Alone die. Physical quantities and units of their variation

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Physical bodies are distinguished by the values that characterize the space, hour and body, which can be seen: dozhina l, hour t and mass m. Dovzhina stands out as a geometrical stand between two points in space.

In the International System of Units (SI), a meter (m) is taken as a unit of dozhini.

\[\left=m\]

The back of a meter was designated as a ten-million part of the quarter of the earth's meridian. This authoritative system has been driven to achieve the invariance and exact implementation of the system. The standard of the meter is used in a line with a platinum alloy with 10% iridium, a transverse cut for increasing the thickness of the thickness with a minimum volume of metal, the bula is given a special X-like shape. At the trench of such a line there was a later flat surface, and a meter appeared as if it stood between the centers of two strokes, applied across the line on її kintsah, at a standard temperature, which is more expensive 0 $ () ^ \ circ $ С. to the accuracy of vimiryuvan, the meter is recognized as a dozhina way, which passes through the vacuum of light in 1/299792458 part of a second. The designation was adopted at the same time in 1983.

Hour t between two podias in a given point in the space is shown as a difference in the reading of the year (an attachment, a robot of some kind, is grounded on a strictly periodic tariff physical process).

In the International System of Units (SI), a second (s) is taken for an hour unit.

\[\left=c\]

According to the current phenomena, 1 second is an hour interval, equal to 9192631770 periods of vibrance, in the form of a transition between two superfine equals of the main (quantum) atom of cesium-133 at rest at 0 degrees of stability. The designation was adopted in 1967 roci (the exact temperature was confirmed in 1997 roci).

The weight of the body characterizes the susilla, as it is required to report, in order to bring it out of the position of equality, as well as the susilla, in order to attract other bodies. It is worth mentioning about the dualism of the understanding of the mass - like the world of the inertness of the body and the world of yogo gravitational powers. As a testament to the experiment, gravitational and inert weight of the body is equally accepted in the range of accuracy. To that, krіm special vipadkіv, to speak simply about the mass - without specifying, inert or gravitational.

In the International System of Units (SI), a kilo is accepted for a unit of vimir masi.

$\left=kg\$

For the international prototype of the kilogram, the weight of the cylinder, cast from a platinum-iridium alloy, with a height and diameter of about 3.9 cm, is taken, which is taken in the Breteuil palace near Paris. A weight of reference weight, which is 1 kg on the sea level at a geographical latitude of 45$()^\circ$, is sometimes called a kilo-force. In this rank, you can win either as a sign of mass for the absolute system of units, or as a sign of strength for a technical system of units, in a way one of the main ones is a unit of strength. In practical cases, 1 kg can be filled with a 1 liter equal bag pure water for temperatures +4oC.

At the mechanics sucilny middles The main ones are also the same in terms of thermodynamic temperature and quantity of speech.

Kelvin is the unit of temperature control in the CI system:

$\left[Tright]=K$.

1 Kelvin is 1/273.16 parts of the thermodynamic temperature of the water loss point. Temperature is a characteristic of energy, how molecules can be shaken.

The number of speeches is reduced to moles: $ \ left = Moth $

1 Mole of the amount of speech of the system, which is to avenge the styles and structural elements, the number of atoms to evade carbon-12 weighing 0.012 kg. When the mole is blocked, structural elements can be specific and can be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons and other particles or specific groups of particles.

The other single units of mechanical quantities are similar to the main ones, being a linear combination.

Pokhіdnimi vіd dovzhini є ploshcha S and volume V. The stench characterizes the areas of expanse, apparently, two and three vimiryuvan, which occupy the length of the body.

Units of the world: area - square meter, volume - cubic meter:

\[\left=m^2 \left=m^3\]

Unity vimiryuvannya speed CІ є meter per second: $\left=m/c$

The unit of force in CI --newton is: $\left=N$$1 N=1\frac(kg\cdot m)(c^2)$

The same is the case for other mechanical quantities: width, vice, momentum, energy, work and then.

Pokhіdnі odinі come from the main ones for the help of algebraic diy, such as the multiplier rozpodіl. Deyakim iz pokhіdnih odiny at І was appropriated by the power of the name, for example, odinі radіan.

Prefixes can be vikoristovuvati before naming alone. The stench means that it is necessary to multiply the unit or divide the number on the number, the steps of the number 10. For example, the prefix kilo means multiplying by 1000 (kilometer = 1000 meters). CІ prefixes are also called tens prefixes.

In technical systems, the substitution of the unit of the main mass, the unit of force is important. Є low of other systems close to CI, but yakі vikoristovuyut Єnshі main ones. For example, in the CGS system, which was adopted before the appearance of the CI system, the main unit of the world is є gram, and the main unit of dozhini is a centimeter.

physics. The subject is that task.

2.Physical quantities ta їх vimir. System SI.

3. Mechanics. Head of mechanics.

5. Kinematics of the MT point. Ways to describe the movement of MT.

6. Relocation. Way.

7. Smoothness. Coming soon.

8. Tangential and normal acceleration.

9. Kinematics of the wraparound move.

10. Galileo's law of inertia. Inertial systems to look at.

11. Galileo's transformation. Galileo's law of folding clothes. Accelerated invariance. Visibility principle.

12. Strength. Masa.

13. Another law. Impulse. The principle of independence infusion of forces.

14. Newton's third law.

15. See fundamental interactions. The law of all-world gravity. Coulomb's law. Lorentz force. Seeley van der Waals. Forces at classical mechanics.

