are always blamed for the close contact of different speeches. As if the body is hard, microscopic protrusions and unevenness, like their surfaces, pass over to their tight closure. Crushing so bodies and rubbing them one to one, we approached their surfaces, as if without an onslaught they stuck in more than a few points. In some bodies, electric charges can freely move between different parts, and in others it is impossible. In the first type, the bodies are called "providers", and in the other - "dielectrics, or insulators." Conductors are all metals, aqueous salts, acids and other. The butts of insulators can be Burshtin, quartz, ebonite and all gases that can be used by normal minds.

Prote sled designate, scho filed tel on conductors and dielectrics more intelligent. Mustaches of the greater and lesser world conduct electricity. Electric charges are both positive and negative. This kind of strum is not long, more in an electrified body the charge is lost. For a tribal foundation electric struma the conductor needs to be trimmed electrical field. For whom vikoristovuyutsya dzherela elektrostrumu. The simplest way to blame an electric struma is if one ends up with an electrified body, and the other one - from the earth.

Electric lances, which lead the jet to lighting lamps and electric motors, appeared only after the batteries were running, as they date back to about 1800. After all, the development of the science about electricity was so fast that, less than a hundred years later, it became not just a part of physics, but formed the basis of a new electrical civilization.

> The main values of the electric stream

The amount of electricity is the power of the stream. Under the electric shock can be strong or weak. The strength of an electric strum lies in the magnitude of the charge, which flows like a lance for a single hour. The more electrons moved from one pole of the dzherel to the other, the more the charge was inscribed, the transfers by electrons. Such a blazing charge is called a quantity of electricity, which must pass through the conductor.

Vіd kіlkostі elektrika lie down, zokrema, khіmіchnu diyu electric strum, tobto. The greater the charge passed through the electrolyte, the more speech is deposited on the cathode and anode. At the link with the cim, the quantity of electricity can be improved by calling the mass of the speech that was used on the electrode, and knowing the mass and charge of one ion of the speech.

The power of the struma is the name of the value, which is worthy of the introduction of an electric charge, which passes through the transverse section of the conductor, up to an hour of its passage. Unity vimir charge є coulomb (C), hour vimiryuєtsya in seconds (s). And here a unit or struma appears at Kl/s. Such a unit is called an ampere (A). In order to reduce the power of the strum into the lance, to install an electrical device, ranks with an ammeter. To include an ammeter in the ring, it must be secured with two terminals. Yogo's lances are turned on sequentially.

Electrical voltage. We already know that the electric stream is the ordering of the charged particles - electrons. This Rukh is created behind the help of the electric field, as if victorious at the singing robot. Tse is called the robot of the electric strum. In order to move a larger charge of the electric lancet in 1 s, the electric field can be used for a great robot. Vihodyachi z ogo, z'yasovuєtsya, that the robot of the electric strum can lie in the strum. But there is one more meaning, in the form of a deposit of a strum robot. Qiu is called the voltage.

The voltage is the voltage of the robotic strum on the sing line of the electric lance to the charge, which flows along the same distance of the lance. Robot strumu is measured in joules (J), charge - in pendants (C). At the link with z tsim unity vimir, the tension of the camp is 1 J / C. Qiu unit was called a volt (V).

In order to add a voltage to the electric lance, it needed a struma. When the lancet was opened, the voltage was only on the clamps, making the struma. For example, it was not necessary to turn on the struma in the colo, the voltage was vinikne and on the okremi plots of the lansyug. At zvyazku z tsim z'strum appear at the lanceug. In short, we can say this: there is no tension in the lance, there is no struma. To reduce the voltage, to install an electrical device, ranks with a voltmeter. own with a sultry look Vіn nagaduє earlier zgaduvany ammeter, s tієyu less than retail, scho on the scale of the voltmeter is the letter V (zamіst A on ampermetrі). The voltmeter may be two terminals, for the help of such wines it is connected in parallel to the electric lance.

Electric Opir. If you connect different conductors and ammeters to the electric lance, you can tell that different conductors of the ammeter will show different indications, tobto. at this point, the strength of the strum, which is in the electric lance, is different. Can you explain to us that different conductors can make different electric opir, yak e physical value. In honor of the German physicist, її was named Ohm. As a rule, the physicists have more units: kiloom, megaohm and in. The conductor's opening is indicated by the letter R, the conductor's dozhina - L, the area of the cross section - S.

de coefficient p is called pet support. This coefficient shows the opir of the conductor with a length of 1 m with a cross-sectional area of 1 m 2. Pitomy opir appears at Om x m. І here the only support of the pet is Ohm x mm2 / m.

