The line diagram is used for graphic visualization. An example of the design of line diagrams.
Malyunok 2
An example of the design of line diagrams
Diagram 1
Dynamics of student participation in faculty N
at mass physical culture and sports visits,
P
conducted at the university
Stovpchikov_ or line diagrams serve to visualize the results of the match different types values of one power or species affiliation (for example, for a calculus statute of law violations, which are similar to the song mass for an hour). On the stovpchikovy (strіchkovyh) data charts are displayed in rectangular rectangles of the same width, horizontally or vertically stitched histogrammy, When horizontal - strіchkovoї). The stench wins for the scientific presentation of the same, but different categories. Dovzhina (height) її rectilinear may be proportional to the values they represent (div. Fig. 3).
In the text of the writing robot and diagrams, they are sorted, as a rule, on one side with the information, it is possible to illustrate the stench. For technical reasons, it is impossible to add (for example, illustrated information is displayed on several sides in a row), a row below the ordinal number in diagrams or histograms indicate the number of the arch of the writing work, to the extent of such an image, lie on the image of the graph.
Baby 3
Attach a designed histogram and line diagrams
Diagram 1
(Until p. 24)
Number of students who took part
in 
university sportswear 2006
Histogram 2
Riven svydkisno-strength training of students
before the next experiment
Sometimes, when drawing up diagrams, it is necessary to give an explanation of the information that is given in them, as they are placed outside the field of diagrams. For the purpose of creating legend- The text was divided into diagrams, which dodatkovo roz'yasnyuє zmіst її її graphic part. The legend is placed, as a rule, right-handed, or at the bottom of the field with diagrams and to replace the insertion of the recognition of the skin її graphic element. It is not allowed to place in the legend a smaller number of explanations according to the total number of objects in the graphic field. Under the hour of preparation, the principle can be broken: "One element - one explanation." It is also worth noting that the editor of the legend with diagrams is not guilty of repeating or copying factorial signs that are indicated on the lines of the coordinate field, their description is guilty of placing the text of the main part of the work, de-obstructing the need for a leather graphic element. Informative more legends are seen only before old-fashioned look, and not by diagrams, that can be explained verbally to the structure of the graphic field, but not shown in any of the information. The legend of diagrams (histograms) is a working tool without the middle of the most illustrative material and can only be extended to a new one, and that can not be replaced by a few factual and other robotic and concrete information, as it can be placed in the main letter. Since the author of the vinyl needs to indicate in the diagrams the absolute value and the number of the number of parts (with accuracy up to tenths), then the digital data are placed in the diagrams above the average column, and in the circle diagrams - near the field of the sector. However, sound similar information is placed without intermediary in the text of the work with obov'zkovym remote powers to the graphic object, which її іlustruє.
Sector diagram it is recognized as the main rank for the fermentation of the kіlkіsnoї structure of both the singing and the water-reinforced phenomenon or the object, as well as the spivvіdnosnostі yogo parts among themselves. Vaughn is a ring, divided into sectors (stars and resemble її name), razmіr of the skin of some proportional sizes of the parts of the object, which appears, or the appearance. It is also similar to the diagram of victorious for the image of spivvіdnoshennia as a specific sign of the object of the appearance to the totality of the decision.
The butt of filing circular diagrams is shown in fig. 4.
Malyunok 4
Example of submission of pie charts
Diagram 3
W 
employment of students at the sports sections
for sports in 2007
Another type of graphic and illustrative material, which is widely used in writing robots, is charts . For svoїm zovnіshnіm viglyadom grafіki little vіdrіznyayutsya od lіnіynih dіagram against printsipova rіznitsya mіzh them polyagaє in fact scho dіagrami employees for naochnogo (yakіsnogo) vіdobrazhennya tendentsіy rozvitku Pevnyi Process abo yavischa and grafіki vkazuyut on accurate (kіlkіsne) spіvvіdnoshennya vihіdnih danih that rezultatіv podіbnih change. That is why the meta graph is to show not the trend of the development of the process, but the exact characteristics of the skin stage of the process. An example of yoga encouragement in the text of a letter robot is shown in fig. five.
All abscissas (X) and all ordinates (Y) of the graph are marked with strong lines, do not put arrows on them. For certain views, the graphics are provided with a coordinate grid, however, with their armchairs, you can change the grid along the axes with short marks to scale. Numerical values of the scale are written in the field of the graph (that is, lower than the abscissa axis and left-handed in the ordinate axis).
Malyunok 5
An example of a submitted schedule
Chart 1
H 
number of students, yakі vykonali standards
sports title "Master of Sports of Russia" in 2007
Іsnuyut sings of vimogi, critical for diagrams and graphs, as it is necessary to know the hour of ordering these types of illustrative material. For a geometric image, the stench is to blame for a number of additional elements that lie too long: a blatant heading that develops according to the rules and can function similar to the heading of the tables (div. vishche); verbal explanation of mental meanings and sense of other elements in a graphic image; numerical data (column characteristics), which supplement and clarify the size of the images in the diagram and graph of the indicators. For such textual explanations, a legend is used, which is spread, as we said more, under the little one, right-handed in the new. It is created in a general language order, so that the graph or diagram contains two or more components (segments, curves, etc.).
It should be remembered that all the presentations are more important before the design of various types of textual, tabular and illustrative material is relevant not only for the design of the main part, the entry and visnovkіv of work, but also of other structural elements (for example, addenda). One hour, do not forget about those that graphic materials are only whole additional zasib, which allows the author of the writing work more and more openly and directly to reveal the results of his initial and scientific practice, but not an end in itself. That superworldly hoarding of the folding of various graphs and diagrams can be brought to fruition, as in the academic medium it is called “embellishment”, if too much illustrative and graphic material complicates the text of the main part of the report.