16. System of material points (SMT).

17. Impulse of the system. The law of conservation of the impulse of a closed system.

18. Center wt. Equal to the movement of SMT.

19. Equal to the ruhu of the body of the snake mass. Tsiolkovsky's formula.

20. Robot forces. Tension.

21. Potential field of forces. Potential energy.

22. Kinetic energy of MT in the force field.

23. Povna mechanical energy. The law of conservation of energy in mechanics.

24. Moment of impulse. Moment of power. Equal moments.

25. The law of conservation of momentum.

26. Vlasny moment impulsu.

27. Moment of inertia of TT about axis. Hugens-Steiner theorem.

28. Rivnyannya ruhu TT, which wraps around a long unbreakable axis.

29. Kinetic energy of TT, which induces progress and overt movement.

30. The field of kolivalny rush in nature and technology.

31. Vіlnі harmonіnіnі koliva. Method of vector diagrams.

32. Harmony oscillator. Spring, physical and mathematical pendulums.

33. Dynamic and statistical regularities in physics. Thermodynamic and statistical methods.

34. Power of the rіdin and gazіv. Massive and superficial forces. Pascal's law.

35. Law of Archimedes. Swimming tel.

36. Thermal Rukh. Macroscopic characteristics. Ideal gas model. Pressure gas from a glance of molecular-kinetic theory. Temperature concept.

37. I will become equal.

38. Updated gas laws.

39. Basic alignment of the MKT.

40. The average kinetic energy of the forward movement of molecules.

41. Number of steps of freedom. The law of equal distribution of energy beyond the steps of freedom.

42. Internal energy of gas without gas.

43. Long run of gas.

44. Ideal gas in a force field. Barometric formulas. Boltzmann's law.

45. The internal energy of the system is a function of the state.

46. Work and heat as a function of the process.

47. The first cob of thermodynamics.

48. Heat capacity of rich atomic gases. The Rivnyannia of Robert-Mayer.

49. Starting the first cob of thermodynamics to isoprocesses.

50 Smoothness to the sound of the gas.

51.. Return and return processes. Circular processes.

52. Thermal machines.

53. Carnot cycle.

54. Another cob of thermodynamics.

55. Concept of entropy.

56. Carnot's theorem.

57. Entropy in reverse and non-reverse processes. The law of growth of entropy.

58. Entropy like a world of trouble in a statistical system.

59. The third cob of thermodynamics.

60. Thermodynamic flows.

61. Diffusion in gases.

62. Viscosity.

63. Thermal conductivity.

64. Thermal diffusion.

65. Surface interference.

66. Urination and non-urination.

67. Tisk under the curved surface of the rod.

68. Capillary manifestations.

physics. The subject is that task.

Physics is a natural science. In її basis to lie experimental follow-up phenomena of nature, that її zavdannya - the formulation of laws, which explain the manifestations. Physics is focused on the development of fundamental and simplest phenomena and on the evidence of simple nutrition: why matter is formed, in what order the particles of matter interact with each other, according to which rules, the laws of the particles are created.

The subject of the wedding is to become matter (like speech and watering) and the most profound forms of її ruha, and to instill the fundamental interplay of nature, controlling the roam of matter.

Physics is closely related to mathematics: mathematics provides a device for which physical laws can be precisely formulated. Physical theories can always be formulated as mathematical equals, and moreover, folding divisions of mathematics, lower in other sciences, are victorious. First of all, the development of a rich collection of mathematics is stimulated by the needs of physical science.

The diversity of physical quantities is determined by the victorious system of physical quantities, as it is the combination of physical quantities related to each other by fallows, and in such a kilka the quantities are chosen as the main ones. p align="justify"> A unit of a physical quantity is a physical quantity that is appropriately assigned to a numerical value, equal to one. systems of units (SI), based on the International system of quantities.

Physical quantities are the only ones of the world. System SI.

Physical value		Unity vimiru physical quantity
mechanics
Masa	m	kilogram	kg
Gustina		kilogram per cubic meter	kg / m 3
Pitomy obsyag	v	cubic meter per kilogram	m 3 /kg
Masova vitrata	Qm	kilogram per second	kg/s
Volume of vitrata	Q V	cubic meter per second	m 3 / s
Impulse	P	kilogram meter per second	kg m/s
Moment of impulse	L	kilogram meter per square second	kg m 2 /s
Moment of inertia	J	kilogram meter per square	kg m 2
Strength, vaga	F, Q	Newton	H
Moment of force	M	newton meter	N m
force impulse	I	newton second	N s
Vice, mechanical stress	p,	pascal	Pa
Work, energy	A, E, U	Joule	J
Tension	N	wat	Tue

The International System of Units (SI) is a system of units based on the International System of Units, with both naming and designations, as well as a set of prefixes and naming and designating at the same time, with the rules of their design, adopted by the General Conference of the World and Vag (CGPM).

International dictionary of metrology
СІ bula was adopted by the XI General Conference with the arrival of that vag (CGPM) in 1960, the deacons of the upcoming conference made a low change to СІ.
CІ stands for the basic units of physical quantities and similar ones (abbreviated as units CІ or one), as well as a set of prefixes. CІ also sets the standard shorthand for singles and the rules for recording the last ones.
Basic units: kilogram, meter, second, ampere, kelvin, mole and candela. Within the framework of the CI, it is important that one individual may have an independent space, so that one from the main ones cannot be taken away from the others.
Pokhіdnі odinі come from the main ones for the help of algebraic diy, such as the multiplier rozpodіl. Deyakim iz pokhіdnih odiny at І was appropriated by the power of the name, for example, odinі radіan.
Prefixes can be vikoristovuvati before naming alone. The stench means that it is necessary to multiply the unit or divide the number on the number, the steps of the number 10. For example, the prefix kilo means multiplying by 1000 (kilometer = 1000 meters). CІ prefixes are also called tens prefixes.

mechanics. Head of mechanics.

Mechanics - a division of physics, in which the laws of mechanical movement are twisted, and cause causes, how to call out changes in movement.

The main task of mechanics is a description of the mechanical movement of the body, which is established by the law (equal) of the movement of the body on the basis of the characteristics that are described (coordinates, displacement, length of the traversed path, turn turn, speed, quickness). In other words, as if for the help of the folded law (rival) the ruffle can be determined by the position of the body at some point in the hour, then the main tasks of the mechanics are taken into account. The fallow, depending on the selected physical quantities, and the methods of solving the main task of mechanics are subdivided into kinematics, dynamics and statics.

