Keyboard of computer history. History of keyboard development. Main group of keys

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Zmist:

Intro.

1.1 Stages of keyboard development.

1.3 Small keyboard.

1.4 First personals.

1.5 Not far away - AT.

1.6 ATX keyboards.

3.2m

Visnovok.

Addendum.

Intro.

Relevance . It is important to say, what can be used more important and universal attachment for entering information into the computer, lower keyboard. As much as possible, at no cost, if a person will use his computer for additional gestures, facial expressions, graphic images, video images and movies, the keyboard can be removed if you need to enter information. However, today, if the text and symbols as carrying valuable information are still important, the keyboard will be included in the configuration of the personal computers that are supplied. A computer without a keyboard is not a perfect computer!

Tsіl - Learn the history of keyboard development.

Manager:

1. Live the evolution of the computer keyboard.

2. Designate the stage of keyboard development.

3. Learn about the first computer keyboards.

4. Familiarize yourself with the German keyboard.

5. Vivchiti pershі personalki.

6. See modern computer keyboards.

7. Practical part of the project.

Object - Keyboard

Subject - History of keyboard development

1. The evolution of the computer keyboard.

If you didn’t work at the computer, played or programmed, scribbled a document, or just scribbled in a chat, you won one of the indispensable devices - the keyboard. Like and be-yak rich, the keyboard can control history.

People

The root of the modern computer keyboard goes far back to the 19th century. Everything started with the appearance of a simple Drukar machine. In 1868, Christopher Sholes, the father of Christopher Sholes, patented his machine. The main key moment of this stage was the birth of the first layout. Vaughn looked like a collection of symbols, which were ripped apart for an abbess. How it seemed later, tse, softly seemingly, unhandedly, to that which the symbols were rarely found in the most important places and on the other hand. In 1890, they came up with the “QWERTY” layout, which is a kind of double-click and dosi when typing in Latin letters. And the Russian layout of the keys, paradoxically, was foreseen in America, for example, in the 19th century. From that hour, she did not recognize strong changes.

The name of the QWERTY layout is similar to the first six Latin letters on the keyboard, starting from the left upper kuta to the right.

Teletype

The sound is synchronous, and the telegraphist is guilty of pushing the button less when a special sound signal is removed. Later, the transmission of data became asynchronous, and such a way of calling was removed by the name "teletype" (literally - "friend on the line"). In the 1920s, the teletype was already widely broadcasting financial and political information. Later, the receivers became electronic, and for the sake of saving paper, the text was displayed on the screen and rozdrukovuvavsya only for the needs.

1.1 Stages of keyboard development.

The advent of the ENIAC computer

How to add an introduction - a punched card and a teleprinter line

1948

Distribution of computers UNIVAC and BINAC

Zasobi vvodnya-vodu teletype or tabulatory-perforatori.

1960

Electric drukarska machine with єmnіsnoy klavіatura.

The main plus is the ease of introduction to the text. It was not necessary to report stilki zusil, like on a drukar machine.

1965

Coristuvachi took away the ability to bachiti, what kind of text to type the stench, and to bring small ability to edit it again.

1980

Extended keyboard. The keyboard shortcuts have been changed on it. This number has also been increased, and the new keyboard has become already resonant for our days - 101 keys.

1990

Easy contact keyboard. Her skin button works, like a little vimikach. When pressing the keys in the closed conductors, an electric stream begins to pass, and a special lance fixes its presence.

1995

ATX keyboards. The computer can be vimicated and vmikati programmatically. On the keyboard, the Power key was added, the Sleep button was added.

1997

Multimedia and Win-keyboards. Microsoft has added new keys for multimedia navigation.

1998

Ergonomic keyboards began to be taken up by Cherry. At the keyboards, the head letter block of divisions is navpil, qi halves of the troch are arranged under a small kut (this kut fixation can be regulated), at the center there is a hump.

2000

Gnuchka keyboard. It’s not easy to bend, bend and fold, but it’s also water-resistant, so. you can go

2011

1.2 First computer keyboards.

1943 was marked by the appearance of the ENIAC computer, which made a splash in the world of science. This computer was vikoristovuvavsya for ballistic roses. Vhіdnі vіn vіn otrimuvav for additional punched cards and teletype lines. Program management of operations was carried out for additional switching between plugs and dial panels.

In 1948, the beginning of the development of UNIVAC and BINAC computers, which were used for single and sometimes more mass production, began. Okrema respect in these machines was attached to the outbuildings for input-output. For them, teletypes or tabulators-perforators served as the introduction-visitors. BINAC instantly write information to a magnetic stripe.

Emnisna keyboard

The dubious keyboard was prepared on other textolite boards. The name of the technology speaks for itself - this type is used for the condenser racks, ripped at the outbuilding. Two maidanchiks made of tin and nickel-plated midi, yak, to speech, never connected one to one, neither mechanically nor electrically form a skin key. Let's take a look at how it works. We press the key - when it changes between the maydanchiks, when it changes, the electrical capacity changes, like when it is pressed, it becomes about 2 picofarads, and when it is not pressed - 20 picofarads.

The change in capacity creates a stream of charging particles, which is processed by the keyboard controller, which generates the code of the pressed key in its line. It's a long time, but such a keyboard allows you to enter text with speed up to 300 characters per second.

Otzhe, let's turn to our Drukars machine. The main plus was the ease of introduction of the text - now, to make a difference, it would not be necessary to apply stiles of zusil, like, for example, on the classic Scholz typewriter.

new era

The onset stage of interventions with the development of the development of insurance systems for a rich coristuvachіv, under the machine hour and the emergence of terminals. EOM were equipped with graphic displays and teletypes.

In 1965, several laboratories of Bell and General Electric companies united to create a fundamentally new type of operating system MULTICS (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) (http://www.multiplexed. UNIX. The head rice of the project was the creation of a new interface - video terminal display. Now koristuvachs could bachiti, what text to type, and at the same time, the possibility of editing was small.