Sound, the number of graphical objects in the structure of the work may be confirmed by the number of designations in the entry before it, the number of graphic objects added by the author of the visnovkiv. Tіlki in the center of Vipadka Skin Grafіk, D_Agram ABO scheme Matima not believed as theoretical value, but the fact of its own revealion of підкрюслуватима різена інетеланованая савистка толовий тортурова пізналона проці проці товатовь of the author of the Roboti, Shahistly relevant BUVAєTY DPІDPHIKATSIKY ROBIT.
Moreover, the performances thesis work, rozrahunkovo-explanatory note of the diploma project or master's dissertation graphic material can become an illustrative basis for additional work on the examination of graduation qualification work before the members of the AAC.
4.5.3.5. Rules for the presentation of formulas, writing symbols and presentation of explications
The State Lighting Standard of Higher Professional Education transfers students' knowledge of a whole range of global education disciplines of the natural and mathematical profile. The preparation of writing robots from them requires knowledge of the rules for writing symbols, the design of the text, robotic formulas and explications. In addition, the development of low special humanitarian disciplines (for example, sociology, jurisprudence, etc.) will also require knowledge of the rules for writing mathematical and physical formulas and quantities.
Symbol – ce mental knowledge, in other words, mathematical ones physical quantities; in a different way, alone in the world of magnitudes; thirdly, mathematical signs. The letters of the Russian, Greek, Latin and Greek alphabets are symbolized as symbols. In order to hide the zbіgu of symbols of different values, indexes are drawn.
indices can serve small letters of Russian, Greek and Latin alphabets, Roman and Arabic numerals, as well as strokes. The right-handed index is ruffled in the symbol at the bottom or in the mountains, the upper indexes are ripped to the edge rarely, the shards of the sign of the algebraic level are worn out. It is not allowed to have a one-hour variation of the upper and lower indices, and it may be included before the number of the main ones, which are presented before writing the formulas.
When choosing symbols and indexes, it is necessary to add such symbols:
one and the same value in the text is all robotically guilty but is designated the same way;
letters of the index due to the correspondence to the most characteristic letters of the name of the understanding of the value, the link from which the index is indicated (for example: Kr - the equalization constant);
index 0 (zero) must be scored exclusively in the fields, which should be indicated on the cobs for the weekends.
Symbols and indexes are most often used for writing various mathematical and physical words, which may look like formulas of those similar ones. Formula- This is a combination of signs that express whether a proposition.
In the middle of the text of the robotic formula, sound may be okrem_ rows in the middle of the arc and in the middle of the text rows at the bottom. It is recommended to use simple, short formulas that you can’t think of independent significance and not numbered. The most important, as well as the longest and most cumbersome formulas to avenge the signs of summation, create, integrate mayut okremі rows. To save space, a few short formulas of the same type, seen from the text, can be placed in one row, and more than one in the next.
The numbering of formulas will also require knowledge of the features and design. Number the next most important formulas, where is the text written. The ordinal numbers of formulas are indicated by Arabic numerals at the round arms at the right edge of the side without adding the formula to the її number. The space of the number, which does not fit into the row of the formula, is placed at the step row below the formula. The space of the number when transferring the formulas can be on the level of the remaining row. The space of the number of the formula-fractions is roztashovuyt less on the level of the main horizontal between the formulas.
The numbering of small formulas, which form a single group, is given on one line and is combined with a bold number, and the numbering of a group of formulas, drawn on different rows and combined with a figured bow (paranthesis), is right-handed. The second parenthesis is in the middle of the group of formulas by height and stature of the number, which is placed against the second parenthesis in the right edge of the page.
Formulas - different ones introduced earlier than the main formula - are allowed to be numbered with an Arabic numeral and a direct small letter of the Russian alphabet, as it is written at once with a number, for example: (3a); (3b).
Look at the design of the message on the numbers near the text of the work. When sending the formula, put the number in the same graphic form, as and after the formula, tobto. Arabic numerals. For example, formulas and in the text before them, separate signs should be placed appropriately before the rules of punctuation. Do not put a two-fold before the formula in quiet situations, if it is necessary to follow the rules of spelling:
1) in the text, before the formula, there is a bold word;
2) what should be emphasized by the text, which is forwarded to the formulas.
Separate signs between formulas, not separated by text and advancing one by one, є coma or specks with coma. Razdіlovі signs at paranthesis to put the middle paranthesis.
Academic etiquette and the rules for the design of writing robots affect the student’s mind when first choosing the right formula, especially in texts that may be natural or technical in nature, explain the meaning of skin symbols, how to establish a formula. Tsіy metі є explication. Explication- Tse explanation of symbols and indexes that are included before the formula.
Explication of the skin formula may be consistent with the following:
rozmіshchuєsya vyklyuchenno pіslya formula, vіd yakoї vodokremlyuєtsya coma;
start from the word "de";
the symbols are explained like a riddle in the formula, in the formulas with fractions, the number is explained on the back, then the banner;
explain all the symbols and formulas or groups of formulas, after which they will be sorted out by themselves.
Rozdіlov_ signs are placed in the explication with the coming rank:
between the symbol and the text, a dash should be placed in the decryption;
in the middle of the deciphering of a single one in the text, they are coma;
after deciphering, before the next symbol, put a spot with a coma;
for example, the rest of the decryption should be marked.
For example:
Exact values for evaluating mathematical score:
de- reversal function student,
p- Dovircha imovirnist.
Following the rule of thumb, all formulas for any kind of writing robot are typed with the help of a special computer Word formula editor for the following parameters:
font - Times New Roman;
standard symbol - 16 points;
great symbol - 24 points;
standard index - 10 points;
other index - 8 points.
The substitution and rozrahunok the result of the formulas are set in an okremy row:
A set of rozrahunkovykhs is written on a computer in a suitable font, as they are presented for writing formulas.
4.5.3.6. Rules for the design of wines
Vinoski to become a necessary part of the writing work, tk. to show the author’s intention to conduct an independent scientific research and develop insights into the synthesis of the accumulated material, as well as to rely on the findings of Jerel and research while arguing his point of view, theoretical and empirical developments. At the same time, in the skin text of writing robots and wines, it is a kind of indicator, for which it is easy to recognize how much deeply and widely the author has used science and initial material s nourishing chi problems, naskіlki povnі, priming and іstotnі vysnovki, and that it is impossible to underestimate the qualifying value of this element for the author of any writing work, especially - graduation qualification.