4. Mechanical movement. Extend that hour. Coordinate systems. Vymiryuvannya hour. Vіdlіku system. Vectors .

Mechanical move name the change in the position of the bodies in the space of other bodies by the hour. Mechanical movement can be divided into translational, wraparound and collateral.

Progressive such a movement is called, in which case it is directly carried out at the body, moving parallel to itself. overt It is called Rukh, in which all points of the body describe concentric stakes like one point, called the center of wrapping. Kolyvalnim naming a ruh, in which the body is standing, periodically repeating the ruh close to the middle camp, so that it swells.

To describe the mechanical movement, understand systems to look at .look at the systems can be different, for example, a non-inertial system to look at, a ruhoma system to look at, an inertial system to look at, a non-inertial system to look at. It includes the body of the eye, the coordinate system and the annual. Tіlo vіdlіku- the whole body, which "binds" the coordinate system. coordinate system, which is a point of observation (cob of coordinates). The coordinate system can be 1, 2 or 3 axes fallow vіd minds ruhu. The position of a point on a line (1 axis), a plane (2 axes) or in space (3 axes) is assigned one, two or three coordinates. To determine the position of the body in the open space, whether it be some hour, it is also necessary to set the cob for the hour. Vіdomi different coordinate systems: Cartesian, polar, curvilinear toshcho. In fact, most of the Cartesian and polar coordinate systems are victorious. Cartesian coordinate system- ce (for example, at the two-world slope) two mutually perpendicular exchanges, which come from the same point, called the cob of coordinates, with a scale applied to them (Fig. 2.1a). Polar coordinate system- Tse at the two-world angle is the radius vector, which comes out of the cob of coordinates such θ, on which the radius vector rotates (Fig. 2.1b). The Yearbook is needed for the resurrection of the hour.

A line that describes a material point in space, to name trajectory. For a two-world movement on the plane (x, y), the function (x) is the same. Vіdstan, passed by the material point of the vzdovzh trajectory, call double the amount(Fig.2.2). vector displacement(Fig.2.2):

Rice. 2.2. Dovzhina Kolії (seen with a bold line); - Moving vector.

Skin coordinates of the body to lie at the hour x=x(t), y=y(t), z=z(t). Functions to change the coordinates in the fallow time to name the kinematic law of ruhu, for example, for x = x (t) (Fig. 2.3).

Fig.2.3. An example of a kinematic law of motion x = x (t).

Vector-straight lines for which is indicated yoga cob and kіnets. Expanse that hour-understand what the main forms of the foundation of matter signify. Expansion shows the order of spiving of okremih objects. The hour determines the order of change of appearances.

Let's take a look at the main electrical quantities, as if we were on the back of the head at school, then at the middle ones initial mortgages. Usі danі zruchnostі zvedomі in a small table. After the tables, the designation of the other values will be indicated, at times the blame will be unreasonable.

Value	Unity win in СІ	The name of the electrical quantity
q	Kl - pendant	charge
R	Ohm - ohm	opir
U	V - volt	voltage
I	A - ampere	Power strum (electric strum)
C	F - farad	Amnesty
L	Mr. Henry	inductance
sigma	See - Siemens	Pitoma electrical conductivity
e0	8.85418781762039*10 -12 f/m	Electric postiyna
φ	V - volt	Electric field point potential
P	W - wat	The pressure is active
Q	Var - volt-ampere-reactive	The pressure is reactive
S	Va - volt-ampere	Exhaustion
f	Hz - hertz	Frequency

There are dozens of prefixes, which appear in the name of the value and serve to simplify the description. The widest of them are: mega, miles, kilo, nano, pico. The tables have other prefixes, krіm names.

Decimal multiplier	Vimova	Appointment (Russian / international)
10 -30	cuecto	q
10 -27	ronto	r
10 -24	octo	ta/y
10 -21	zepto	z/z
10 -18	atto	a
10 -15	femto	f/f
10 -12	pico	p/p
10 -9	nano	n/n
10 -6	micro	μ/μ
10 -3	miles	m/m
10 -2	santi	c
10 -1	deci	d/d
10 1	soundboard	so/da
10 2	hecto	g/h
10 3	kilo	to/k
10 6	mega	M
10 9	giga	G/G
10 12	tera	T
10 15	peta	ETC
10 18	exa	E/E
10 21	zeta	Z/Z
10 24	yotta	I/Y
10 27	ronne	R
10 30	kueka	Q

Struma power 1A- Tse value, which is worth a charge of 1 C, which passes for 1 hour through the surface (conductor), up to an hour the charge passes through the surface. For the passage of the struma, it is necessary that the lancet be closed.

The power of the struma is reduced by amperes. 1A=1Kl/1s

In practice, they are sharpening

1uA = 0.000001A

Electrical voltage- Potential difference between two points of the electric field. The magnitude of the electrical potential is measured in volts, and the voltage is measured in volts (V).

1 Volt - voltage, as it is necessary to see a conductor of energy in 1 W when passing through a new stream with a power of 1 Ampere.

In practice, they are sharpening

Electric Opir - Characteristics of the conductor electric struma. It appears as a change in the voltage on the ends of the conductor to the strength of the struma in the night. Dimmed in ohms (Ohm). At certain boundaries, the value has become.

1Om - conductor opir when running along a new steady stream with a force of 1A and ending at the end of the load at 1V.

W school rate everyone remembers the formula for a homogeneous conductor of a fast cut:

R=ρlS – opir of such a conductor to deposit in the field of S and longevity l

de ρ – nursery opir conductor material, tabular rozmіr.

p align="justify"> Mіzh three of the values described above use Ohm's law for the lancet of a stable strum.

The strum at the lancet is directly proportional to the magnitude of the voltage in the lancet and is wrapped in proportion to the value of the support of the lancet - .

