Regulating voltage stabilizer
Hello shanovni readers. I've been wanting to try out the scheme for a long time straining, regulated stabilizer voltage, The scheme of which is presented in the book "Microcircuits for Linear Dzherel Zhelennija i їkh zastosuvannya" Dodek's publication 1998r. The scheme depicts a little 1.
Figure 2 shows a diagram, as I have chosen. It has a diode, a resistor 2 and a capacitor 2. Resistor R2 is necessary for closing the coil tight transistors. About the installation of additional elements, you can learn in detail from the fortune-telling book. The axis is small vitrimka z qієї book.
Data of tested stabilizer
Input voltage………………………. 22V
Output voltage……………………. 14.15V
Strum ………………………………………………………... 0... 5A
Output voltage failure………. 0.05V
The voltage of the pulsation did not die, to that, having energized the stabilizer from the power supply of the constant stream.
So, applying 22V to the input, setting the voltage to the output 14V with resistor R5 - more precisely, it was 14.15. When the voltage was increased to 5A, the output voltage changed to 14.1 V, which indicates a voltage dip of 50 ml, which is good to do.
When the voltage drops on the stabilizer itself 10V strum through the power transistors 5A tobto. tension, which is seen on them at a heat of 50 W, the radiator is warmed up to a temperature of 80 (in photo 1, it’s true 75 - then the temperature rose) degrees.
For silicon, "like from a good wound." Ale after running the stabilizer at this temperature for a long time, one of the KT829A died in raptov that lowered temperature, as if conveying that the stench is pracyuvatimut from a possible snake climate), happened to be replaced. I have all the transistors, soldered from old televisions. Resistors, like in the emitters of high-voltage transistors, are more necessary to control the collector streams of these transistors, lower their vibration. I have changed the number of streams from the transistor to the transistor, changing in a different way, which led to the selection of transistors. For example, the strum of one transistor is 1.64A, and the other is 0.63A. So, you can easily clean up the number of resistors in the emitter tubes after you have completed the transistors. The stabilizer is mounted in a hanging way directly on the radiator (div. photo 2). When installing a stabilizer, you need to do the trimming of your minds.
1. Conduct, scho go resistor R5 to the ground, it is necessary to solder directly to the outer terminal of the block.
2. Capacitors C1 and C2 are installed in direct proximity to the stabilizer microcircuit.
3. Resistor R4 is the best to solder without a middle on the second wire of the microcircuit.
4. C1 and C2 are better than tantalum.
After selecting the stabilizer of the obov'yazkovo and turning it over with an oscilloscope output voltage stabilizer - it is possible to self-excite it. If you winkne zbud, then you can play C1 and C2 more strongly right up to the vibe. When first turned on, lightly brush the electrics with your fingers until the temperature rises. The stabilizer works normally with an input voltage of 34V, with which the output voltage is not more than 24V (to lie with the nominal value of the resistor R5 and be calculated by the formula).
Included in the strumovy lanciug is a special opir R T , vikonuє the role of reversing the struma strain When the support is pierced, the stream is seen to have a polarity voltage indicated on the little 22. This voltage is injected into the input of the transistor VT 3. At a given strum, the transistor turns off and takes on a part of the strum of the base of the transistor VT 1. The remaining curvature is between the jet of the collector. At the maximum stream, the transistor VT 3 closes and does not affect the operation of the stabilizer.
1. Choice of streak resistor.
It is acceptable that the defender is guilty of being aggravated, as if the strum is shifting the undercurrent maximum strum of ambition. Acceptable transistor VT 3 germanium n-p-n type. The voltage of such a transistor becomes 0.3 V. (2 I Hmax = 0.12 A). We calculate the value of the support R T.
R T \u003d 0.3 V / 0.12 A \u003d 2.5 ohms. Select less than nominal value
2.4 ohm. Calculate the intensity of the rosette on the resistors of that type.
2. Transistor VT 3 you can choose whether it is Germanic n-p-n type.
| U ST |
At the time of the breakdown of the transistor VT 1 (Figure 19) the pressure of life is consumed on the tension, which can be brought out of harmony. Necessary scheme for protection of voltage in case of possible overvoltage. In such vipadkas, there are swedcodies electronic circuits zahistu little ones 23. On this scheme, the elements of the indication will become a stabilizer, the indication will be looked at further.