The sign of winemaking, the author of the writing work is guilty of roztashovuvati there, de:
the quote ends, put in the paws;
to avenge the factual material (with a large number of data - after all of them are re-rahuvannya) or I will name Yogo Dzherel;
the name of the author is indicated, whose thought is expressed in the retelling without citation.
The sign of wine is placed in the text: first, after the words, or the word, to lie down; in a different way, for example, propositions, like wine to lie down to the new scorch; in a third way, in front of a dot, coma, a dot with a coma, a two-fold, a dash, a bow that curls, and paws that curl (like a wine is brought to the rest of the viraz in the bows or paws), ale after the dots, food sign, hail, dots like a graphic sign of short arches and paws, which are curled up (as it can be seen as a whole to the expression in the arches or paws).
The sign of wine in typescript is placed at the round bow, and in computer texts - at the square. Starting from 2009, the notes, in fact, are a separate link of information that is included in the main part of the writing work, and її dzherelom (monograph, article in a scientific journal, legislative act, etc.), we will add it to the list of vikoristani dzherel that. The whole thing was broken up in order not to overwhelm the robots with post-order wines, speed them up without a shkod for morning. The link between a fragment of the text and the bibliography is written for additional help, as well as an indication of the ordinal number of the document or a document in the list of references of the document and literature, and the page number, on which the square is assigned, the publication of the link.
Below is a sprig of applied wines:
… organ structure analysis vikonavchoi vladi at the Republic of Tatarstan, conducting from legal dzherel ... .
… designation, given by the author of the concept ... .
4.5.6. Registration of supplements
The programs are designed as a continuation of the writing work and are placed on the remaining sides. The skin of them can be started from a new side, from the words “Additional” and a thematic heading, which confirms the characteristics of the yogo zmist, which are given in the main text, at the upper right corner of the arch paper.
Beginning in 2010, changing the order of numbering of appendices in other texts: earlier, the ordinal number of the appendix in the current zagal row was indicated by an Arabic numeral, then the remaining two rocks for the second victorious are great (great) letters of the Russian alphabet and the Latin alphabet. At the same time, the Russian letters are victorious, but if they are not enough for the recognition of all the additions to the work (which is absolutely, in our opinion, a small one), then the Latin letters will be added. With which part of the letters of the Russian alphabet for the numbering of the supplements are not vindicated: ce - E, Z, Y, L, Y, Ъ, z the letters of the Latin alphabet do not include I and O, and also those letters, which may be similar to images with Russian results (in the result Only D, F, G, J, L, N, R, S, U, V, W, Z are vicarious in Latin. If you do not use Latin letters for numbering additions, then you can use Arabic numerals. The price of innovation is explained by the addition of electronic versions of texts in machine processing of information.
The connection between the main text and the supplements is made through the help, which are given in the bows there, where they go back to the materials of the supplements, for example: (Appendix A). At once, to confirm the connection of the program materials with a specific fragment of the text of the main part of the writing work, next to the first number in the new row in round arches, a side of the work can be indicated, which will add additional information to the program.
For example:
Addendum A
(up to p. 37)
The skin program is logically and creatively completed warehouse part of writing work. It can be formed in such a way that it would be possible to win it as an independent text, or a piece of statistical data, in a word, self-sufficient information. In this rank, the deputy of the singer's appendix is guilty of buti tying thematically with a paragraph or a fragment of the main part of the work, he is guilty of illustrating and supplementing yoga, but not replacing yoga. For example (how tse bulk was crushed in this to the initial-methodical helper): in the main part, a description of the rules is given for the official GOST of the design of the title page of the letter work, and in addition, an eye is drawn to the correct sound look.
For example, an addendum of obov'yazkovo can be assigned to a dzherelo, from whichever it is taken, or on the basis of which it is stored, as a material that can be found in the new, not by the author's work. Tse signifies its informative significance as a self-sufficient element of the work. The ending of the addendum is drawn up as follows: in the left field of the sheet without a paragraph entry, it is written “
Diagrams - corny, handy and gnuchky zasib for displaying information. The stench allows the images of a few signs to be simple, clear and scientific, easier to equalize different values, to show trends in their movement and mutual links.
A similar diagram and development of the technique of their folding in our modern mind is 1786, when W. Playfair published his famous work under the title “Commercial and Political Atlas”. Speaking about “his own linear (graphic) arithmetic”, W. Playfair explains that Ima was able to propagate and introduce into practice a new and corny way of compiling sounds. Which way, having taken away the deep knowledge, the shards of the wind, stretching out five hvilin, you can take away such information, as if it were necessary to take a whole number of days with tables of numbers in order to be fixed in memory.
Diagrams as a form of presentation of information may be in front of other graphic forms of low priority. The stinks give the opportunity to directly perceive the fallowness of various phenomena and tie the process with them. Allow (by way of extrapolation) to accurately predict farther the interruption of processes and events. In straight and steep curves (or straight lines), it is easy to convey the nature of the change in magnitude, which is indicated, which in rich vipadkas є zadannyam vinyatkovoї importantness, for example, if in a controlled process there are some critical points that are especially important. Otherwise, the visually accepted information (for example, tables) is clearly inconsistent with the graphs of the possibility of predicting the dynamics of the observed values.
In the thesis form, the meaning can be formulated as follows:
The links between the values, which are visually perceived on the diagrams, are read more clearly and are easier to remember, lower when reading the same information for the additional table;
Koristuvannya with diagrams is signifi- cantly shortening the hour of reading, shards of the main visnovka from the great mass of data can be well-adjusted for the chart at a glance;
Diagrams and graphs can implicitly show facts and connections, and at the same time stimulate analytical ideas and follow-up;
The diagram was kindly encouraged by the greater world, lower in other forms of the graphic image of digital data, creating a call to interest and turning the attention of the reader.