Electricity the building of the conductor is called to accumulate an electric charge.

Mistk_st vanishes at farads (1F).

1F - the value of the capacitor between the plates, which induces a voltage of 1V at a charge of 1C.

In practice, they are sharpening

1pF = 0.000000000001F

1nF = 0.000000001F

inductance- This is the value that characterizes the building contour, along which the electric stream flows, creating and accumulating a magnetic field.

Inductance vanishes in Henry.

1H = (V * s) / A

1Гн - the value that contributes to the EPC self-induction, which is caused by changing the size of the struma in the circuit by 1A for 1 second.

In practice, they are sharpening

1mH = 0.001H

Electrical conductivity- The value that shows the building of the body to conduct an electric jet. Zvorotny rozmir support.

Electrical conductivity wins at Siemens.

Remaining articles

Basic units.

The system of units for the skin vimiruvana physical value may have a transmissible unit of vimir. In this rank, an okrema unit is necessary for the length, area, volume, firmness, etc., and such a unit can be assigned to the skin by making it a higher standard. Ale, the system of loneliness appears to be signifi- cantly efficient, as in it, only a few of them are chosen as the main ones, and the reshta are assigned through the main ones. So, as if the unity of the dozhina is є meter, the standard of which is taken from the Sovereign metrological service, then the unity of the area is taken into account square meter, one obsyagu - a cubic meter, one swidkost - a meter per second just.

The stability of such a system of loneliness (especially for high-ranking and іnzhenerіv, yakі more often zustrichayutsya z vymіry, nizh іnshi people) in that scho mathematical spіvvіdnoshennia mіzh main іnzhіdmi іnzhіnіmi іnzhenerіv yavlyayutsya more simple. For whom one unit of speed is one unit of speed (dovzhini) at one hour, one of quickness is one of change of speed for one hour, one of strength is one unit of speed of one’s mass thinly. The mathematical notation looks like this: v = l/t, a = v/t, F = ma = ml/t 2. Submission formulas show the “diversity” of values that are being established, establishing the relationship between units. (Similar formulas allow singles of such values to be used, such as the strength of an electric stream.) Such characteristics have a wild character and vary independently, in some singles (meter, feet and arshins) the value of a dovzhina and such singles of other values.

In technology, for the main unit of the world of mechanical quantities, take not the unit of mass, but the unit of strength. In such a rank, as in the system, the greatest coexistence with physical achievements, the metal cylinder is taken as the standard of mass, then in the technical system of wines it is considered as a standard of force, which is responsible for the force of gravity. Ale shards, the force of gravity is not the same in different points on the surface of the Earth, for the exact implementation of the standard, it is necessary to specify the expansion. Historically, it was accepted to roztashuvannya on the sea level at a geographic latitude of 45 °. In this hour, such a standard is recognized as a force, necessary in order to give the designated cylinder a song of speed. True, in the technique of vimirovanie carried out, as a rule, not with such high accuracy, so that it would be necessary to study about variations in the force of gravity (so it’s impossible to go about graduating vimiryuvalnyh priladіv).

Chimalo plutanini pov'yazane with the understanding of masi, the strength of that vaga. On the right, in the fact that there are only one of all three of these quantities, which can be called the same. Masa - the inertial characteristic of the body, which shows how important it is to be seen by the outer power I will become calm, but equal and straight forward. The unity of strength is the strength, yak, pouring into the unity of the mass, changing the strength to the unity of the strength in one hour.

Mustache bodies are attracted one to one. In this manner, every body near the Earth is attracted to it. Otherwise, hanging, the Earth creates a debilitating body, the force of gravity. This force is called yoga vaga. The strength of the vaga, as it was supposed to be higher, is not the same at different points to lie on the surface of the Earth and different heights above the sea level through the waters at the gravitational gravity and at the manifestation of the Earth's wrapping. However, the mass of the quantity of speech is unchangeable; the won is the same for the interzorian expanse, and for the same point of the Earth.

Precise experiments have shown that the force of gravity, that the difference of the body (tobto. їх vaga), is proportional to their masses. Also, masses can be matched on Teresa, and masses that appeared to be the same in one place will be the same in any other place (as a match is carried out at a vacuum, so that you turn it off and on again, so you see it). As if the body was ringing on spring tereses, arranging the force of gravity with the force of a stretched spring, then the results of the vimiryuvannya of the vag lie down in the air, where the vimir is carried out. For this, the springy vag needs to be trimmed on the new skin area, so that the stench will correctly reveal the mass. The simplicity of the procedure itself became the reason why the force of gravity, which is based on the reference mass, was taken for an independent loneliness in technology. HEAT.

The metric system is one.

The metric system is the main name for the international tenth system of units, the main units being meter and kilogram. With certain powers, the details of the elements of the system are the same for the whole world.

History.

The metric system evolved from the decrees adopted by the French National Elections in 1791 and 1795 for the designation of the meter as one ten-million part of a plot of the earth's meridian from the Pivnichny pole to the equator.

Decree, we see on 4 lime 1837, the metric system of the bula was deafened by binding to the point of being stuck in all commercial places in France. Vaughn progressively vitiated the militant and national systems in the other parts of Europe and was recognized by the legislator as permissible in Great Britain and the United States. Please, signed on May 20, 1875. seventeen countries, an international organization was created, called upon to save and thoroughly metric system.

It dawned on me that, naming a meter as a ten-million part of a quarter of the earth's meridian, the creators of the metric system missed the achievement of invariance and exact implementation of the system. They took a gram for a single mass of stench, denoting it as a mass of one million cubic meters of water for її maximum thickness. The stones would not have been able to carry out geodetic measurements of the earth meridian during the skin sale of a meter of fabric, or to chew potatoes on the market in the same amount of water, the metal standards were created, and with the utmost accuracy they would give the indications of the values.