First personals

Approximately at the beginning of the 1970s and at the beginning of the 1980s, vibrators began to release computers, as they could afford not only the offices of great companies, but simply the death of a home victoria. There were plenty of different varieties and different lines. Perhaps, at your house, if standing, for example, Amiga chi Spectrum. Qi computers were a normal keyboard, in which the computer itself was built (processor, ROM, RAM and a sprinkling of modules for additional attachments). Everything was done compactly and did not take a lot of space. Madly, the keyboards of these machines for functions and the number of keys overturned the electric machines of Drukars. So, for example, a number of keys were added to the Control, Alt type.

The key with a curved arrow has become Enter and the function is changed as the carriage is turned, and the data entry is completed. For work with electronic documents, arrows were added to control the cursor, and ale stinks were changed on numbers. Numerous elements knew their active involvement in graphical interfaces and, of course, computer games, they began to develop actively, as only personal computers became wide-width.

Keyboard extension

The next step is to deal with the development of modular PCs, so I can upgrade. The most representative of them are computers Apple (Apple PC), Commandore, IBM PC. All the main components, such as the processor, RAM, were locked up in a chrome case, and, apparently, the keyboard was broken apart from them, so that it became a full extension. It was connected to the computer for an additional cord through the Din-5 connector and looked like this: a total of 83 keys, divided into two blocks. The first block is alphanumeric, on the first block the control arrows were also placed, and the other - service (for system keys). This keyboard is not a small function of indicating the position of the keys of the great register Caps Lock, as well as blocking the Num Lock service-numeric keypad and blocking the Scroll Lock review. The main shortfall was the placement of the elements of keruvannya. It was possible to stretch to the functional keys, and it became simply unhandy to play, and the Enter button was here at the fold and was not seen by its dimensions in the middle. This period can also be traced to the key one in the history of keyboards - even the keyboard has become a full-fledged addition.

The Apple company specialized mainly in office computers and the most important fault of the "Misha" manipulator.

Not far away - AT

At the beginning of the 1980s, the IBM PC architecture standard was broken up, computers lost their mark, and the backbone-modular principle was more firmly established. Now the brewers were not engaged in the release of specific computers, but they found wine and finished all the new and new additions. Obviously, there were also keyboards. Such companies as Cherry, Focus Electronic, KeyTronic and others were engaged in and at the same time release qi add-ons. Progress does not stand on the ground - new computers are viable and new keys.
In the period when only 286 processors were issued for AT, the processors were upgraded according to the standards. But in order to be seen, or maybe even afraid of critics (there are future opponents of the “QWERTY” layout, as if they wanted to sort it out in alphabetical order), the editors began to make corrections: for example, it was implemented to change the layout right on the go, for whom to navigate, they used a key. Deyakі firms rozroblyali universal keyboards, for example, two-standard keyboard AT simple remikannyam tumbler reworked on PC / XT-sum_sny device. But with the advent of new PC / XT technologies, they forgot.

A few years have passed, and the cultivators have created one more year for the standardization of the AT keyboard. Added impersonal new functions, including a new Sys Req key. Ale, the head view of the new keyboard in the front of the front was a block of keruvannya. The keyboard can be programmed on the same command, which made it even more crazy with PC / XT, although they have only one rose. So, before the speech, the Enter key has become significantly larger, and it has become richly useful for the victor.

Extended keyboard

It was not so rich an hour, and wanting to release AT keyboards three times, a new technology was put on the assembly line. Її began to be called the extended keyboard. Irrespective of those who, in terms of electronics, were attached to a copy of their father AT, they changed the keyboard layout to the new one. This number has also been increased, and the new keyboard has become already resonant for our days - 101 keys. Added "F11" and "F12" (before speech, all "functionals" were moved to the top row), the cursor keys were seen in the top row, the keys Ctrl and Alt were duplicated and spaced along the sides of the main block.

Simple contact keyboard

Virobniks are always trying to get cheap and prostitiv virobnitstvo. Axis i has come to change technology. The novelty took away the name "zhorstkokontaktna klavіatura". Virobnitstvo єmnіsnoї klavіatura was a collapsible process and, apparently, dosit expensive. New technology came to the aid of the rescued. The easy-contact keyboard has a skin key that works like a small switch. When pressing the keys in the closed conductors, an electric stream begins to pass, and a special lance fixes its presence. Then the signal is transmitted to the microprocessor of the keyboard itself and a code is generated, which is sent to the central processor of the computer. Simplicity of typing this type of keyboard is even cheaper. For example, the PCjr keyboard has become a symbol of simplicity. In this case, gum pads (replacement of springs) were victorious, turning the keys at the outward position. The main minus of such a decision is the lack of development of the building itself, but then it’s cheap and angry. Tsya tekhnologiya zastosovuetsya in most modern keyboards.

Prior to the speech, for the PCjr, IBM tried to create a wireless keyboard: it placed an infrared sensor in it: a viprominuvach on the back panel of the keyboard, giving a signal, and a receiver, connecting to the port, receiving it. I will add 4 AA batteries for the robot. The keyboard can be twisted with or without a cord. When the wire was connected, the power supply of the batteries was pinned, which made it possible to protect the charge.

Zakhist from Koristuvach

It's no secret that it's better to practice with a cup of caviar and a fresh donut, so koristuvachs often have a snack in front of the computer, and, naturally, spill licorice homeland and throw fat on an unfortunate clave - even more so. As soon as the contact pad gets stuck, the buttons stop pushing. Virobniki began to work between the plivkoy and the keys one more ball of plastic, the keys gave two pins, and open for them were lifted over the surface. In this rank, to fill the current keyboard with jelly is not easy, if you want to try harder, it’s still possible.

1.3 Small keyboard.

1960 was a turning point in the history of the development of computer keyboards - an electric machine entered the market. Vaughn is small єmnіsnu keyboard.

The name of the technology speaks for itself - this type is used for the condenser racks, ripped at the outbuilding. Let's take a look at how it works. When pressing the key, the electrical capacitance changes, as when pressed, it is about 2 picofarads, and when pressed, it is 20 picofarads.