Substations for classifying diagrams can be upcoming criteria: tsіl, wash koristuvannya, character of porіvnyannya, form. The classification of the diagrams by the form is presented in figures 32-37.
Briefly characterize the actions from the views of the diagrams.
Volumetric diagrams They are called diagrams, vikonanі z vikoristannym axonometrії, stench deliberately display information. The correlation of values on the diagram can be shown behind additional lines, such as diagrams called linear(Malyunok 33).
If you compare the magnitude of the bend in looking at different geometric shapes (rectangles, vertically and horizontally spread), then so diagrams are called stovpchikovs(Figure 34) or smug(Malyunok 35).
Diagrams, vykonanі at looking at the little ones or pictograms, are called pictographic, stench zastosovuyutsya for the fermentation of the quantity of speech, objects, numbers. Become a special kind I will become diagrams, warehouse diagrams - power etc.
Zastosuvannya diagrams of these and other forms are determined by the method of visualization of information. The method can be used to ferment: functional staleness; rozpodіlu size signs of the object of the appearance; pet vaga warehouse parts whole; empirical (experimental) deposition of the factor parameter; porіvnyuvanyh meaning signs of the object of the appearance; fallows between the parameters will become the system or between them and the warehouse of the system.
Figure 32
Line diagram and її main elements
The main principle is to encourage line diagrams to show in the plotted on the coordinate field a sign of one or a number of rows of digits that look similar to dots. Z'ednannya tsikh point vіdrіzkami straight and yes line diagram. Such diagrams, indeed, are graphs. The importance of line diagrams in graphics is that the diagram is more autonomous in relation to the text, so on the coordinate field the diagrams can have the maximum amount of information in visually written, diagrams, or in other forms.
Like linear diagrams (graphics), it is possible to represent the functional fallow, according to the literature, which is taken as the last in the result of data processing with additional methods of planning the experiment.
Figure 33. See line diagrams
Figure 34. See the bar charts: but - flat; b - volume is simple
Figure 35. See swarthy diagrams: but- Flat; b - volume is simple
Figure 38. An example of line diagrams
To look at the line diagram as a graphical way of transmitting information, then the elements of the diagrams are seen behind the additional graphics (types of lines and fonts), in the following order: the names of the diagrams; lines of deposits; name of the line; scales of that name; subtitles and notes; coordinate grid.
Wear rate in the fallowing temperature due to melting
Temperature °C
Figure 39. Butt dot charts
Stovpchikov diagram
Stovpchikov's diagram shows the influence of the factor on the change in the parameter value. On the horizontal scale, the value of the factor (independent change) is shown, on the vertical scale - the parameter (deposit change) similarly to the line diagrams. The main point of view of the stovpchikovo's diagrams in the form of a linear one lies in the fact that here the meaning of these may be discrete in nature.
Stovpchikov's diagram can demonstrate functional stagnation, if it is necessary to substantiate the absolute values of the images or the difference between the values, in which case the number of data is delimited. If the diagram suffocates a great number of data, then it is more easy to make a linear diagram.
On the stacked diagrams, the data are shown as rectangles of the same width, stacked vertically. The height of the skin stump is proportional to the values that are displayed (Figure 40).
A diagram of this type is called simple stoupchikovy and are portrayed as okremih stovpchikiv. Even though the value of the value to be taken is continuous, then for the graphic image they are coryzed with a succulent stave diagram, so that the leather stave is displayed clearly, but not to be shy between them, so the diagrams are called histograms.
PG-SR type of attack
Kut attack, hail.
Figure 40. Simple stump diagram
Histogram - a diagram that graphically displays information about the distribution of values (Fig. 41). The stinks are victorious in order with line diagrams: simple curves are divided under; ogives, or cumulative curves rozpodіlu; imovirnіsnymi charts.
Rozpodіl spherical particles in the powder
Particle diameter, mm
Figure 41. Histogram
As soon as the midpoints of the vertices of the stovptsіv histograms are drawn with a laman line, you can take a linear diagram of the distribution of values. However, such a diagram carries more information, a lower histogram, less for the mind a large number of statistically processed data. To exclude the incorrectness of the presentation of information about the distribution of values with a small number of discrete data, or due to the frequency of the statistical processing, it is recommended to use point diagrams or histograms.
Just rozpodіli zvuchchay zobrazhuyutsya rectangular coordinates. Vertically, everything starts from zero and, for everyday minds, it doesn’t break. The horizontal scale is obliged to start from zero, the crisis is silent, if zero serves as the lowest point of the first group interval of the displayed variation series.
A typical histogram will be a path of vertical lines at the edges of intervals and a series of rectangles that stick together or stompchiks. The area of the skin rectum is the frequency for the specific group of members in the series. As the histogram will be on equal intervals, the height of the skin rectangle is proportional to the same area, in which direction the height of the rectangles represents the frequencies. Therefore, histograms, based on equal intervals, are significantly available for tlumation, lower histograms with unequal intervals. Some vertical lines, which separate the stone pillars, fall down and then settle down step diagram or stage histogram.
When visualizing information, they are victorious, for the most part, in diagrams with groups of columns (Fig. 42). On such diagrams, two or more columns from different rows of numbers are grouped together. When grouped, they can either get together, or they can be separated in narrow gaps.
The results of the study of resistance to damage against the cut of the attack
Figure 42
Close diagram
Similar diagrams will be drawn in that way, if the factors are the characteristics that may have a similar character (be smart about it). On the horizontal axis of the smug charts, the values of the fallow parameter are shown, and on the vertical axis, the values of the independent chinniki. Qi diagrams are clear as well as the ordering of the values of the number of differences between the elements of the whole.
Types of smug diagrams: simple smugova (baby 43), smugova with pіdrozdilami (baby 44), skhіdchasta smugova (baby 45).
The results of the examination of the durability of coatings
Speed znoshuvannya, mlg/hv.