Nezabara z'yasuvalosya, scho metal etalons can still be matched one by one, bringing in richly less damage, even if such a standard is equal to a quarter of the earth's meridian. In addition, it became clear that the accuracy of matching the metal standards one by one is richer for the accuracy of matching any similar standard with the weight of the same volume of water.

At zv'yazku z cim International commission for the meter at 1872 p. praised the adoption of the “archival” meter, which is taken in Paris, “such, such a wine.” So the members of the Commission themselves took for granted the weight of the archival platinum-iridium kilogram, “bearing, that is simpler, established by the creators of the metric system, between the one of the vag and the one of the one, the obligation is presented as a significant kilogram with the exactness, sufficient for such simplicity. science will require not a simple numerical support of a similar genus, but in a borderline-perfectly designated spіvvіdshennya. In 1875, the country signed the agreement about the meter, and for the sake of it, the procedure for coordinating metrological standards for light scientific scientific cooperation was established through the International Bureau of the World and the World and the General Conference on the World and the World.

The new international organization was negligently engaged in the development of international standards and the distribution of their copies to the participating countries.

Etaloni dozhini and masi, international prototypes.

International prototypes of standards of the same weight - meter and kilogram - were handed over to the conservation of the International Bureau of Calls in and Out, raffled in the Siver - the frontier of Paris. The standard of the meter is used in a line with a platinum alloy with 10% iridium, a transverse cut for increasing the thickness of the thickness with a minimum volume of metal, the bula is given a special X-like shape. At the trench of such a line, the boulder was later flat on the surface, and the meter appeared as if it were between the centers of two strokes, applied across the line at її kintsy, at a temperature of the standard, which is more expensive 0 ° С. iridium alloy, which is the standard of a meter, with a height and diameter close to 3.9 cm. In this rank, you can win either as a sign of mass for the absolute system of units, or as a sign of strength for a technical system of units, in a way one of the main ones is a unit of strength.

International prototypes were collected from a significant batch of the same standards, prepared overnight. The other symbols of the party were handed over to all participating countries as national prototypes (primary national standards), which are periodically rotated in the International Bureau for matching with international standards. The matches, which were held at different times of quiet feasts, show that the stench does not show the difference (according to international standards), which is due to the interaccuracies of the world.

International system СІ.

The metric system was more or less well adapted by the 19th century. often to the fact that it was promoted as an international system of loneliness, often for those reasons that її odinі theoretically were transferred independently into existence, as well as zavdyaks of її simplicity. Vcheni began to introduce new units for different physical quantities, with such stinks on the right, basing on the elementary laws of physics and povyazyuyuchi tsі odinitsі z odiniki dozhini and masi metric system. The rest more and more conquered the various European lands, in which earlier there were few moves without personalities that did not match one with one alone for different sizes.

Although in all lands that adopted the metric system of units, the signs of metric units were more the same, the differences in the difference between similar units were different lands and different disciplines. In the field of electricity and magnetism, two systems of similar identities appeared: electrostatic, based on force, with which there are two electric charges one on one, the other is electromagnetic, based on the force of mutual modality of two hypothetical magnetic poles.

The situation became even more complicated with the appearance of so-called. practical electric units, introduced in the middle of the 19th century. The British Association for the Development of Science for the Satisfaction of the Wired Telegraph Communication, which is rapidly developing. Such practical units do not mix with units of both names of more systems, but in the case of an electromagnetic system, they are more than multipliers, equal to the steps of ten.

In such a rank, for such wonderful electrical quantities, like a strain, a strum and an opir, there were a few options for those accepted alone, and a skin scientific practitioner, an engineer, a vikladachov had the opportunity to virishuvati himself, which of these options was more beautifully cured. At the link with the development of electrical engineering in the other half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. they knew more and more widely zastosuvannya practical loneliness, yak became a zreshtoy to dominate at tsіy galuzі.

For usunennya such swindle on the cob 20 tbsp. There was a proposition to unite practical electrical units with powerful mechanical ones, based on metric units to build that mass, and to induce a uzgodzhenu (coherent) system. In 1960, the XI General Conference of the World and Vag adopted a single International System of Units (CI), gave the designation of the main units of the system of units, and punished the living of some of the worst units, "without violating the rules about others, so you can be added in the future." Tim himself, more firmly in the history of international favor, adopted an international coherent system of loneliness. In the present hour, the system of loneliness for the greater part of the world has been adopted as a legal one.

The International System of Units (СІ) is a narrowed system, in a way, for a physical quantity, such as a dozhina, an hour or a force, one or more than one unit is transferred to the world. Names of individuals are given a special name, the butt can be a single pascal, then the names of others are settled with the names of quiet individuals, such stinks are vibrated, for example, a unit of speed is a meter per second. The main ones, together with two complementary geometric characters, are presented in Table. Table 1 2. Three of the most recent mechanical ones important meaning Mayut unit of force newton, unit of energy joule and unit of tension watt. Newton is recognized as a force, as if one mass is accelerated in one kilogram, which is equal to one meter per second per square. The joule is better than the robot, as it seems, if the point of the report of the force, which is equal to one newton, moves one meter away from the straight line of the force. Watt - tse potency, if the robot is one joule in one second. About electric and other poor units will be discussed below. Official appointments of the main and additional ones.

A meter is a chain of passage that can pass through a vacuum with light in 1/299,792,458 of a second. The designation was adopted at the same time in 1983.

The kilogram is older than the international prototype of the kilogram.

A second is a trivality 9192631770 periods of cleavage of the viprominence, which confirms the transitions between two equals of the superfine structure of the main camp of the cesium-133 atom.

Kelvin is 1/273.16 parts of the thermodynamic temperature and the loss point of the water.

Mile of expensive quantity of speech, in the warehouse of which there are styles and structural elements, number of atoms in the isotope of carbon-12 weighing 0.012 kg.

Radian - a flat cut between two stake radii, a dozhina arc between some other radius.