The change in capacity creates a stream of charged particles, which is processed by the keyboard controller, which generates the code of the pressed key in its line. Otzhe, let's turn to our Drukars machine. The main advantage was the ease with which the text was taken away - now, in order to druk, it was not necessary to apply stiles of zusil, like, for example, on the classic drukarian machines.

In 1965, several laboratories of the Bell and General Electric companies merged to create a fundamentally new type of operating system that was richly protected on a richly colored basis. The head rice of the project was the creation of a new interface - video terminal display. Now koristuvachs could bachiti, what text to type, and at the same time, the possibility of editing was small.

1.4 First personals.

Approximately at the beginning of the 1970s and at the beginning of the 1980s, vibrators began to release computers, which could be afforded not only by the offices of great companies, but also by death for the home victoria. There were plenty of different varieties and different lines. Perhaps, at your house, if standing, for example, Amiga chi Spectrum. Qi computers were a normal keyboard, in which the computer itself was built (processor, ROM, RAM and a sprinkling of modules for additional attachments). Everything was done compactly and did not take a lot of space. Madly, the keyboards of these machines for functions and the number of keys overturned the electric machines of Drukars. So, for example, a number of keys were added to the Control, Alt type. The key with a curved arrow has become Enter and the function is changed as the carriage is turned, and the data entry is completed. For work with electronic documents, arrows were added to control the cursor, and ale stinks were changed on numbers. Numerous elements knew their active involvement in graphical interfaces and, of course, computer games, they began to develop actively, as only personal computers became wide-width.

1.5 Not far away - AT.

At the beginning of the 1980s, the manufacturers were not engaged in the release of specific computers, but the wines found and finished all the new and new additions. Obviously, there were also keyboards. Progress does not stand on the ground - new computers are viable and new keys. But in order to see if you could see it, or maybe, afraid of critics (it seems that the opponents of the “QWERTY” layout, who wanted to sort it out in alphabetical order), began to make corrections: for example, it was implemented to change the layout right on the go , for which navit vygadali okremu klavishu. A few years have passed, and the cultivators have created one more year for the standardization of the AT keyboard. Added impersonal new functions, including a new Sys Rq key. The Enter key has become significantly larger, and the attachments have become richly useful for the victoria.

1.6 ATX keyboards.

New computers have brought us new improvements in the life management interface. The computer can be switched on and off by software. As you can see, the line is the engine of progress, and you don’t reach for the button on the case, or don’t make a spear of operations with the bear, they added the Power key on the keyboard, by the onslaught of which you can turn the life off. The Sleep button enters the computer into sleep mode, as well as wakes up a new one. In its time, these buttons zipsuval chimalo nerves koristuvachami, zvikli up to 101-button keys, until they figured out less, rounded and drowned in the case.

Also changing the rose of the keyboard connection. Another "population" took off PS / 2, the expansions in the first half of the 1980s were in line with the IBM PC standard. Vіn nabagato smaller in pіvnіnі zі sіїї twin Din-5 vіd AT-klavіatura.

Multimedia and Win-keyboards

Not only because of the development of the hall, but also because of the improvements in software, more and more keys were pressed into the keyboard. Microsoft, as a whole life was engaged in the development of software, began to release the keyboard and also reported its hand before the appearance of new keys. Roztashuvala won їх mizh keys Control and Alt. One key opens the "Start" menu, and another - pressing the right mouse button. I had a chance to taste the pieces at the key of the test. On some models of keyboards, there is a touch panel for typing with a mouse cursor.

Ergonomics of keyboards

The first ergonomic keyboards were taken up by the Cherry company, and no matter what, no one else has ever been fascinated by the classic style, right down to the color of the device. Її attachments looking like this: the head letter block of divisions navpіl, tsі halves of the troch are bred under a small kut (this kut fixation can be regulated), in the center there is a hump. From this moment, a new fashion for the creation of ergonomic keyboards has come. The baton was taken by Microsoft, Logitech, BTC (Behavior Tech Computer), and until today they are the leaders in the choice of such devices.

2. See modern computer keyboards.

Multimedia keyboards

Not only because of the development of the hall, but because of the improvements on the keyboard, more and more keys were pressed. Microsoft, as a whole life was engaged in software development, began to release the keyboard and also reported its hand before the appearance of new keys. Roztashuvala won їх mizh keys Control and Alt. One key opens the "Start" menu, and another - pressing the right mouse button. I had a chance to taste the pieces at the key of the test. On some models of keyboards, there is a touch panel for typing with a mouse cursor.

Also, there were buttons for multimedia control, for example, behind the additional multimedia keyboard, you can adjust the sound with one click or take it out of Windows Media Player. Approximately one hour on the keyboard, the main functions of managing the browser were blamed.

Ergonomics of the keyboard

For those who don’t know, it’s understandable: ergonomics - I’ll arrange for the biological features of a person. Tse those that we consider, how comfortable we are, how effectively we can win over the attachments, and how much everything looks good. The first ergonomic keyboards were taken up by the Cherry company, and no matter what, no one else has ever been fascinated by the classic style, right down to the color of the device. Її attachments looking like this: the head letter block of divisions navpіl, tsі halves of the troch are bred under a small kut (this kut fixation can be regulated), in the center there is a hump. From this moment, a new fashion for the creation of ergonomic keyboards has come. The baton was taken by the companies Microsoft, Logitech, BTC (Behavior Tech Computer) and until today, the leaders in the choice of such devices.

A look at the future

Deyakі klavіaturi at once vbudovuyut zchituvachі smart cards. The stinks serve as nothing for security, vikouyuchi key function: by inserting - go to the operating system, not inserting - do not go.

So appeared the User-to-interface add-on, the DataHand System zocrema does not recognize the keyboard - a more predictable spacecraft control terminal. There are no such buttons, but there are ten diroks, where you need to stick your fingers. With your fingers you can ruhati at five straight lines, in such a rank and you need to drukuvate. So long as you play this method, and with a new layout ... The rozrobnik put yourself as a metaphor for speeding up to a minimum of a handful of rukhivs, which you can beat with your fingers, but at the same time save the ability to practice like with the keyboard, so with the bear, moreover, at once.