Scheme zakhistu is made up of a thyristor VS 5, zener diode VD 4 resistors. (The scheme of zahistu strum is not shown in the scheme). Thyristor VS 5 closes, yogo keruchiy input connections to the cathode through the opir R 2. Zener diode VD 4 also close the voltage on by 10% more voltage vanity. As soon as the voltage on the voltage increases for any reason, stabilitron VD 4 turns on, the thyristor's electric current is supplied with voltage, the thyristor turns on and shorts the stabilizer's input lance. After whom the fusible zapobіzhnik burns FU.
1. Opir R 2 intermediate jet zener diode on the river
5 ÷ 10 mA. From a group of minds, a zener diode and a resistor are selected. Whose butt U H \u003d 10 V. It is possible to use a stabilitron KS213V with a voltage connection 13 (table 2). When the fret of the transistor VT 1 per zener diode VD 4 you may need a minimum voltage of life, which is 20 V. Set by a zener diode strum equal to 5 mA. In case of breakdown of the zener diode to the resistor R 2 applied voltage (20 - 13) = 7 V. Opir R 2 = 7 V/5mA = 1.4 kΩ.
| + W 2 |
| W 1 |
| + |
| FU |
| VD 5 |
| VD 6 |
| R 2 |
| VS 5 |
| R H |
| VT 1 |
| UІ |
| VD 4 |
| Rice. 23 - Scheme for the purpose of seeking out and indicating |
| R 4 |
| St |
| R 3 |
Calculated by the intensity of the expansion of the resistors, choose one type.
It is verifiable that the strum does not move through the zener diode to an acceptable value at the maximum voltage of the lifeline, which is 27.6 V.
(27.6 - 13) V / 1.4 kΩ = 10.4 mA, which is generally acceptable for the same type of zener diode.
2. Choice of thyristor.
The turn-on voltage of the thyristor can be greater than the life voltage U I max (parameter U table 5). When choosing a thyristor, you can be guided by such a mind. If the voltage strum is less than 100 mA, then a thyristor with an anode strum of 100 mA and less is selected. If the boost strum is greater than 100 mA, then a thyristor with an anode strum of 100 mA and more is selected.
At the butt, you can choose the thyristor KU101V U A \u003d 50, I A = 80 mA.
Selected elements are entered before the list of schema elements.
Indication of becoming a stabilizer
Indication of becoming a stabilizer zdiisnyuєtsya for the help of svetlodiodіv (SID). The normal stan is adopted by green color, the critical stan is chervonim.
1. Opir R 4 are selected depending on the minds of the minimum SID and the minimum stress on it (Table 6). Vibermo light diode KL101A with parameters I PR = 10 mA, U PR \u003d 5.5 st.
R 4 = (U H - U ETC)/ I PR = 4.5 V / 10 mA = 450 ohms. We choose the closest less than the nominal value of the resistor. Calculated by the intensity of the expansion of the resistors, choose one type.
2. Indication of the need for a stabilizer is needed for additional SID VD 5. The diode does not glow at the exit station. As soon as the thyristor turns on, the voltage on the new one changes to one volt and the strum will flow. Rozrahunok of the intermediate support R 5 similar support R 4.
SID is chosen from red lights.
3. Fusible zapobіzhnik FU such a strum is selected so that the vents are spratsyuvav with an allowable thyristor strum.
4. For the use of low-frequency and high-frequency transitions at the output of the stabilizer, the capacities are switched on in parallel to the input W 1 = 0.1 uF ta W 2 = 10 ÷ 20 uF.
3.11 Visnovok
After the completion of all the developments and the choice of elements, the crowns are made. The new one has a task, tobto. what should be designed and adjusted stabilizer parameters Before ST, R WIR i U ICP, taken as a result of design.
3.12 Storage principle diagram stabilizer
After the completion of the construction of the okremikh vuzlіv, it is necessary to put together an important scheme, I will add it. Before the diagram in Fig. 19 the diagram is added to zahistu fig. 22, fig. 23. The numbering of the elements is broken, the nominal values of the elements are not indicated, the arrows in the direction of the stream and the voltage are also not indicated. The scheme of the extension is drawn up on the archway in A3 format, the frame and the main write (stamp) addendum 3.