The steradian is closer to the corporeal kutka with the top in the center of the sphere, which is viewed on the surface area, equal to the area of the square on the other side, which is closer to the radius of the sphere.

For the adoption of dozens of multiples and long ones, a number of prefixes and multipliers are suggested, which are indicated in Table. 3.

Table 3 PREFACES AND MULTIPLIERS OF DECIMAL MULTIPLES AND LONGITUDINAL UNITS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CII SYSTEM
exa		deci
peta		santi
tera		miles
giga		micro	mk
mega		nano
kilo		pico
hecto		femto
soundboard	So	atto

In this order, a kilometer (km) is 1000 m, and a millimeter is 0.001 m.

On the back it was transferred, that one of the main units can be buti gram, and it was not possible to name one unit of mass, but in this hour the main unit is є kilogram. Name the megagram instead, the word "ton" is used. In physical disciplines, for example, for the sake of reducing the weariness of visible or infrared light, a millionth part of a meter (micrometer) is often blocked. In spectroscopy, the fluff is often expressed in angstroms (Å); the angstrom is the oldest one tenth of a nanometer, tobto. 10-10 m. The volume that equals 1000 cubic centimeters (one cubic decimeter) is called a liter (l).

Masa, it's that hour.

All the main units of the CI system, krіm kіlogrаm, nіnі are determined through the physical constants of the appearance, as they are considered immutable and with high accuracy in the creation. As for the kilogram, there is still no way to implement it with this level of development, which can be reached in the procedures for comparing different standards with the international prototype of the kilogram. Such a reconciliation can be carried out with a way of calling on spring teres, the abduction of which does not exceed 1H 10 -8. Etalons of multiples and long ones for a kilo are installed in combinations of vowels on therese.

Oskіlki meter is determined through the speed of light, which can be performed independently in a well-possessed laboratory. So, with the help of the interference method of strokes and ends, you can come in, as they are in the mines and laboratories, you can change it, conducting a line between the days of the light. The penalty for such methods in optimal minds is taken from one billion (1H 10 -9). With the development of laser technology, similar scientists have already said goodbye, and their range has expanded significantly.

So the second itself is probably up to її daily appointment can be independently implemented in a competent laboratory at an atomic beam facility. The beam atoms are excited by a high-frequency generator, adjusted to the atomic frequency, i electronic circuit vymіryuє hour, rahuyuchi period kolivan lanceyuzi generator. Such a vimiryuvannya can be carried out in the exact order of 1H 10 -12 - richly, lower it was possible with more terms, based on the wrapping of the Earth and її about the name of the Sun. Often the turning point - frequency - is unique to that standard that can be transmitted over the radio. Zavdyaks to that skin, who has the highest radio-receiving possession, can receive signals of the exact hour and reference frequency, which may not be questioned for the accuracy of the data being transmitted to the air.

mechanics.

Temperature and warmth.

Mechanical loners do not allow virishuvati all sciences and technical tasks without learning any other specialties. If you want a robot that works when the mass is moved against the force, that kinetic energy of the singing mass is, for its nature, equivalent to the thermal energy of the speech, it is better to look at the temperature, that heat, as okremi values, so as not to lie in mechanical ones.

Thermodynamic temperature scale.

The unit of thermodynamic temperature Kelvin (K), called the kelvin, is a variable point of the water, that is. temperature, at which water is in equal condition with ice and steam. The temperature is assumed to be equal to 273.16 K, which determines the thermodynamic temperature scale. Tsya scale proponated by Kelvin is based on another cob of thermodynamics. If there are two thermal reservoirs with a constant temperature and a revolving heat engine that transfers heat from one of them to the other one before the Carnot cycle, then the thermodynamic temperature difference between the two reservoirs is equal T 2 /T 1 = –Q 2 Q 1 , de Q 2 that Q 1 - the amount of heat that is transferred to the skin from the reservoirs (the minus sign refers to those that heat is taken from one of the reservoirs). Thus, if the temperature of the warm reservoir is 273.16 K, and the heat that is taken from the new one is twice as much as the heat that is transferred to the other reservoir, then the temperature of the other reservoir is 136.58 K. If the temperature of the other reservoir is 0 K, then heat would not be transferred to you in the fire, but all the energy of the gas was converted into mechanical energy on the expansion of the adiabatic expansion in the cycle. Tsya temperature is called absolute zero. Thermodynamic temperature scientific achievements, zbіgaєtsya s temperature, scho to enter until equal to the ideal gas PV = RT, de P- Tisk, V- oblige R- Gazova has become. Rivnyannya shows that from an ideal gas, the extraction is done in proportion to the temperature. For any given gas, this law certainly does not apply. In addition to making corrections for the virtual forces, then expanding the gas allows you to adjust the thermodynamic temperature scale.

International temperature.

Depending on the deposit, the temperature can be measured with even higher accuracy (approximately up to 0.003 K near the loss point) using the gas thermometry method. A platinum thermometer is placed near the thermally insulated chamber to support the gas tank. When the chamber is heated, the electroopir of the thermometer increases and the pressure on the gas in the reservoir rises (it will become even), and when it is cooled, a reverse picture is observed. Vimiryuyuchi one-hour operation and vice, you can calibrate the thermometer to the pressure of gas, which is proportional to the temperature. Then the thermometer is placed near the thermostat, in which case water can rarely be cooled by its solid and vapor phases. Vymiryavshiy yogo electroopir for tsієї temperature, otrimuyut thermodynamic scale, the scales of the temperature of the point of the point are assigned a value that is 273.16 K.

There are two international temperature scales - Kelvin (K) and Celsius (C). Temperature beyond the Celsius scale to come out of the temperature beyond the Kelvin scale at the remaining 273.15 K.