The touch keyboard of the new generation is not a keyboard anymore. Only two sensors, yakі need to put on offended hands and drukuvat at the door. As soon as you call, then it’s better to manually tweak the device for mobile solutions. Pratsyuє tsya futuristic tekhnologiya in such a rank: add on sensory technology with a piece of neural mesh, for the help of which, you will definitely see the hand of another person's fingers. Sensors react to the hands of fingers and transform them into letters. The novelty supports the QWERTY layout.

3. Practical part of the project.

3.1 Main characteristics of groups of keys on the keyboard.

For their recognition, the keys on the keyboard are subdivided into the main groups:

alphanumeric keys;

keys of the numeric keypad (numeric keypad);

keruvannya keys, modifier keys;

function keys;

Additional groups:

special keys.

Number of function keys (twelve for PC/AT-keyboards) is stashed at the top row of the keyboard. Below is a block of alphanumeric buttons. To the right of this block there are keys for controlling the cursor, and at the right edge of the keyboard there is a digital panel, which can be used in the dark.

Letter-digital block

Alphanumeric buttons are also called alphanumeric buttons, data buttons, data entry buttons. The basis of this block is formed by a set, similar. Sound up to one key of these data, a sprinkling of letters, numbers, rozdilovyh signs and symbols are tied. If a letter is entered, it will be assigned by the keyboard register - the keyboard robot mode, by inserting the keys of the key or the keys of switching the register.

Before the alphanumeric block, there are keys for entering letters, numbers, punctuation marks and arithmetic symbols, as well as special symbols. For a standard PC/AT keyboard, this block includes 47 keys. For some mov, where the number of letters in the alphabet is greater than 26, keyboard compiles allow keyboards with additional keys in the alphanumeric block - for example, on keyboards (33 letters) їх instead of 48 (div.:). For the Russian alphabet with 33 letters, special keyboards do not vibrate - all letters of the Russian alphabet are placed on the keys of the standard PC / AT keyboard.

The keys of the alphanumeric block are divided by rows and by zones. The bottom row of the block is located above the “probіl” button and modifier buttons , . Vin is respected first. Vishche - another, also the title of "home" order. Even worse is the third one. The largest row of keys in the block - quarters - in the Latin layout do not remove the keys for entering letters, but turn on all the keys for entering numbers. For some reason, yoga is often called digital next. The zone is called the cluster of keys, fixed at the method of a blind ten-finger friend behind the fingers of the skin from the hands. The numbering of the zones goes to the right.

The result of dії alphanumeric keys to lie in the register (lower or upper) and equal (the first chi is different), in which case the onslaught of these keys.

Keys keruvannya

Keys management (control keys) are recognized to vykonanny sevnyh diy. The stinks can be victorious all the time or at the same time with the other keys. Beforehimbe seen: Esc, Tab ↹, Ctrl, Alt, ← Backspace, ↵ Enter, PrtSc, Ins, Num Lock, Del, Scroll Lock, Break, ⊞ Win.

Modifier keys

The keys ⇧ , ⇪ , і (Alt rights) are included before the modifier keys. The stench is recognized for changing (modifying) other buttons. Emphasis on the upper case of keys (when ⇪ Caps Lock is on) is affected by the pressing of the upper case keys ⇧ Shift. Pressing and pressing AltGr keys will be pressed to switch to another level of the keyboard.

The keys-modifiers vikoristovuyutsya most often, so may zbіlsheni rozmіr. Before that, the keys ⇧ Shift and Ctrl are duplicated along the sides of the block of alphanumeric keys.

Keys for system commands

Before them one can see: SysRq, Esc, PrtSc, Pause, Break, ≣ Menu.

Function keys

Also on the PC / AT keyboard at the upper part of the keyboard there is a block about the function keys - F1 to F12. (On the clittures of the Bulo 10 of the functions of the Blood F1 to F10, distributing in the two Stovptsi in the Livіi section of Clawіaturi.) Funki Kolvіsh visnat the Systems of the System Abo Applied PZ: SETUP BIOS) І, Nadali, launched by the OperationsIn system.

Functions other than the function keys, combinations of the function keys with the keys ⇧ , and these “primary” keys make the part i, as a rule, permanent for the okreme view of the PZ. There are a number of universal features that are most likely to stop: often, when F1 is pressed onto the screen, an alarm is displayed after the program (often there is a warning on the side, which is in the program mode, in which it is not known), and the ESC pressure is caused to interrupt the operating flow.

Special key combinations

Key combinations with a special order: Ctrl + Alt + Del - (one-hour push) DOS reset, Windows threading program termination

PrtScr (or Shift PrtScr) - another printer copy instead of the screen in DOS, placing the screen image or the streaming window in the clipboard (Clipboard) Windows.

3.2 At the light of the crow.

The monument to the keyboard is the first land-art sculpture in Yekaterinburg, dedicated to the computer keyboard, which is located on the other tier of the embankment of the Іset river, Gogol street. Announced on July 5, 2005. Author - Anatoly Vyatkin.

"Monument to the Keyboard" became the first landscape sculpture in Ekaterinburz. Critics swear by them in Europe and Asia. Such a technical tool for communication between people, like a keyboard, representations in the form of an Asian stone garden, where to come from creative purposes. The protégé of the local inhabitants, singsongly, adds no less. You can sit on the view of other sculptures, you can sit on the “Klaviatura”, you can walk on it and transfer it from one letter to a foreign language. The fathers insist that the stars of these sculptures, the children learn the alphabet more, and the active hardworking computers believe in the other practical sense. Mіskі legends svіdchat, scho to make a bazhannja and "to abuse" yogo on the keyboard, reordering from letter to letter, after which "press" "Enter", then it will not be arbitrarily set. And yakscho blamed the difficulties, it was necessary to post on "CTRL, ALT, DEL", after which life "re-engaged".