When chairing the principle scheme, it is followed by GOST, which can be found in the library. You can use a typical "painter" Microsoft Word, SPlan programs, Compass or Electronics Workbench.
As soon as the scheme is drawn on a computer, it can be divided into two parts, divided into two arches A4 and then glued together.
The principle scheme can be supported by a change of elements - specificity, which is conducive to GOST (addition 4). If you allow space on the A3 archway, you can place a table with a change of elements over the main writing of the armchair.
VIMOGI BEFORE ROBOT IS DESIGNED
4.1 Design of robots
course work May buti is framed in a visually explanatory note, written on arches in A4 format in a computer or handwritten way.
On all four sides of the sheet of the note of guilt, the margins left-handed - 25 mm, up to 10 mm each.
Sheets of an explanatory note are bound but creased at two or three points on a 10 mm wide line at the left edge of the sheet. Violins and plastic envelopes (files) are not allowed.
An explanatory note obov'yazkovo is obliged to include the mind's task, as it is placed on another archway (the variant number is indicated on the title archway). Rosrakhunkov's important schemes in the explanatory note of the responsibilities of tying the obov'yazkovo on a stencil. The schemes in the text are small and due to the mother's scribbled numbering and signature.
The usual letters for the designation of physical quantities may be assigned a small amount of explanation in the text.
The calculation of numerical values of physical quantities can be formalized in an offensive order: after the calculation formula, written in literal meanings, in it to present the numerical values of the quantities, and then induce the result of calculating that value of the unit physical quantity without bows. Obov'yazkovo put down the difference of the taken value. If you want one value to enter the formula, if there are three significant digits, then the result is also the mother's fault for three significant digits. As an example of the design of the rozrachunk formula, you can go back to the formula of the rozrachunka of the stabilization coefficient Before ST.
The robots, who submit themselves for re-verification, may be victorious in full communication, a copy of the victorious literature, dovidnikov, has been brought up.
Correction should be made by way of the confirmation of the wrong result, that inscribing the right one or the right one of the wrong one. If the work is re-arranged in its entirety, then the front version of the work due to the respected posting may have attachments in the corrected text (behind the title page, which can be transferred to the corrected text).
The butt of the design of the title page of the note is indicated at the addendum 2. The title page is side number 1, but the number is not affixed. The old number under the heading means coming. The first position is the number of the first specialty, the next two positions are initial projects not to be filled in, the forward position is the two remaining digits of the number of the student card and the credit book, the remaining position is PZ - document code - an explanatory note.
In the main writing of the important circuit, the position is set to E3 - designates the electrical circuit is important.
At the addendum, the volt-ampere characteristics of the transistors are induced, as they were victorious under the hour of the investigation. The characteristics can be copied from the electronic version of the handbook or from the Internet and placed in an explanatory note.
4.2 Table for the choice of option and data for the stabilization of the stabilizer
The number of the option is chosen after the student's serial number in the journal of the group.
Change the voltage of the lifeline to become ± 15% of all options.
Table 1
| No. Var. | U ST B | I HmA | ∆t 0 C | Transistor material | Before ST no less | TKN% id U ST |
| 50±20% | Si | less than 1% | ||||
| 90±20% | Si | less than 1% | ||||
| 60±40% | Ge | less than 0.5% | ||||
| 70±20% | Si | less than 0.9% | ||||
| 80±30% | Ge | less than 0.5% | ||||
| 82±20% | Si | less than 1% | ||||
| 96±30% | Ge | less than 0.5% | ||||
| 50±40% | Si | less than 0.8% | ||||
| 90±20% | Ge | less than 0.5% | ||||
| 40±40% | Si | less than 1% | ||||
| 60±40% | Ge | less than 0.6% | ||||
| 80±30% | Si | less than 1% | ||||
| 70±20% | Ge | less than 0.9% | ||||
| 90±40% | Si | less than 0.9% | ||||
| 100±40% | Si | less than 0.7% | ||||
| 92±40% | Ge | less than 1% | ||||
| 80±20% | Si | less than 0.5% | ||||
| 60±30% | Ge | less than 1% | ||||
| 88±40% | Si | less than 0.8% | ||||
| 90±30% | Ge | less than 0.4% | ||||
| 50±20% | Si | less than 0.5% | ||||
| 40±40% | Ge | less than 1% | ||||
| 60±40% | Si | less than 0.5% | ||||
| 80±20% | Ge | less than 1% | ||||
| 120±10% | Si | less than 0.4% | ||||
| 70±40% | Ge | less than 0.8% | ||||
| 90±30% | Si | less than 0.5% |
Table 1
5. DEVIDKOVIY DEVELOPMENT
5.1 Designated radiator area
| Si |
In radioamator practice, the laboratory often needs dzhereli life, which regulates the voltage practically from zero. Similar outbuildings were presented on the sides of the magazine "Radio". Prote zdebіlshoy stench more foldable.