Precise temperature control by the method of gas thermometry can take a lot of time. Therefore, in 1968, the International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS) was introduced. Koristuyuchis tsієyu scale, thermometer different types can be graduated from the laboratory. This scale was installed behind an additional support of a platinum thermometer, a thermoparity and a radiation pyrometer, which vibrates at temperature intervals between several pairs of constant reference points (temperature reference points). MPTSh is guilty of the bula with the greatest possible accuracy in confirming the thermodynamic scale, but, as it was stated later, її dzhe suttivi.

Temperature scale Fahrenheit.

The Fahrenheit temperature scale, which is widely used in the British technical system alone, as well as in non-scientific worlds in rich countries, it is customary to assign two constant reference points - the temperature of ice melting (32 ° F) and boiling water (212 ° F) at normal (atmospheric) pressure. So, in order to take the temperature over the Celsius scale as the temperature over the Fahrenheit scale, you need to take the remaining 32 and multiply the result by 5/9.

Units of warmth.

Oskilki heat is one of the forms of energy, її can be measured in joules, and this metric unit has been accepted by international favor. Ale, if the amount of heat was calculated for the change in temperature, the amount of water, a wide-width unit, was called a calorie and an additional amount of heat, necessary in order to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 ° C. to deposit according to temperature, I had a chance to clarify the value of the calorie. Two different calories appeared - “thermochemical” (4.1840 J) and “steam” (4.1868 J). "Kaloriya", which is called dietetics, is actually kіlocalorіya (1000 calories). Calorie is not the only one of the CІ system, and in most of the galleries of science and technology, it has gone out of fashion.

Electricity and magnetism.

All of the heat-transmitting electrical and magnetic units are based on the metric system. Vіdpovіdno to the current terms of electric and magnetic units all stink є pokhіdnymi units, scho vyvodyatsya behind the sing physical formulas from metric units dozhini, masi and hour. Shards of greater electrical and magnetic quantities are not so easy to overcome, being scabrous with guessing standards, but it was better to install with a path of similar experiments similar standards for these values, but otherwise, be warped by such standards, being scabrous.

Units of the SI system.

Below is a list of electrical and magnetic units of the CI system.

The ampere, the unit of electric power, is one of the six basic units of the CI system. Ampere - the power of a constant struma, which, when passing through two parallel straight conductors, of an inexhaustible length with a meagerly small area of a circular transverse crosscut, we spread it in a vacuum on a width of 1 m, one in one, viklikav bi on a skin gap of a conductor in a force of 1 7 n.

Volt, unit of retail potential that electrical shock force. Volt - electrical voltage on dealership electric lansyug with a constant strum with a power of 1 A, with a straining of 1 W.

Pendant, the unit of the quantity of electricity (electrical charge). Pendant - the amount of electricity that can pass through the cross section of the conductor when fast stream with a force of 1 A for 1 s.

Farad, unit of electrical capacity. Farad - the capacity of a capacitor, on the plates of which for a charge of 1 C, the electric voltage is 1 U.

Henry, unit of inductance. Genri dorivnyuє _inductance _ circuit, in which case EPC self-induction in 1 with a equal change in the strength of the struma in the same circuit by 1 A for 1 s.

Weber, unit of magnetic flux. Weber - a magnetic flux, when it drops to zero in a circuit connected to it, which may be opir 1 Ohm, an electric charge flows, which increases 1 C.

Tesla, unit of magnetic induction. Tesla - magnetic induction of a uniform magnetic field, in which a magnetic flow through a flat maidanchik with an area of 1 m 2 is perpendicular to the lines of induction, up to 1 Wb.

Practical eyes.

Light that illumination.

Units of strength of light and illumination cannot be determined on the basis of mechanical units. You can measure the energy flow from the light whistle at W / m 2, and the intensity of the light whistle - from V / m, like a radio wave. Ale sprynyattya osvetlenosti є psihofizichne yische, yakim istotna yak іtensivnіst dzherela svіtla, and y sensibility of the human eye to the spectral rozpodіlu tsієї іintensivnosti.

For the sake of international favor, a candela was adopted for a single strength of light (formerly it was called a candle), equal to the strength of light in this straight line, which vibrates monochromatically viprominuvannya frequency 540 H 10 12 Hz ( l\u003d 555 nm), the energy power of the light vibration, which directly becomes 1/683 W / pore. It approximately shows the strength of the light of the spermaceti candle, as long as it served as a standard.

If the strength of the light dzherel is good for one candela in all directions, then the next light flow is good 4 p lumens Also, as if dzherelo perebovaya at the center of the sphere with a radius of 1 m, the illumination of the inner surface of the sphere is equal to one lumen per square meter, that is. one suite.

X-ray and gamma-improvement, radioactivity.

X-ray (p)- chief of the Odornitsya Ekzovtsiyno Dosi Rentenivsky, Gamma-I Photon Viprominwan, Dorivnuy Kilkosti Viprominwannya, Yak Urahuvannyam of the secondaryword Vyprominnya dwarf, Scho of the Dorin, Scho Nosmoye. In system SI single clayed doses of viprominuvannya є gray, which is 1 J/kg. The standard of the clayed dose of viprominuvannya is the installation with ionization chambers, which mimic the ionization that vibrates viprominuvannya.

Value- Tse those that can be killed. So understandable, like dovzhina, area, obsyag, mass, hour, speed, they are also called quantities. Value є the result of the, Won is signified by a number, expressed in the singing units of the Odin, in which the magnitude is vitiated, called alone in the world.

To understand the magnitude, write the number, and the order of naming the units, de vain was eliminated. For example, 5 cm, 10 kg, 12 km, 5 min. The skin size can be an impersonal value, for example, the length can be more expensive: 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, etc.

One and the same value can be expressed in different units, for example, a kilogram, gram and a ton - these are the same units. One and the same value in different units is expressed different numbers. For example, 5 cm = 50 mm (dovzhina), 1 year = 60 hv (hour), 2 kg = 2000 g (vaga).

Vimiryati as a value - means recognition, how many times they have a different size of the same genus, taken as a single vimir.