Figure 43. Butt of a simple smug diagram
Just smug diagram vikoristovuetsya for matching two or more equal values. Por_vnyannya viroblyayetsya vykhodyachi s direct linear vimiriv. Smugi roar up at the sequence, which is confirmed perceptible value showing.
Raztashuvannya smuzh on a simple male (or linear) diagram may be indicative of the purpose of the follow-up. Sound the smogs at their order according to the size, starting from the largest, but the stinks can be sorted out in a different systematized order, as if they were folded with diagrams.
The width of the smug and vіdstan between them cannot be of particular importance. The initial clerk in the construction, like the width of the swarms, and interminglings of them, is the number of smugs, and to inspire the proportions and proportions of all with diagrams. Practically follow the rules: the width of the smugs on the diagram may be the same, and the width of the space is more than half the width of the smugs themselves. It is not recommended to work disproportionately long and narrow or short and wide smuga. The scale can be scaled from the upper edge of the first smuga or it can be extended to the edge of the line near the upper part of the diagrams. In this direction, the gap between the upper smuga and the line of the scale is guilty of adding half the width of the smuga.
Zero line to serve as the main exit point, and on the little one її trace the image of three comrades, lower scale signs
scale. Bazhano, so that the scale did not break.
It is not recommended to leave contour smuga with non-barred ones. Graphically swirl, zastosovuchi texture and color. The main data, as a rule, are placed left-handed at zero, beyond the borders of smuga.
External warehouse of materials
Figure 44
An hour of capturing details at the docking by industrial robots
Figure 45
Pie chart
Pie chart - number, subdivisions into sectors. Areas (or central areas) of sectors in proportion to the image values. Sound like this diagram to show the whole warehouse parts of the whole: different sectors and stakes show the warehouse parts, or components, of the whole (Figure 46).
It is generally accepted to depict the spiving of warehouse parts by placing one of three diagrams: circular, smugov with a hundred podils but I'm just smugova. The skin of these three graphic models can be overcome. When choosing forms by diagrams, it is necessary to protect such officials, as an audience, to which the display of the material is assigned, and the purpose of recognition by diagrams. Moreover, there are no reports, accurate, systematic and superficial tests for the equal evaluation of different types of diagrams and graphs. Por_vnyalnі otsіnki zasnovanі, zazvichiy, less than z vrazhennyah.
The structure of fees for the variety of products
for 1995, %
Figure 50. Butt pie charts
For simple comparisons of numbers, especially if there are more than five or five elements, you should draw a smug diagram. When using circular diagrams, first of all, it is necessary to compile the data in such a way that the values of the four components could be expressed in degrees of stake. Sectors on a circular diagram are recommended to be placed in a logical sequence. Most often, their value is taken as the basis, moreover, the largest one is distributed to the beast, and otherwise - according to the turn of the year's arrow.
At accented bottom one of the sectors is seen by the world, zabarvlennym or physical differences in the whole, by this very special meaning of the element is emphasized.
No sign vikoristovuetsya to show between the possible change of dilyachy lines.
Skladne hem handing over for help the overlay of the sectors to describe the areas that lie behind their own money at once for a lot of elements. Differentiation of the forms of the source, shards of leather from the sectors that are superimposed, is to be clearly recognized for the transfer of the folding hem.
trikutna diagram zastosovuetsya for a one-hour image of the three substantives, which represent the elements, or warehouse parts of the whole. The sum of the qi has three values to give 100%. The tricot diagram is made up of three scales, prompted by an equal-sided tricot, the skin side of which is divided on a equal cross-section of 0 to 100.
Parallel to the sides of the tricot, draw straight lines. The tricut diagram is based on a geometric principle, which is similar to the sum of perpendiculars for an equal-sided tricot, omissions of any point of the rectangle on the other side, a constant value and a better height of the tricot. A number of numbers that make up the scales can be sorted sequentially, like a year's arrow, and so against it. The triangular diagram is a key for depicting the power of chemical processes or alloys, which are composed of three elements of operations, viable processes (Figure 47).
Given diagram is made up of three scales, prompted by the spectator. On the skin scale, the value of one of the components A, B, C% is indicated.
Figure 47. Diagram of metal loss
Be it a point, which lies in the middle of the tricutnik, indicative of the warehouse of the potry metal. For 100% of the mass, it is best to take the long side of the tricot, while the mass of the components in the pottery alloy should be marked with ribs parallel to the sides of the tricot. At the tops of the tricutnik there are points that match the pure components. In this butt in metal M omitted, %: component BUT- 50, IN- 30, Z - 20; alloy Before avenged: component BUT- 30, IN - 30, S-40.
The tricot diagram does not scale the hour, but on one trikutnik you can put three or three showings for different periods, marking the flecks with different inscriptions (so that the swindlers don’t get lost, put too many numbers too long).
nomograms
Nomogram - armchair, with the help of which it is possible, do not calculate the rolyachs, take decisions on the calculation of the tasks (Figure 48). Speaking in my current language, nomogram is the only program of the graphical way of accomplishing tasks. Methods and procedures to induce nomograms to be added nomography like science. The status of an independent branch of mathematics was given by nomography to the First International Congress of Mathematicians in 1896. The task of nomography is the manifestation of physical and mathematical laws in graphic form, in visual nomograms.
The nomogram is a model of the functional reserve, and її it is possible to win as an accessible and easily calculated cost and as an initial one effective zasib Continuing functional fallows Nomograms allow prostezhit infusing okremih zminnyh result, doslіdzhuvati experimental features of the function, improve the area of the basis of the solution, reveal earlier the unknown power of functional fallows.
Nomograms - corisne addition to EOM. Even if the task permits a nomographic solution, the accuracy of which is sufficient, it will be more efficient, lower the machine solution of the task, which is similar to the standard program for the calculation of the table with the number of inputs. At the same time, if the accuracy of nomograms is low for this task, they can be used for rozrahunkiv, for the determination of zero approximations, for the control of calculation for the method of revealing rude pardons.