Below descriptions option simple stabilizer
for laboratory block eating (div. scheme).
The function of the regulating element is controlled by the storage transistor VT2VT3, which is the key to the op-amp DA1. On the inverting input of the op-amp, apply a voltage proportional to the output, and on the non-inverting input - a part of the electric motor of the change resistor R7. Cym resistor regulates the output voltage of the stabilizer.
At the outbuilding, a defense was transferred to the strum of the emplacement of the installed value. When the voltage drop on the sensor - resistor R1 (C5-16V) - is overwhelmed, the transistor VT1 turns off. The HL1 light signaling about the recognition of the defendant. In addition, the voltage of the R4VD1 lancet is on the inverting input of the OS. Through the war, the stabilizer is converted to the mode of freezing the stream to the installed level. The value of the stream of voltage is regulated by a substring resistor R3.
The control transistor must be installed on a heat sink with an area of at least 250 cm 2 .
Dzherelo: Radio, number 1, 2000
Author: Y. Shipanov, m. Penza
Pressing stabilizers tensions from the strum
For the living of some radio-technical outbuildings, the living quarters are needed promotion of the powerful up to the level of the minimum output pulsations and the stability of the voltage. In order to ensure safety, the life block must be implemented on discrete elements.
Shown in Fig. 4.7 scheme є universal and on її osnovі it is possible to build a high-yielding life on whether or not there is a voltage and a stream at the navantage.
The block of life is selected on a wide-spread dual operational switch (KR140UD20A) and one power transistor VT1. When this scheme maє zahist strumu, which can be regulated in a wide range.
On the operating pressure switch DA1.1, the voltage stabilizer DA1.2 is switched off to ensure the shock of the struma. Chips DA2, DA3 stabilize the life of the circuit keruvannya, selected on DA1, which allows to improve the parameters of the life cycle.
Practice the voltage stabilization scheme in this way. From the output of the dzherel (X2), the return voltage is increased. This signal is equal to the reference voltage, which should be connected to the zener diode VD1. At the input of the op-amp, a signal of unsatisfactoriness (difference in voltage) is sent, which is forced and found through R10-R11, the control of the transistor VT1. In this way, the output voltage is measured at a given level with accuracy, which is determined by the strength coefficient of the op-amp DA1.1.
The required output voltage is set by the resistor R5.
In order for the dzherel zhivlennya to be able to set the output voltage to more than 15, a hot wire for the control circuit is connected to the terminal "+" (X1). When tsimu for povnogo vіdkrivannya power transistor(VT1) at the output of the op-amp, a small voltage is needed (on the basis of VT1, Ube = + 1.2).
Such a pobudovaya circuit allows you to vibrate the lifeline for life, if it’s a voltage, I will limit the collector-emitter (Uke) to a specific type of power transistor (for KT827A, maximum Uke \u003d 80).
In this circuit, the power transistor is foldable and, therefore, it can have a strength coefficient in the range of 750 ... 1700, which allows you to use a small stream - without interruption of the output of the op-amp DA1.1. Tse reduce the number of necessary elements and simplify the scheme.
Scheme of zakhistu strum was selected on the op-amp DA1.2. When passing through the struma, voltage is seen on the resistor R12. It is applied through the resistor R6 to the point R4-R8 is deported from the reference line. As long as the difference is negative (should it be necessary to deposit the support of the resistor R12 in the value of the resistor R12) - this part of the circuit does not add to the work of the voltage stabilizer.