Sculpture stuck in like a vindication of new mіskіh mіfіv, and y u name sudіdnіh spores. So, the river Іset mіstsevі is called by the residents of Zhartom by analogy with the name of computers “Іset”. The old budіvlya nearby is called the “system unit”.

The popularity of the sculpture is so great that yoga was included in the route "Chervona Line of Yekaterinburg", a kind of farby line to pass with asphalt through 30 main cultural objects near the center of the city. The skin weight of them is not less than 80 kg.

Visnovok.

Try to work the keyboard thoroughly, you won't end up. Proponuyutsya different options for the layout of letters, as if they would give the opportunity to balance the pressure on the hands and change the pressure for the hour of the drukvannya. Zgіdno z doslіdzhennyami, letters, which are often vikoristovuyutsya, it is necessary to roztashovuvat in the mountains and in the middle of the keyboard, at the same time, the voices are due to the left side of the annex, the right ones - to the right.

Through the constant stagnation of Drukars' machines in Russia, the Russian version of the keyboards turned out to be rational. Kirila roztashovuєtsya following the principle - letters, which often zastosovuyutsya, concentrated in the center. As you can see for yourself, such a method is easy and easy for the other to “slip”.

List of vikoristanih dzherel.

All about keyboard keys

Date when keyboards were created

The history of the creation of the keyboard

Addendum.

How to clean the keyboard

What is a keyboard for you? Tse panel, connected to the system unit, what should be done for over a hundred keys? It's all right, she doesn't know. Modern keyboards are the main crown of the science of engineering and design ideas.

And all the same, be it the keyboard is to blame, but it’s handy for the victor, so that it doesn’t break.

The keyboards, with which we are proud of you, step by step enter the past. Greatly wide nabuli without darts keyboards. But not all. These attachments can be made in a different form, roztashuvannya buttons. The stench can be divided into two parts under the right and the left hand. All these innovations are the result of historical achievements of fahivtsiv. Trends in the development of touch screens have not overtaken the keyboard either. For a reason, be it possible to get your own touch keyboard at once. Vaughn, obviously, it’s not cheap, but there’s one great plus: beat your head, like cleaning the keyboard, you won’t be swearing anymore.

Not everyone can afford such tops of engineering thought, and if you just don’t want to spend pennies, then we can look at the procedure for cleaning this peripheral outbuilding.

I have a lot of ways, I will show you the simplest and most original. The first clue to you is a mystery, how to clean the keyboard with a pilosos. Gluzdo suck the keyboard right there, de won to lie. But it will be even more efficient if you work it out by trimming the keyboard with the buttons down. Ideally, someone can help you. Vin is guilty of trimming the keyboard and lightly splashing the beast on the roof. An exhausted pilosus can singly see the mustache of great particles of smittya, but it is not possible to clear the ford that has stuck to the buttons.

At tsimu dopomozhe more vitoncheniy sposib. We take in our hands a thin line or a twist (be it another flat and thin object, pidide tezh) and we begin to turn the buttons. Work carefully and don't forget that the following indicates the position of the keys (take a picture of them or paint over them). Remove all buttons, clean the mess from the attachment. The buttons themselves can be cleaned by hand, or you can put them in a sock and tie them up. You can throw a bundle into a cleaning machine with a white hole, don’t fight, nothing terrible will happen.

Then hang up the buttons and put them in their place.

Computer keyboard- Attachment for entering information into the computer and giving signals to control. To replace the standard dialing of the keys of the Drukarska typewriter and the deuce of the additional keys - the key and function keys, the keys to be keyed by the cursor and the small numeric keypad.

The people of the keyboard

The root of the modern computer keyboard goes far back to the 19th century. Everything started with the appearance of a simple Drukar machine. In 1868 Christopher Sholes, having patented his right as a collection of symbols, which were arranged in alphabetical order. How it seemed later, tse, softly seemingly, unhandedly, to that which the symbols were rarely found in the most important places and on the other hand. In 1890, they came up with the “QWERTY” layout, which is a kind of double-click and dosi when typing in Latin letters. And the Russian layout of the keys, paradoxically, was foreseen in America, for example, in the 19th century. From that hour, she did not recognize strong changes.

The name of the QWERTY layout is similar to the first six Latin letters on the keyboard, starting from the left upper kuta to the right.

The key moment of the conversion of Drukars' typewriter to a computer keyboard was becoming the winemaker, for example, of the 19th century of the telehandled machine Bodo. This method, having replaced the telegraph, in which the information was encoded by the double-bit method ("dot-dash", and later "the presence of the signal - the presence of the signal"). At the link with Bodo, for coding the letters of the alphabet, a fifth code was written, for the help of some kind of electromechanical folding, the text was added, which is accepted on paper. The sound is synchronous, and the telegraphist is guilty of pushing the button less when a special sound signal is removed. Later, the transmission of data became asynchronous, and such a way of calling was removed by the name "teletype" (literally - "friend on the line"). In the 1920s, the teletype was already widely broadcasting financial and political information. Later, the receivers became electronic, and for the sake of saving paper, the text was displayed on the screen and rozdrukovuvavsya only for the needs.

First computer keyboards

Emnisna keyboard

1960 was a turning point in the history of the development of computer keyboards - an electric machine entered the market. Vaughn is small єmnіsnu keyboard.

The dubious keyboard was prepared on other textolite boards. The name of the technology speaks for itself - this type is used for the condenser racks, ripped at the outbuilding. Two maidanchiks made of tin and nickel-plated midi, yak, to speech, never connected one to one, neither mechanically nor electrically form a skin key. Let's take a look at how it works. We press on the key - when it is pressed, the electric capacity changes, when it is pressed, it is about 2 picofarads, and when it is not pressed, it is 20 picofarads. The change in capacity creates a stream of charging particles, which is processed by the keyboard controller, which generates the code of the pressed key in its line. It's a long time, but such a keyboard allows you to enter text with speed up to 300 characters per second.