Figure 48. Butt nomograms with linear
scales: d- rivet diameter; s- a bunch of details that creak
Figure 49. Butt nomograms of frequency
We can see that the results of the analysis of the nomogram and the EOM are observed when the results of the analysis are presented as nomograms.
Nomographic methods for investigating functional deposits are fundamentally dependent on the selection of parameters in empirical formulas for the results of the tasks of approximation of one function of another. Nomograms allow you to see at a glance all the impersonal solutions to given problems and to choose optimally, compactly and accurately depict tables with a large number of inputs, to add to the basis of fallowing.
Koristuvannya with a ready-made nomogram does not call out difficulties (stinks can be blamed only for її budovі). Important characteristics of nomograms: the speed of the significance of vidpovidey, the minimum possibility of rude pardons, the simplicity of the resolution of the return tasks. Nomographic rozrahunok does not require special training;
tipi nomogram. Use the following nomograms: schedule of functions; double scale (Figure 48); nomogram of the frequency (Figure 49); from virіvnyanyh points; circular; with a parallel index; with a cross-like index; barycentric; rhomboidal; transparent. The most simple and easy to use in robotic nomograms with rectilinear scales, the stench is victorious, for example, when cutting and choosing rivets (div. Fig. 48).
Explanatory text before nomograms. At the new one, deposits are assigned; the sign of the change; ways to koristuvannya nomogram; apply rozvyazannya tasks on nomograms; a technique to stimulate nomograms and equalization of their elements.
METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE THE VICONNATION OF THE GRAPHIC TASKS "VISUALIZATION OF INFORMATION ABOUT PROCESSES AND RECEIPT"
1. Data for the chemical warehouse of the speech of the tax in the tabular form. Vikonat tables for the help of the Word text editor. Use diagrams (two or three tips) for help with AutoCAD software.
2. Select that diagram(s), yak(i), according to your opinion, most often and exactly display the information that is being transmitted.
3. Enclose the choice in the text form at least 1 side.
The head of the office is guilty of looking at the abstract on arches of a white paper (A4 format) for the recognition of program contributions: the first arch is guilty of revenge on the paper of the official form; the other one and the next - split tables and diagrams for selection.
Job options for students of the Faculty of Technology
Option 1
Fallow in the form of a crab and yogo masi out of the natural part of the vіdsotkah to become:
Kamchatsky
Masa crab - 1.7-4.0
Kintsivki - 67-70%
Sire m'yaso - 38-41%
Rivnothorn
Masa crab - 0.8-3.0
Excretion of the natural part, % of the mass of the body:
Kintsivki - 60-73%
Sire m'yaso - 26-40%
Blue
Masa crab - 0.8-2.9
Excretion of the natural part, % of the mass of the body:
Kintsivki - 53-67%
Sire m'yaso - 19-41%
Strigun
Masa crab - 0.2-1.2
Excretion of the natural part, % of the mass of the body:
Kintsivki - 51-52%
Sire m'yaso - 13-27%
Option 2
The tissues of the body are oysters, like other mollusks, to revenge the great quantity of water and little fat. For Primor'ya, a characteristic offensive chemical warehouse:
Giant oyster
Limit values
water - 80.7-85.3
Syria protein - 7.2-9.1
Lipidi - 0.8-1.6
Mineral speech - 2.4-3.0
Glycogen - 3.6-7.1
Average value
water - 82.2
Syria protein - 8.1
Lipidi - 1.2
Mineral speech - 2.7
Glycogen - 5.8
Oyster La Perouse
Limit values
water - 78.1-80.5
Syria protein - 8.1-11.0
Lipidi - 1.4-2.2
Mineral speech - 2.5-8.8
Glycogen - 6.5-7.8
Average value
water - 79.0
Syria protein - 9.4
Lipidi - 1.8
Mineral speech - 5.7
Glycogen - 7.1
Option 3
For the splendid mussel that sacks in the Barents Sea, the following are typical:
| Shell shell, cm - 4.0-5.0 Weight of one copy Limit value - 8.41-10.2 Average value - 9.24 Weight of the octem body parts, %: Body Limit value - 36.5-47.9 Average value - 41.8 Empty core Limit value - 10.8- 16.2 Average value - 13.1 Shell stools Limit values - 35.5-49.4 Average value - 43.8 | Shell shell, cm - 5.1-6.0 Weight of one copy Limit value - 10.2-20.7 Average value - 16.1 Mass of the octem body parts, %: Body Limit value - 35.9-48.7 Average value - 41.2 Empty core Limit value - 10, 0-21.4 Average value - 14.7 Shell stools Limit values - 34.6-51.9 Average value - 41.6 | Shell shell, cm - 6.1-7.0 Mass of one copy Limit value - 24.0-34.1 Average value - 28.6 Mass of the octem body parts, %: Body Limit value - 38.7-47.3 Average value - 42.2 Empty core Limit value - 16, 7-20.3 Average value - 17.9 Shell stools Limit values - 32.6-46.5 Average value - 39.7 |
Option 4
Fallow in dovkіllya, fishing season, mind that age of the mollusk, the chemical warehouse of gray meat mussels in hundreds of places in the mass of the meat part to become for:
Option 5
The vaga that rosemir comb is located near the direct fallow land in the view of the mollusk. The mass warehouse near the vіdsotkakh up to the mass of the skin specimen in the fallow in the middle vag looks like this:
Option 6
The chemical warehouse of the meat parts of the ridge is not constant and changes in the fallow season, as well as the fishing season. Significantly, the chemical storage of meat and m'yaza is growing. In meat, in mantles, homogeneous with meat, there is less water, fat, mineral speeches, aloe vera and more glycogen.