As soon as the voltage at the indication point becomes positive, the output of the op-amp DA1.2 will show a negative voltage, so through the diode VD12 change the voltage on the base of the power transistor VT1, surrounding the output stream. The exchange rate of the outlet stream is regulated by resistor R6.
At the same time, increased diodes at the inputs of the operating power supply units (VD3...VD7) ensure the protection of the microcircuit in the event of a fault when switched on without zvorotny zv'azku through the transistor VT1 or the power transistor. In the working mode, the voltage at the inputs of the op-amp is close to zero and the diodes should not be added to the robot.
The installation of a negative reverse link in the lance, the capacitor SZ is between a wide range of frequencies, which are boosted, which promote the stability of the robotic circuit, influencing self-excitation.
An analogous circuit of the lifeline can be installed on transistors with a different conductivity KT825A (Fig. 4.8).
In case of different assignments on the diagrams of the elements given in the living room, it is possible to reduce the stabilized voltage up to 50 at the output at 1 ... 5 A.
The technical parameters of a stabilized dzherel zhivodlennya are not higher for orders for a scheme similar to the principle of robotics, shown in fig. 4.10.
The power transistor is installed on the radiator, the area of which is to lie in the stream in the voltage of 11k. For normal operation of the stabilizer, the voltage must not be less than 3 V.
When the circuit is folded, the following details are used: substructure resistors R5 and R6 type SPZ-19a; constant resistors R12 type С5-16МВ for tension not less than 5 W (pressure to lie in the stream in the navantage), lines of the MLT and C2-23 series in case of tension. Capacitors C1, C2, SZ type K10-17, oxide polar capacitors C4...C9 type K50-35 (K50-32).
The microcircuit of the sub-stationary operational substation DA1 can be replaced import analogue tsA747 or two microcircuits 140UD7; voltage stabilizers: DA2 on 78L15; DA3 on 79L15.
Parameters of the truss transformer T1 lie v_d necessary pressure, what to come at the destination. For a voltage of up to 30 and a struma of 3 A, you can use the same one as in the diagram in fig. 4.10. In secondary winding of the transformer after the voltage is rectified on the capacitor C6, the voltage can be increased by 3 ...
At the end, it can be seen that it is still alive to be vicorated in a wide temperature range (-60 ... +100 ° С), then for the selection of good technical characteristics it is necessary to zastosovuvat dodatkovі come in. Before them lie the stability of the supporting stresses. Price can be charged for the choice of stabilitrons VD1, VD2 with minimal TKN, as well as stabilization of the struma through them. Ring the stabilization of the struma through the stabilitron, wink for help field effect transistor or zastosuvannyam dodatkovoї microcircuits, shcho pratsyuє in the mode of stabilization of the struma through the zener diode, fig. 4.9. In addition, stabilitrons ensure the best thermal stability of the voltage at the main point of their characteristics. At the passport on the precision stabilizer diode, the value of the struma is indicated and it is also necessary to install substructure resistors when adjusting
Vuzla dzherela reference voltage, for which the lantern of the stabilitron timchasovo turn on the miliammeter. . ",
For the livelihood of some radio-technical outbuildings, it was necessary to live with the movement of the speakers up to the level of the minimum output pulsations and the stability of the voltage. In order to ensure safety, the life block must be implemented on discrete elements.
Shown in Fig. 4.7 scheme є universal and on її osnovі it is possible to build a high-yielding life on whether or not there is a voltage and a stream at the navantage.
Rice. 4.7. Wiring diagram dzherela life
The block of life is selected on a wide-spread dual operational switch (KR140UD20A) and one power transistor VT1. When this scheme maє zahist strumu, which can be regulated in a wide range.
The voltage stabilizer is on the operating pressure switch DA1.1, and DA1.2 is switched off to ensure the shock of the struma. Chips DA2, DA3 stabilize the life of the circuit keruvannya, selected on DA1, which allows to improve the parameters of the life cycle.
Practice the voltage stabilization scheme in this way. From the output of the dzherel (X2), the return voltage is increased. This signal is equal to the reference voltage, which should be connected to the zener diode VD1. At the input of the op-amp, a signal of unsatisfactoriness (the difference in voltages) is sent, which can be used and found through R10-R11, the control of the transistor VT1. In this way, the output voltage is measured at a given level with accuracy, which is determined by the strength coefficient of the op-amp DA1.1.