For the data of Table. 1 staє ozumilo, scho the smallest pytomy electric opir may be mid, the largest - metal metal. Krym tsgogo, the great nursery of the opir mayut dielectrics (insulators).

Electrical capacity. We already know that two isolated conductors, one type of one, can accumulate electric charge. Tse are characterized by a physical quantity, which is called electrical capacity. The electric capacity of two conductors is nothing else, as it is possible to charge one of them up to the difference in potential between them and the conductor. The lesser the voltage will be when the charge is removed by the conductors, the greater the capacity. A farad (F) is taken as a unit of electrical capacity. In fact, parts of the same unit are fixed: microfarad (μF) and picofarad (pF).

If you take two insulated ones, one type of one conductor, place them on a small space, one type of one, then we will make a capacitor. The capacitance of the capacitor is to be deposited in the form of the com- pany of the yogo plates and the com- pany of the dielectric and the yogo penetration. Changing the volume of the dielectric between the plates of the capacitor, you can increase the capacity of the rest. On all capacitors, krіm їхної ємnostі, the voltage is indicated on the basis of the voltage, on the basis of the insurance coverage of the extension.

The work is that the tension of the electric strum. From what has been said above, it can be seen that the electric strum works like a robot. When the electric motors are connected, the electric strum shakes everything, shakes the rails of the train, illuminates the streets, warms the life, and manages to cope with the chemical influx, tobto. allows you to wiggle electric current. It can be said that the robot strumu on the singing distance of the lancer is more productive for the strength of the strumu, the voltage is that hour, the robot has been working with such a stretch. The robot is measured in joules, the voltage is in volts, the power of the struma is in amperes, the hour is in seconds. At zvyazku z cym 1 J = 1V x 1A x 1 s. Why go out, to make the robot electric jet, then close three accessories in a row: an ammeter, a voltmeter and a yearbook. But it's bulky and not very effective. To that, as a rule, the robot of the electric jet is controlled by electric lights. At the attachment of this attachment, all other names of attachments.

The tension of an electric strum is more durable than a robotic strum until an hour, it was stretched out like a wind. Tension is signified by the letter "P" and is shown by vatah (W). In practice, vikoristovuyut kіlovati, megavati, hektovat and іn. In order to reduce the pressure of the lansyug, it is necessary to take a wattmeter. Electricians work with the robot at kilowatt-years (kWh).

The main values of the electric stream

The more electrons moved from one pole of the dzherel to the other, the more the charge was inscribed, the transfers by electrons. Such a blazing charge is called a quantity of electricity, which should pass through the conductor.

Vіd kіlkostі elektrika lie down, zokrema, khіmіchna dіya elektrichnogo struma, so that a greater charge passes through the electric current, and more speech settles on the cathode and anode. At the link with the cim, the quantity of electricity can be improved by calling the mass of the speech that was used on the electrode, and knowing the mass and charge of one ion of the speech.

The power of the struma is the name given to the value, which is worthy of an electric charge, which passes through the transverse section of the conductor, for an hour of its passage. Unity vimir charge є coulomb (C), hour vimiryuєtsya in seconds (s). And here a unit or struma appears at Kl/s. Such a unit is called an ampere (A).

In order to reduce the power of the strum into the lance, to install an electrical device, ranks with an ammeter. To include an ammeter in the ring, it must be secured with two terminals. Yogo's lances are turned on sequentially.

Electrical voltage. We already know that the electric stream is the ordering of the charged particles - electrons. Tse ruh. create with the help of an electric field, as if it were in your singing robot. Tse is called the robot of the electric strum.

In order to move a larger charge of the electric lancet in 1 s, the electric field can be used for a great robot. Vihodyachi z ogo, z'yasovuєtsya, that the robot of the electric strum can lie in the strum. But there is one more meaning, in the form of a deposit of a strum robot. Qiu is called the voltage.

At zvyazku z tsim z'strum appear at the lanceug. In short, we can say this: there is no tension in the lance, there is no struma.