Chemical warehouse of the six meat parts of the body є:
Option 7
Rosemaries of the body of squid in different sizes and kolivayutsya from 40 to 60 cm. Weight changes from 90 to 750 g. tentacles - 18-20/19; ink bag - 6-11/8; chitin dressing - 0.2-0.3 / 0.2; liver - 2.6-4.0; guts and other inputs – 13.2-14.0/13.6
Option 8
Leave the real part of the squid to lie down in the first sight, at the right time to grow. A wide range of bulk warehouse is stored at the vіdsotkakh vіd masi tіla:
| Illex, summer period Vilovu Boundary/average value Mass, g – 15-17/16 Meat: - 74-94/84 Mantle – 41-47/44 Head and tentacles – 16-18/17 Scale: Mantle – 2-4/ 3 Heads and tentacles - 1-3/2 Internals: Usy - 25-26 / 25.5 Liver - 11-15 / 13 Eyes, dzhob, chitinous scarf - 3-4 / 3.5 | Strilka squid, average values Limit/average weight, g – 23-55/39 Meat: - 247-6216/3230 Mantle – 43-48/46 Heads and tentacles – 20-26/24 Scale: Mantle - - 3-4 / 3.5 Heads and tentacles - 5-8 / 6.5 Gut: Total - 13-20/17 Liver - 7-14/10 Eyes, dzhob, chitinous platyvka - 5-7/6 | Ganatus savage, autumn period Vilovu Boundary/average value of Masa, g – 10-13/12 Meat: - 24-46/35 Mantle – 26-30/28 Head and tentacles – 18-25/21 Scale: Mantle – 1-2/ 1, 5 Heads and tentacles - 3-4/3.5 Internals: Usago - 32-42/37 Liver - 22-28/25 Eyes, dzhob, chitinous platyvka - 4-7/5.5 |
Option 9
The chemical warehouse in the m'azovіy fabrics of capelin, in vіdsotkakh, fall in the state of the individual and different periods of the river cycle. So, during the feeding period, the amount of water to become in females and males is 69.9 and 69.2; fat - 14 and 14.3; crude protein - 14.9 and 15.2; mineral rechovins - 1.2 and 1.3; in the winter period: water - 69.2 and 71; fat - 13.5 and 11.8; crude protein - 16.1 and 15.9; mineral rechovins - 1.2 and 1.3. The pre-spawning period of the female: the fourth stage of maturity / the fifth stage of maturity and the male: water - 78.1 / 80.2 and 79.4; fat - 5.4 / 3.3 and 3.9; crude protein – 15.3/15.3 and 15.4; mineral rechavins - 1.2 / 1.1 and 1.3. Spawning period: water - 82.7 and 82.8; fat - 1.9 and 1.8; crude protein - 14.2 each; mineral rechovins - 1.2 each.
Option 10
Irrespective of those whose medium of residence of seaweeds is water, their fabrics are no more watered than the fabrics of rich terrestrial growths. The mass part of the water of dry speeches in the tissues of sea and terrestrial growths, pronounced in hundreds, becomes
for algae: green - 70-83 and 17-30 vodpovidno;
Burikh - 73-92 and 8-27;
chervonih - 75-86 and 14-25;
for sea grasses - 75-82 and 18-25;
for ground roslins:
salad vegetables - 81-95 and 5-19;
ogіrki, kavuni, dinі - 90-97 and 3-10.
Option 11
Sea growing syrovina allows you to take products, but it is practically impossible to grow from terrestrial growths. In algae and sea grasses, there is a large amount of carbohydrates, which, due to their power, are strongly influenced by carbohydrates in terrestrial growths. The stench is different in carbohydrates (hundreds of dry speeches):
cellular tissue, (algae storm, red and green vіdpovіdno) – 5,7-14,4; 5,1-15,8; 2,1-6,5;
pentosan - 6.5-10.6; 1.5-4.0; 8.7-11.1;
methylpentosan - 0.8-0.9; 1.1-2.0; - ;
reducing speech (following hydrolysis) in pererakhunka for glucose - 20.0-29.6; 20.6-44.4; 35.0-39.6;
laminarin - 8.5-19.6; - ; - ;
alginic acids - 13.0-40.3; - ; - ;
manit - 3.7-28.9; - ; - ;
agar - -; 12.6-25.8; - .
IN sea herbs mass fraction of carbohydrates in 100 to 100% dry speeches:
cell tissue - 12.2-23.6;
pentosan -4.7-12.4;
methylpentosan - 0.8-4.1;
reducing speech (following hydrolysis) in pererakhunka for glucose - 12.5-32.6;
alginic acids - 3.6-5.9;
Option 12
In the sea dews, less organic speeches, crimson, are mixed with terrestrial vegetables. For example, at the sea grasses(zosters, phylospadix) slurry, slurry in ethers, protein syria, cellular tissue, nitrogen-free, non-lipid organic slurry, the mass fraction of which in widows to dry slurry becomes: 0.6-2.4; 6.8-16.4; 12.2-23.6; 50.8, which becomes from 78.2 to 87.4% in dry speech.
In vegetables (lettuce, spinach, cabbage) there are speech, ethereal, syria protein, cellular, nitrogen-free, non-lipid organic speech, the mass fraction of those in the hundreds to dry speech becomes: 1.8-7.2; 14.0-34.3; 8.0-15.8; 43.5, to become from 72.9 to 76.0% of dry speech.
Option 13
In the sea dews, less organic speeches, crimson, are mixed with terrestrial vegetables.
For example, in green algae (ulva, enteromorph, monostroma) it is possible to have speech, rhyme in ethers, syria protein, cellular, nitrogen-free non-lipid organic speech, the mass fraction of such dry speech in hundreds of dry speech should become: 0.7-2.3; 10.1-25.0; 2.1-6.5; 61.1, scho to become from 75.6 to 88.6% of dry speech.
In brown algae (laminaria, sargassi, fukushi, costaria, alaria and other) it is possible to have speech, rozchinn in ethers, syria protein, cellular, nitrogen-free, non-lipid organic speech, the mass fraction of such dry speech in hundreds of dry speech should become: 0.35-3.8; 4.6-23.5; 5.7-14.4; 32.6, to become from 50.0 to 79.0% of dry speech.