For example, we want to know the exact date of the stone. So, it is necessary for us to save this dovzhina for the help of another dozhina, as we know well at home, for example, for the help of the meter. For whom you need to add a meter according to the length of the room, the stiles are different, skils are possible. If you lay wine on the old room exactly 7 times, then the old one is 7 meters long.

As a result named number for example 12 meters, or a sprinkling of named numbers, for example 5 meters 7 centimeters, the collection of which is called put together by named number.

come in

In the skin state, the order has set the number of units of the world for different values. It’s as if the loneliness of the world is protected, accepted as an eye, called standard or srazkovoy loneliness. Small units of a meter, a kilo, a centimeter are broken, for which they prepare units for everyday living. Individuals that have gained in vhitok and have been consolidated by the state are called visits.

Come in and be called the same yakscho stinks serve for vimiryuvannya values of the same genus. So, gram and kilogram - come in the same way, stink shards serve to win the vaga.

Alone in the world

Below are some of the most common values, which are often used in mathematical problems:

Come in wag/masi

1 ton = 10 centners
1 centner = 100 kilograms
1 kilogram = 1000 grams
1 gram = 1000 milligrams

1 kilometer = 1000 meters
1 meter = 10 decimeters
1 decimeter = 10 centimeters
1 centimeter = 10 millimeters

1 sq. kilometer = 100 hectares
1 ha = 10000 sq. meters
1 sq. meter = 10,000 sq. centimeters
1 sq. centimeter = 100 sq. millimeters

1 cu. meter = 1000 cubic meters decimeters
1 cu. decimeter = 1000 cu. centimeters
1 cu. centimeter = 1000 cu. millimeters

Let's look at such a value as liter. For the vimir of the city of ships, a liter is victorious. A liter is a volume equivalent to one cubic decimeter (1 liter = 1 cubic decimeter).

Come in for an hour

1 century (century) = 100 years
1 river = 12 months
1 month = 30 dB
1 day = 7 decibels
1 doba = 24 years
1 year = 60 hours
1 whilina = 60 seconds
1 second = 1000 milliseconds

In addition, vicorist is so alone in the hour, like a quarter of that decade.

quarter - 3 months
decade - 10 dib

The month is accepted for 30 days, so it is not necessary to indicate the number of that month name. Sіchen, birch, grass, lime, serpen, zhovten and chest - 31 days. Lyutium in a simple roci - 28 days, lyutium in leap year– 29 days. Blossom, worm, spring night, leaf fall - 30 days.

Рік є (approximately) that hour, with the stretch of which the Earth zdіysnyuє povny turn around Sun. It is customary to take into account the skin of three successive fates for 365 days, and the coming quarters after them - at 366 days. R_k, scho to take revenge on your own 366 days, is called leap year, and the fates that revenge for 365 days - sorry. Until the fourth year, add one last day from an offensive cause. The hour of the Earth's death is about to take away the Sun from oneself not exactly 365 dB, but 365 dB that 6 years (approximately). In this order, a simple river is short for the right river by 6 years, and 4 simple roads are short for 4 true fates by 24 years, that is for one doba. To that, one doba (29 fierce) is added to the fourth fate of the skin.

About other kinds of values you know from the farther development of the various sciences.

Short names of entries

Abbreviated names of entries are accepted to be recorded without a dash:

Kilometer - km
Meter - m
Decimeter - dm
centimeter - cm
Millimeter - mm

Come in wag/masi

ton - t
centner - c
kilogram - kg
gram - g
miligram - mg

Come in square (square come in)

sq. kilometer - km 2
hectare - ha
sq. meter - m 2
sq. centimeter - cm 2
sq. millimeter - mm 2

cube meter - m 3
cube decimeter - dm 3
cube centimeter - cm 3
cube millimeter - mm 3

Come in for an hour

century - in
rik - g
month - m or mіs
tizhden - nabo tizhden
dobu - abo d (day)
year - year
hvilina - m
second - h
milisecond - ms

World of mercy ships

liter - l

Vimiryuvalni accessories

For the vinification of various values of vicorist, special victories are used. Some of them are even simpler and are recognized for simple deaths. Before such accessories, you can add a vimiruval line, tape measure, vimiruval cylinder and other. Other vimіryuvalnі priladnіshі. Such devices can be used with seconds, thermometers, electronic tubes and others.

Vimiryuvalnі attach zvichichay vymіryuvalnu scale (or short scale). Tse means that on the attachment there are dashed handicrafts, and the order from the skin with a dashed rose under it is written the exact value of the value. Stand between two strokes, for which the value of the value is written, it may be additionally divided into sprats of smaller subdivisions, these subdivisions are most often not marked by numbers.

It doesn't matter what the value of the value of the leather is the smallest one. So, for example, on the little one below, a vimiruval line is depicted:

The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., are marked by two strokes, as subdivisions into 10 identical subdivisions. Later, the skin was ripped (with the closest strokes) showing 1 mm. Tsya value is called at the cost of subdividing the scale vimiruvalnogo pridazh.

Before that, how to start to win the size, then determine the price of the scale of the attachment, which is victorious.

In order to determine the price of the subdivision, it is necessary:

Find the two closest strokes of the scale, for which the value of the value is written.
Consider the smaller value from the larger value and subtract the number of subdivide the number of subdivisions that are between them.

As a butt, it is significant the price of the scale of the thermometer, depicted by the little lion-hander.

Let's take two strokes, which are applied to the numerical values of the variable value (temperature).

For example, dashes with the designations 20 ° C and 30 ° C. Divided into 10 subdivisions with strokes. In this order, the price of a skin underlay will be equal:

(30 °C - 20 °C): 10 = 1 °C

Also, the thermometer shows 47 °C.

Vymіryuvati different values in everyday life to bring post_yno dermal z us. For example, to come to school at once, or to work, to spend an hour, which will be spent on the road. Meteorologists for the weather forecast vimiryuyut temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed is too thin.