To reduce the voltage, to install an electrical device, ranks with a voltmeter. With its familiar look, the ammeter guessed earlier, with the same difference, that the letter V is on the scale of the voltmeter (replacement A on the ammeter). The voltmeter may be two terminals, for the help of such wines it is connected in parallel to the electric lance.

It is possible to explain to us that different conductors may have a different electrical opir, which is a physical value. In honor of the German physicist, її was named Ohm. As a rule, the physicists have more units: kiloom, megaohm and in.

Opir conductor sound is indicated by the letter R, dozhina conductor - L, area of the transverse section - S.

de coefficient p is called pet support. This coefficient shows the opir of the conductor with a length of 1 m at a cross sectional area of 1 m2. Pythomium opir appears in Om x m.

Shards of darts, as a rule, can make a small cut, sound their areas in square millimeters. І here, as a single pet, support the camp Ohm x mm 2 / m. At the guidance below the table. 1 shows the supporting materials of some materials.

For the data of Table. 1 staє ozumilo, scho the smallest pytomy electric opir may be mid, the largest - metal metal. Krym tsgogo, the great nursery of the opir mayut dielectrics (insulators).

Electrical capacity. We already know that two isolated conductors, one type of one, can accumulate electric charge. Tse are characterized by a physical quantity, which is called electrical capacity.

The electric capacity of two conductors is nothing else, as it is possible to charge one of them up to the difference in potential between them and the conductor. The lesser the voltage will be when the charge is removed by the conductors, the greater the capacity. A farad (F) is taken as a unit of electrical capacity. In fact, parts of the same unit are fixed: microfarad (μF) and picofarad (pF).

If you take two insulated ones, one type of one conductor, place them on a small space, one type of one, then we will make a capacitor.

The capacitance of the capacitor is to be deposited in the form of the com- pany of the yogo plates and the com- pany of the dielectric and the yogo penetration. Changing the volume of the dielectric between the plates of the capacitor, you can increase the capacity of the rest.

On all capacitors, krіm їхної ємnostі, the voltage is indicated on the basis of the voltage, on the basis of the insurance coverage of the extension.

Table 1

The robot and the pressure of the electric strum. From what has been said above, it can be seen that the electric strum works like a robot. When the electric motors are connected, the electric jet stuns everything, shakes the rails of the train, illuminates the streets, heats the living quarters, and also copes with the chemical action, which allows you to win the electricity, etc.

It can be said that the strumu robot on the singing distance of the lancer is more powerful than the strumu, the voltage is that hour, the robot has been working with such a stretch. The robot is measured in joules, the voltage is in volts, the power of the struma is in amperes, the hour is in seconds. At zv'yazku s cim 1 J \u003d 1 V x 1 A x 1 s. Why go out, to make the robot electric jet, then close three accessories in a row: an ammeter, a voltmeter and a yearbook. But it's bulky and not very effective. To that, as a rule, the robot of the electric jet is controlled by electric lights. At the attachment of this attachment, all other names of attachments.

The tension of an electric strum is more durable than a robotic strum until an hour, it was stretched out like a wind. Tension is signified by the letter "R" and is shown by vatah (W). In practice, vikoristovuyut kіlovati, megavati, hektovat and іn. In order to reduce the pressure of the lansyug, it is necessary to take a wattmeter. Electrical engineering robots strum, turn at kilowatt-years (kWh).

Є ordering of ruh electric charges ( Q).

How can a piece of electric charge pass through the transverse section of the conductor (a piece of electricity) Q in an hour t seconds, then the number of electric charges that passed through the transverse section of the conductor for one second, is called and denoted by the letter I.

The unit of magnitude of the struma is 1 ampere, which is shown as the number of charges in 1 pendant, which passed through the transverse section of the conductor in 1 second, tobto

1. The old look of the ammeter

The strum at the Lanciuzi is wielded by an electrical attachment - an ammeter, which looks like a little baby 1.

Thousand parts of an ampere - miliamperes are measured with a miliammeter. As the number of charges that pass (run through) the conductor will change, then the size of the struma will also change.
At this point in time for an hour, it is indicated by the formula:

de Δ Q- Change the number of charges; Δ t- Change the hour.

Chim less time interval Δ t At the same time, less than the average value of the struma will be considered as the true significance of the struma at the given moment.

Strum, which does not change for size and for direct, is called.
Constant stream to give us galvanic elements, batteries, generators fast strumu, so wash the robots of the electric stake do not change.