Otzhe, let's turn to our Drukars machine. The main plus was the ease of introducing the text - now, so that it would not be necessary to druk, it would be necessary to apply stiles of zusil, like, for example, on the classic Scholz typewriter.

new era

In 1965, several laboratories of the Bell and General Electric companies united to create a fundamentally new type of MULTICS operating system, which was covered by a richly corrugated operating system, which in turn led to the appearance of the UNIX operating system. The head rice of the project was the creation of a new interface - video terminal display. Now koristuvachs could bachiti, what text to type, and at the same time, the possibility of editing was small.

So, for example, a number of keys were added to the Control, Alt type. The key with a curved arrow has become Enter and the function is changed as the carriage is turned, and the data entry is completed. For work with electronic documents, arrows were added to control the cursor, and ale stinks were changed on numbers. Numerous elements knew their active involvement in graphical interfaces and, of course, computer games, they began to develop actively, as only personal computers became wide-width.

The next step is to deal with the development of modular PCs, so I can upgrade. Most of their representatives are Apple computers (Apple PC), Commandore, IBM PC. All the main components, such as the processor, RAM, were locked up in a chrome case, and, apparently, the keyboard was broken apart from them, so that it became a full-fledged addition. It was connected to the computer for an additional cord through the Din-5 connector and looked like this: a total of 83 keys, divided into two blocks. The first block is alphanumeric, on the first block the control arrows were also placed, and the other - service (for system keys). This keyboard is not a small function of indicating the position of the keys of the great register Caps Lock, as well as blocking the Num Lock service-numeric keypad and blocking the Scroll Lock review. The main shortfall was the placement of the elements of keruvannya. It was possible to stretch to the functional keys, and it became simply unhandy to play, and the Enter button was here at the fold and was not seen by its dimensions in the middle. This period can also be traced to the key one in the history of keyboards - even the keyboard has become a full-fledged addition.

The Apple company specialized mainly in office computers and the most important fault of the "Misha" manipulator.

Not far from the past

In the period when only 286 processors were issued for AT, the virobniks were upgraded according to the standards. But in order to want to be seen, or maybe even afraid of critics (there are future opponents of the “QWERTY” layout, as if they wanted to sort it out in alphabetical order), the assemblers began to make corrections: for example, it was implemented to change the layout right on the go, For whom to navit they foretold a key. Some companies developed universal keyboards, for example, the two-standard AT keyboard, simply by switching the toggle switch, was transformed into a PC / XT-sum device. But with the advent of new PC / XT technologies, they forgot.

Extended keyboard

It's not been a good hour, and wanting to release AT-keyboards three times, a new technology was put on the assembly line. Її began to be called the extended keyboard. Irrespective of those who, in terms of electronics, were attached to a copy of their father AT, they changed the keyboard layout to the new one. This number has also been increased, and the new keyboard has become already resonant for our days - 101 keys. Added "F11" and "F12" (before speech, all "functionals" were moved to the top row), the cursor keys were seen in the top row, the keys Ctrl and Alt were duplicated and spaced along the sides of the main block.

Simple contact keyboard

Virobniks are always trying to get cheap and prostitiv virobnitstvo. Axis i has come to change technology. The novelty took away the name "zhorstkokontaktna klavіatura". Virobnitstvo єmnіsnoї klavіatura was a collapsible process and, apparently, dosit expensive. New technology came to the aid of the rescued. The zhorstko-contact keyboard has a skin key that works like a small switch. When pressing the keys in the closed conductors, an electric stream begins to pass, and a special lance fixes its presence. Then the signal is transmitted to the microprocessor of the keyboard itself and a code is generated, which is sent to the central processor of the computer. Simplicity of typing this type of keyboard is even cheaper. For example, the PCjr keyboard has become a symbol of simplicity. In this case, gum pads (replacement of springs) were victorious, turning the keys at the outward position. The main minus of such a decision is the lack of development of the building itself, but then it’s cheap and angry. Tsya tekhnologiya zastosovuetsya in most modern keyboards.

Zakhist from Koristuvach

It's no secret that it's better to practice with a cup of caviar and a fresh donut, so koristuvachs often have a bite in front of the computer, and, naturally, spill licorice to their homeland and throw fat on an unfortunate clav - there you go. As soon as the contact pad gets stuck, the buttons stop pushing. Virobniki began to work between the plivkoy and the keys one more ball of plastic, the keys gave two pins, and open for them were lifted over the surface. In this rank, to fill the current keyboard with jelly is not easy, if you want to try harder, it’s still possible.

ATX - keyboard

Multimedia keyboards

Ergonomics of the keyboard

A look at the future

The QWERTY keyboard is one of those silent speeches, like the floorings are called to us, but we don’t know about them. However, it’s still respectful to be amazed at the roztashuvannya of letters on nіy, it’s up to us to allow for strong logic ... and at times we can’t show the desired other

Letters are given by throwing around vipadkovo. As a rule, it is explained by the vadas of early technologies. It seems that if the Drukarska typewriters have only become more popular, the letters on the keyboard would need to be roztashovuvat far one way or the other. Aje іnakshe drukarka typing too fast, through which to jam the next keys. At first glance, this version looks logical ... the cream of one great "ale". Increase the letters "E" and "R" as a quarter for the width in the English language. To this, either the history is not true, or the author of the keyboard did not think and made a rude pardon.

Otzhe, hto rozrobiv keyboard QWERTY? Tse buv htos on im'ya Christopher Latham Sholes. In 1860, he became a wine-maker, a doctor and a journalist, who knew how to rule the alphabet, and who was the same wine. On most typewriters, what to write, to the new letter, they were sorted out in alphabetical order. If Scholes signed a contract with Remington, he also patented his QWERTY keyboard. Tse Bulo 1878 rock; until 1890, this layout proved to be good for itself and became the most popular among keyboards. Її pіdhopili usі main virobniki.

Ale why?

One neimovirno cynical (albeit plausible in any way) theory is that the popularity of QWERTY served as a basis for recruiting in recruitment courses, as if they helped people to master this chimera scheme as much as possible.