The required output voltage is set by the resistor R5.
In order for the dzherel zhivlennya to be able to set the output voltage to more than 15, a hot wire for the control circuit is connected to the terminal "+" (X1). When tsimu for povnogo vіdkrittya power transistor (VT1) at the output of the op-amp, you need a small voltage (on the basis of VT1 Ube \u003d + 1.2).
Such a pobud scheme allows you to vibrate the lifeline for life, if it is a voltage, I will override the collector-emitter (Uke) for a specific type of power transistor (for KT827A, the maximum Uke \u003d 80 V).
In this circuit, the power transistor is foldable and, therefore, it can have a strength coefficient in the range of 750 ... 1700, which allows you to turn it with a small stream without interruption from the output of the op-amp DA1.1. Tse reduce the number of necessary elements and simplify the scheme.
Scheme of zakhistu strum was selected on the op-amp DA1.2. When passing through the struma, voltage is seen on the resistor R12. It is applied through the resistor R6 to the point R4-R8 is deported from the reference line. As long as the difference is negative (should it be necessary to deposit the support of the resistor R12 in the value of the resistor R12) - this part of the circuit does not add to the work of the voltage stabilizer.
As soon as the voltage at the point becomes positive, at the output of the op-amp DA1.2 there will be a negative voltage, so through the VD12 diode change the voltage at the base of the power transistor VT1, surrounding the output stream. The exchange rate of the outlet stream is regulated by resistor R6.
Parallel-connected diodes at the inputs of the operational power supplies (VD3...VD7) ensure the protection of the microcircuit in case of a fault at the time of switching on without a return signal through the transistor VT1 or when the power transistor is faulty. In the working mode, the voltage at the inputs of the op-amp is close to zero and the diodes should not be added to the robot.
The installations in the lances of the negative reversal link capacitor C3 intersect a lot of frequencies, which are boosted, which promote the stability of the robotic circuit, zapobigayuchi self-excitation.
An analogous circuit of the lifeline can be installed on transistors with a different conductivity KT825A (Fig. 4.8).
Rice. 4.8 Another variant of the living room scheme
In case of varying assignments on the schemes of the elements given in the living room, it is possible to reduce the stabilized voltage to 50 at the output of 1.5 A.
The technical parameters of a stabilized dzherel zhivodlennya are not higher for orders for a scheme similar to the principle of robotics, shown in fig. 4.10.
Rice. 4.10. Wiring diagram
The power transistor is installed on the radiator, the area of which is to lie in the stream of voltage and voltage Uke. For normal operation of the stabilizer, the voltage must not be less than 3 V.
When folding the circuit, the following details are used: substroyuvalny resistors R5 and R6 type SPZ-19a; constant resistors R12 type С5-16МВ for tension not less than 5 W (pressure to lie in the stream in the navantage), lines of the MLT and C2-23 series in case of tension. Capacitors C1, C2, C3 type K10-17, oxide polar capacitors C4 ... C9 type K50-35 (K50-32).
The microcircuit of the dual operational substation DA1 can be replaced by an imported analog MA747 or two microcircuits 140UD7; voltage stabilizers: DA2 on 78L15; DA3 on 79L15.
The parameters of the truss transformer T1 lie in the necessary tightness, which needs to be vented. For a voltage of up to 30 and a struma of 3 A, you can use the same one as in the diagram in fig. 4.10. At the secondary winding of the transformer, after being rectified on the capacitor C6, the voltage can be 3.5 more, lower it is necessary to take it off at the output of the stabilizer.
At the end, it can be seen that it is still alive to transfer vicoristing in a wide temperature range (-60 ... +100 ° C), then to improve the technical characteristics, it is necessary to stop the additions. Before them lie the stability of the supporting stresses. It is possible to pay for the account of the choice of stabilitrons VD1, VD2 with a minimum. TKN, as well as stabilization of the struma through them. Sound the stabilization of the struma through the zener diode to follow the auxiliary field-effect transistor or to stop the additional microcircuit, which works in the mode of stabilization of the struma through the stabilitron, fig. 4.9.
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