Video 1. The power of an electric struma

Struma thickness

Suggestion of the size of the struma I up to the cross section of the conductor S called and denoted by a letter j, Previously, the strength of the struma was signified by the Greek letter δ (Delta).

so as you sound the area of the conductor's perimeter is given in square millimeters, then the space of the struma is reduced to but/mm².

Video 2

Characteristics

It is historically accepted that the struma is directly charged from the direct flow of positive charges at the conductor. If so, with the single noses of the struma - negatively charged particles (for example, electrons in metal), then the struma is directly opposite the charge of the charged particles. .

The density of the direct flow of particles in conductors should be deposited according to the material of the conductor, weight and charge of the particles, the necessary temperature, the applied difference in potentials and set the value, richly less for the lightness of the light. For 1 second, the electronics at the conductor move for the rahunok of the ordered traffic less than 0.1 mm. Contrary to this, the width of the width of the electric stream is the same as the width of the light (the width of the width of the front of the electromagnetic wave). That is the place, de electronically change the speed of your movement, after changing the voltage, moving around the width of the electromagnet colivane.

The main values of the electric stream

The amount of electricity is the power of the stream. Under the electric shock can be strong or weak. The strength of an electric strum lies in the magnitude of the charge, which flows like a lance for a single hour. The more electrons moved from one pole of the dzherel to the other, the more the charge was inscribed, the transfers by electrons. Such a blazing charge is called a quantity of electricity, which should pass through the conductor.

Electrical voltage. We already know that the electric stream is the ordering of the charged particles - electrons. This Rukh is created behind the help of the electric field, as if victorious at the singing robot. Tse is called the robot of the electric strum. In order to move a larger charge of the electric lancet in 1 s, the electric field can be used for a great robot. Vihodyachi z ogo, z'yasovuєtsya, that the robot of the electric strum can lie in the strum. But there is one more meaning, in the form of a deposit of a strum robot. Qiu is called the voltage.

In order to add a voltage to the electric lance, it needed a struma. When the lancet was opened, the voltage was only on the clamps, making the struma. For example, it was not necessary to turn on the struma in the colo, the voltage was vinikne and on the okremi plots of the lansyug. At zvyazku z tsim z'strum appear at the lanceug. In short, we can say this: there is no tension in the lance, there is no struma. To reduce the voltage, to install an electrical device, ranks with a voltmeter. With its familiar look, the ammeter guessed earlier, with the same difference, that the letter V is on the scale of the voltmeter (replacement A on the ammeter). The voltmeter may be two terminals, for the help of such wines it is connected in parallel to the electric lance.

Electric Opir. If you connect to the electric line of strong conductors and that ammeter, you can remember that with different conductors, the ammeter shows a difference in indication, so that in this case the strength of the stream, that in the electric line, is different. It is possible to explain to us that different conductors may have a different electrical opir, which is a physical value. In honor of the German physicist, її was named Ohm. As a rule, the physicists have more units: kiloom, megaohm and in. The conductor's opening is indicated by the letter R, the conductor's dozhina - L, the area of the cross section - S.

de coefficient p is called pet support. This coefficient shows the opir of the conductor with a length of 1 m at a cross sectional area of 1 m2. Pitomy opir appears at Om x m. І here the only support of the pet is Ohm x mm2 / m. At the guidance below the table. 1 shown support pets some materials.

On today's day, let's say Rozmov about electricity, as it has become an invisible part of modern civilization. Electricity has invaded all spheres of our lives. And the presence of a skin booth butt fittings, that the electric strum of the flooring is natural and invisible part of the floor, which we accept as well.

Henceforth, to the respect of our readers, the main reports about the electric jet will be propagated.

What is an electric strum

Understand under an electric jet straightening ruh charged particles. Speech, which avenge a sufficient number of free attacks, are called guides. And the collection of all the outbuildings, connected by auxiliary wires, is called an electric lance.

IN everyday life we beat the electrician, which should be passed by metal conductors. Carrying a charge in some є vіlnі electrons.

Sound the stink chaotically throwing between the atoms, but the electric field zmushuє їх crumble at the singing straight.

How does it feel

The flow of electrons at the lansyug can be equal to the flow of water, which falls off high level to low. The role of equals in electric lancers has a greater potential.

To overcome the strum in the lances and її kintsy May, the difference of potentials has become a boost, tobto. voltage.