However, there is one more theory that seems to be realistic when re-verified - the QWERTY keyboard gained popularity through the Morse alphabet.

Show what is at the yard 1890 r_k. You sit at the table, listening to the Morse code as you walk along the darts. Your robot is working to write down what you feel in the form of telegrams. But if you don’t, you can’t see people in another country - even if you don’t have any pause buttons or rewind. Acts from sequences dots and dashes on the cob are the same. For example, until the end of the code you can not change "Z" into "SE". However, at that hour, the person in the other country had already switched to the offensive letter, and you are guilty of pratsyuvati shvidko. In this order, "Z" and "SE" leaned on the keyboard and ordered one by one.

Surely, the greatest irony is that Scholes learned to believe in the success of his QWERTY keyboard. Before his death, he patented a few others, which, in my opinion, were richly shorter, less popular, but illogical QWERTY. In one of the patents, which was the letter of registration after the death, the upper left row of the keyboard consisted of the letters XPMCHR.

It's not surprising that QWERTY maw has a lot of competitors. None of them could win over them, although there were no serious reasons for winning over 100 years.

For this term, she recognized the real changes. On Sholes' other machine, there was not only the Shift key, but the upper and lower case buttons. The stench was allowed to mix only between large and small letters, and change punctuation marks. Deyakі keyboard makers troch changed the scheme, so as not to infringe the patent - they replaced the sprat of buttons, so as not to pay the fee.

QWERTY is the most popular Latin keyboard layout these days, which is used for English movies. On this basis, layouts for rich and other languages were created. The name looks like 6 left symbols of the top row of the layout.

The roztashuvannya of letters on the computer keyboard - all the decay of Drukars' typewriters that appeared at the 19th century.

On the first typewriters, found by Christopher Sholes, the letters on the keys were sorted in alphabetical order, in two rows. In addition, it was possible to write only with great letters, but the numbers 1 and 0 were not known. They successfully replaced the letters "I" and "O". The heart of all ruled. However, over the years, the speed of each other became more and more, and even then such machines had a serious problem: the little hammers did not turn around in their place and gradually scrambled one by one. Even more often, try roses and they led to the breakdown of machines.

And it turned out that in the English alphabet there are a lot of suicidal letters, which are the most common (for example, p-r, n-o). As a result, it often happened that the main keys pressed one by one, which led to the jamming of the hammers.

At the link with the symbol, Christopher Sholes, after numerical experiments, having developed the keyboard, in such letters, which are often used in texts, were placed in the form of fingers (even before the "blind" ten-finger method was used, in the main, in words). This is how the famous QWERTY keyboard layout appeared (behind the first letters of the top row, zlіva to the right), as dossier. Vaughn and migrated to the keyboards of computers, although they did not have problems fixing important ones.

The QWERTY layout in 1873 was installed on the first industrial production of the Remington 1 machine. For a stretch of five years, the car was left alone, presented on the market, and the buyers were forced to call to QWERTY. The very same keyboard QWERTY victorious and today.

It should be noted that the numbering of letters on the QWERTY keyboard is far from rational, because. Bulo was introduced for the smart improvement of swidkosti friend.

The layout is rather rich, as in 1936 the vice professor of statistics at the University of Washington, Arthur Dvorak. Її principle - maximum success for the recruiter.

In this letter, which is often used, it is in the middle and upper rows. Under the left hand in the middle row, all the voices are roared, and under the right hand - the most frequent voices.

The need for hands with whom to go out is more balanced. Judge for yourself: for the 8-year-old working day, our fingers will sway on the keyboard of the Dvorak way for about 2 km, just like on the traditional QWERTY keyboard, this show will become already 7 km. Vіdpovіdno i svydkіst druk on the keyboard Dvorak vdvіchі vvіchі vіdvnyа z keyboard QWERTY.

Ale, regardless of those that Dvorak's layout is divided according to all the rules, the higher level of ergonomics is included in the list of layouts, no matter what version of Windows, with it only 2% of the computer's core is working.

In early 1943, Dvorak wrote: “You can create dozens of keyboard layouts without reporting any special sounds, as if they would be accepted, not the best, but the universal keyboard of Scholes. If the letters and symbols from the three lower rows of Scholes's keyboard are mixed up and arranged in a vertical order, then most often the keyboard layout will be handy, if it is placed on the hands, then the okremі fingers will be rіvnomirnіshe. At the same time, there are fewer words that are typed with less than one hand, and there will be fewer folded sequences of pressing letter keys, lower when working on the creation of the universal Scholes keyboard.

Over the years, we have found more convenient options for roztashuvannya keys;

How do you deal with the Russian keyboard? Why are the letters put on it in this order, but not otherwise? On the right, in the fact that in Russia Drukarska cars, like all technical innovations, appeared richly late, lower at Zahodі. At the moment, a lot of constructive shortcomings were already worn out. The first Russian keyboard YTsUKEN (the name resembles the 6 left symbols of the top row of the layout) was expanded on the back as an ergonomic one, tobto from the handy and rational layout of the keys. Under the strongest and most visible fingers, there were placed letters, which are most often victorious, and under weak ring fingers and little fingers - more redkish.

Unfortunately, the Russian computer keyboard has some shortcomings. For example, for the Komi, as a victorious player, wait, even more often, they couldn’t see the key, but they placed it on the same key, on which there is a dot, - in the upper register! For that, in order to insult someone, it is necessary to press two keys. Maybe, for this reason, schoolchildren, who love to sit on the Internet, so often miss the Komi?

Why QWERTY and nothing else?

Maybe, the most popular foods that people ask themselves when they first get to know the computer keyboard, є: “Why are all the letters thrown around like a fluke? Wouldn’t it be easier for you to take revenge on them for an Abetka?”.

To be honest, the whole process of typing was easier to learn. Do you remember when you were sitting at the computer and spent a few seconds on the recognition of skin letters?