It is customary to designate Yogo with the letter U and subtract from volts (B).

After the addition of voltage, an electric field is restored in the lance, as if a direct impulse is given to the electrons. Chim more voltage, the electric field is stronger, and therefore the intensity of the flow of electrons, which directly collapse.

The speed of the expansion of the electric stream is more than the speed of installation in the lances of the electric field, that is 300,000 km / s, the speed of the electronic ice is less than a few mm per second.

It is important to note that the strum is flowing from a point with a large potential, then from (+) to a point with a smaller potential, then to (-). The voltage in the lance is supported by a strum cord, for example, by a battery. The sign (+) on її kіntsі means a small amount of electrons, the sign (−) їх is too much, shards of electrons - they carry the very negative charge. As soon as the lances from the jerel struma become closed, the electrons are directed in the direction of the mass, de їx too much, to the positive pole of the jerel struma. Your path runs through the darts, slows down, wins and wins and attaches those other elements of the lancet.

Get respect, direct the stream of the direct flow of electronics.

Just straight ahead, the struma for the housekeeping of the vchenih was appointed before him, as the nature of the struma was established in the metals.

Actual values that characterize the electric jet

Strumu power. An electric charge that passes through the transverse section of the conductor in 1 s is called the struma force. For її the meaning of vicorist is the letter I, which is measured in amperes (A).

Opir. The value is coming, it is necessary to know - tse opir. It is blamed through the zіtknennya elektronіv, scho directly collapse, with the ions of the crystal lattice. As a result of such gaps, electrons transfer part of their kinetic energy to the ions. After that, the conductor heats up, and the strength of the struma changes. Opіr is denoted by the letter R and vimiryuєtsya in ohms (Ohm).

Opir of the metal conductor is larger than the former conductor and less than the area of the transverse section. With the same length and diameter of the wire, the smallest opir can be found by conductors of srіbla, midi, gold and aluminium. For a number of sensible reasons, in practice, vicarious darts are used for aluminum and midi.

Tension. Vikonuyuchi rozrahunki for electric lancers, and sometimes it is necessary to relieve the pressure (P).

For which trace the strength of the struma that flows through the lancet, multiply by the voltage.

Alone vimiryuvannya sweating є wat (W).

The constant and the changing strum

Strum, which is given by different batteries and accumulators, is permanent. Tse means that the strength of the struma in such a lance can be changed only by magnitude, changing in a different wayїї opіr, as if directly from one's own sberіgaєsya postіynim.

ale more electric butt fittings help change strum, so that the magnitude of that directly is constantly changing according to the law.

We viroblyaetsya at power plants, and then through the lines of high-voltage transmissions we get to our booths and enterprises.

In most countries, the frequency of the change directly to the struma is 50 Hz, which is 50 times per second. At this time, the strength of the struma incrementally increases, reaches the maximum, then changes to 0. Then, this process is repeated, but even with the struma straight ahead.

All devices operate at a frequency of 60 Hz. Tsikava situation in Japan. There, on one third of the edge of the vicorist, there is a changeable strum with a frequency of 60 Hz, and on the reshti - 50 Hz.

Carefully - electrics

Injury with an electric strum can be removed with the help of electric butt fittings and the type of blows of glare, shards human organism is a good conductor of strum. Often, electrical injuries are eliminated by stepping on the wire, which is lying on the ground, or by pulling the hands through the electric wire.

The voltage is over 36 V is important for a person who is not safe. If a strum of less than 0.05 A passes through the body of a person, then you can call out mimoly short-lived m'yazyv, so that you can allow people to independently go through the dzherel of the wound. Strum 0.1 A deadly.

More unsafe zminny strum, shards may be the strongest splash on the people. This friend of ours and helper in a number of ways transforms into a merciless enemy, crying out the destruction of the heart and work of the heart, right up to the yogo again teeth. Vin leaves scary marks on the tee at the sight of strong opikiv.

How to help the victim? Nasampered, turn on the shock. And then let's talk about the first medical help.

Our knowledge of electricity has reached its end. Dodamo only a few words about the marine meshkants, as if they could make an "electrical zbroyu". Tse deyaki see a rib, a sea hillock and a slope. The most safe of them is the sea hill.

Do not varto add to the new one for less than 3 meters. The blow is not fatal, but you can spend money.