Let's dive into history

With the same logic, the American winemaker and journalist Christopher Sholes, which is 1868 roci having taken away a patent for his first Drukars machine. The keyboard was formed in two rows, on which 26 Latin letters and numbers from 2 to 9 were arranged in alphabetical order. 0 і 1 vyrishili to spare, allowing to replace them with letters Oі I. There was no mention of the register yet - they used only great letters.

The keys were small in shape, so that the keyboard was wider and looked like a piano. Schematically, it looked something like this:

When pressing on the key, it was important with a metal letter, hitting the farbowal line and leaving the note on the paper. The link with the cim faced the first problem: with a swedish set of suicidal letters, it was important not to turn around on the spot schiplyalis one by one, which led to the teeth of the robot and some of the breakdowns.

So vinyl needs a thorough construction. The next stage was the creation 1870 roci three-row keyboards with round, compact keys. How many times has the alphabetical order been destroyed by the method of scatter of letters, from those often victorious each day they gave one type of one, but the deacons of the sequence were still saved:

Vinakhidnik reported richly zusil for optimizing the rendering of symbols. Investor James Densmore, who sponsored Scholes' work, describing the process as follows:

It should be noted here that in the process of improving our experimental machines, of which we vibrated about fifty, in half of these machines they did not break the same keyboard, and did not use the same keyboard in two upcoming experiments.

Podbag work in 1873 roci became the first machine in the history of Drukarska, launched in serial production. Vaughn took away the name Remington No. I. Nearly 5,000 copies were crushed in Usyiy.

IN 1878 the version of the machine under the name was upgraded Remington No.2. The most important feature was the key Shift, which allowed typing text in upper and lower case.

Same for this model the letter layout was residually formed, as it has survived to this day. Just think - since that hour has passed already 137 years!

Cicavia fact: original version marketing. According to the theory, some letters were transferred in such a manner that it would be possible to instruct for the help of one of the upper rows, I would call the first typewriters. TypeWriter.

And what do we have?

No wonder, the prototype of the modern Russian layout was foreseen in the XIX century in USA. In our country, however, the versatility of handy typewriters to write was improved only until the 1930s. By analogy with QWERTY, the layout removed the name JTSUKEN by the first six letters of the top row.

On the top of the English version, the rotting of the symbols on the back of the head was arranged in such a way that the letters that were most serrated were known under the pointed fingers, and the most common ones were under the ringless and little fingers. For whomever, our layout is more ergonomic.

On the back, part of the symbols was put on the keyboard every day to save money. The names of them were replaced by similar names (as in the case with the numbers 0, 1 and 3, the names of those victorious were O, I and Z), and others were taken away by the so-called “warehouse method”, which, having put a lot of signs one on top of the other.

A modern view of the rosette of the nabula in the 50s of the last century. IN Windows OS she looks like this:

This is the same variant under the name "Russian (typescript)". It's more like the traditional Drukari typewriters, and it's better for a swedish friend for the chance to set different signs without pressing the Shift key. The rest, with their own black, vikoristovuetsya for typing numbers in the top row.

Somehow the symbols are sorted in a different way in the layout of Apple computers. One of the most important details in the standard Windows schema is the letter Yo know the key Enter.

Not much more popular, but may still be called “phonetic layouts”. The stinks of Russian and Latin letters are chosen for the same sound. The axis of the kіlka buttov of such keyboards:

Alternative layouts

Many people criticize the layout of QWERTY for being anachronistic, and in a healthy mind: such a layout of letters was invented over a hundred years ago and dictated by the technical features of the Drukars' machines of that hour. Modern keyboards do not have any important things, they are chipped one by one, which means that you can go to the problem of creating a layout exclusively from the point of view of clarity and ergonomics.

In 1936 he was a professor at the University of Washington Serpen Dvorak after scientific achievements, having created their own version of the layout. In these letters, which are most often used, they are ruffled in the middle and upper rows, with the help of the left hand in the middle row, all the voices are ruffled, and with the right hand - the most voicing.

In theory Dvorak layout guilty of zbіlshuvati svidkіst set chi not vdvіchі for rahunok lesser number of ruhіv fingers, but in practice with it seldom work 2% koristuvachiv.

Another alternative - Colemak socket, broken down in 2006 Shaim Coleman set of English texts. The name is derived from the names of Coleman and Dvorak. Following the words of the rozrobnik, the layout is given in a rich way to change the standard QWERTY for the swedishness, with which the rahunok is similar to the rest, allowing you to easily adapt to work on both. So Colemak rozvantazhuy little fingers and zmushuy often draw hands. The special feature is the duplication of the button. backspace on the mission cap lock.

Slipy method to a friend

Vineyard of this method Frank Edward McGurrin- Office clerk from the law office at the Grand Rapids, USA.

The history of the cієї under the arc of the cicava. In 1878, a Remington No.I., a Drukarska typewriter, appeared at the office, and Frank became involved with his roboticist D.E. Corbitt in the swidkosti set. On the back of the fight, the fight was inveterate, but for a sprat of months, it became easy to become a boss. Todi Korbitt, having overcome the vanity of a talented stenographer and rozpovіv in his presence of a vigadan іstorіyu pro dіvchinu, like nіbito typed the text from the naming swidkіst, with whom she marveled at the window.

The trick goes on, and Frank can also learn how to use this method of typing. Vіn having become victoristovuvat all ten fingers zamіst two і and in a deaky hour already could gain more than 90 words in such a rank for a note on an unknown text. So the maiden became the cause of the vineyard laying, an important method for stenography.

25 Lipnya 1888 The fate of Frank Edward McGurrin, having succeeded on the magic of swidky typing in Cincinnati, after which the wines themselves and yogo wines sounded a wide voice. Three years later, in one of Arthur Conan Doyle's descriptions of Sherlock Holmes, the following dialogue appeared:

- You don’t know, - having said wine, - why is it so rich to write on typewriters for your short-hairedness?
- I was sleepy on my back, but now I’m using another blind method, - she said out.

The blind method to each other can be impersonal: lowering the mental state, saving the right mindset, and also increasing productivity. At the same time, there are anonymous sites and helpers for mastering this technique.