In red algae (porphyra, gelidium, anfelcia, furcelaria, phyllophora, etc.) it is possible to have speech, rozchinnі in ethers, syria protein, cellular, nitrogen-free non-lipid organic speech, the mass fraction of such dry speech in hundreds of dry speech should become: 0.14-2.8; 12.0-44.4; 5.1-15.8; 45.1, to become from 76.4 to 94.0% of dry speech.
Option 14
Warehouse of cations and anions of mineral resources, which are stored in fabrics different types marine and terrestrial growths, more specific. sea herbs
Na - 1.6-2.7; K - 0.06-2.73; Mg - 0.07-1.19; Ca - 0.6-4.7; S - 0.24-1.04; P - 0.16-0.45;
Cl - 3.1-5.4; Si - 0.76-2.28.
Cationic-anionic storage of dry speech ground roslin (vegetables) in vіdsotkah to the mass of dry speech to become:
Na - 0.34-4.01; K - 0.73-5.7; Mg - 0.09-0.61; Ca - 0.78-2.64; S - 0.12-0.44; P - 0.07-0.7;
Cl - 0.4-1.4; Si - 0.17-0.52.
Option 15
The storage of cations and anions in mineral cavities, as in tissues of various species of marine algae, is more specific. Cationic-anionic storage of dry speech green algae in vіdsotkah to the mass of dry speech to become:
Na - 1.5-5.6; K - 1.0-2.58; Mg - 0.74-1.43; Ca - 0.51-4.67; S - 2.44-3.99; P - 0.13-1.4;
Cl - 2.2-5.6; Si - 0.15-1.12.
Cationic-anionic storage of dry speech storm algae in vіdsotkah to the mass of dry speech to become:
Na - 1.8-5.1; K - 64-170; Mg - 0.3-2.1; Ca - 0.2-3.9; S - 0.7-1.0; P - 0.1-0.6;
Cl - 2.0-20.1; Si - 0.42-0.65.
Cationic-anionic storage of dry speech red algae in vіdsotkah to the mass of dry speech to become:
Na - 3.2-6.6; K - 2.3-6.9; Mg - 0.16-1.27; Ca - 0.46-0.79; S - 1.07-3.35; P - 0.06-0.8;
Cl - 3.8-7.1; Si - 0.22-0.92.
Option 16
The mineral speech of algae is formed from various and non-distinct salts in water. The most significant part of the salts that are indistinguishable from water is found in brown algae and sea grasses.
Mass fraction of salts in the waters up to the total amount of mineral rechavins, various and non-distinct near the water, sea herbs to become 61.3-88.2 and 11.8-38.7 apparently.
For algae: green- 75.4-91.4 and 8.6-24.6; burih- 67.0-75.7 and 24.3-33.0; chervonikh- 81.4-84.2 and 15.8-18.6.
Option 17
The chemical warehouse of ribi as a whole and other organs knows significant changes due to a large number of factors. The most significant is the type of ribey, which clearly illustrates the storage of cod meat, Atlantic settlement and salmon.
m'yasi triska looks like this: syria protein (OA * 6.25) - 17.4-19.2; lipidi - 0.0-1.7; water - 79.6-81.6; mineral speech - 1.2-1.5.
Vіdsotkovy warehouse okremih rechovina at m'yasi the Atlantic settlement looking like this: syria protein (OA * 6.25) - 16.0-20.0; lipidi - 2.0-28.0; water - 56.0-79.0; mineral speech - 1.5-2.5.
Vіdsotkovy warehouse okremih rechovina at m'yasi somgi looking like this: syria protein (OA * 6.25) - 18.0-21.2; lipidi - 1.1-8.3; water - 67.3-78.7; mineral speech - 1.2-1.3.
Option 18
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Statistical graphs are directly characterized by significant diversity. їhnya scientific classification transferring such signs, like blatant confession, see, form that type of basic elements Traditionally, the theory of statistics considers the classification of graphs for the types of field. According to this principle, graphic images are subdivided into diagrams, cartograms and cartodigrams.
Diagrams - tse mental images of numerical values and yogo spіvvіdnoshen with additional geometric signs.
Cartograms- Images of numerical values \u200b\u200band їх spіvvіdnoshen for the additional application of mental shading or zabarvlennya on a map - a diagram.
Card diagrams - ce by diagrams with a map - a diagram. When prompted by the diagrams, a singing scale is restored, so that the difference between the dimensions of the values on the graph and the actual size of the appearance, which is depicted in nature.
The most wide-ranging type of statistical graphs are diagrams. In the fallow, in the way of depicting statistical data, the stench can be in one image, if these data are depicted in straight lines or swarms of the same width, and in two vimirs (flats), on which they depict an additional area of geometric shapes (rectangles, kіv.) .
Before the first view, the diagrams can be seen as linear, stovpchikov, strichkov and іn; to the other - rectilinear (square, "Sign of the Barbarian"), circular, sectoral, radial, curly.
Line diagram in the form of a different lineage, which are established as a result of the z'ednannya point near the coordinate field. One of the types of line diagrams is the line chart of the plan and the general planning chart (Fig. 27, 28).
Rice. 27. Line graph of the dynamics of the number of horses in the state
Rice. 28. General-planning schedule for the implementation of the plan for the production of products for a month: a.- For a decade; b - growing bag
Zastosovuyt line diagrams is important to see the development of the appearances at the hour.
Budіvlі linіynіykh diagrams put so vomogi:
2) a zero value is indicated on the ordinate axis. In vipadics, if the completion of this rule is due to a significant change in scale and an increase in sharpness, the next step is to expand along all ordinates (with zero line be saved.)
3) arrows on the abscissa axis due to the intervals (for the series of dynamics - to the period of the hour);
4) the zero line is guilty of sharply winding up in the other parallel lines;
5) in case of budovі diagrams from zastosuvannym vіdsotkovoї scale it is necessary to clearly see the line, which means 100%;
6) the curved line of the diagrams can be sharply blown into the line grid
7) digital indicators are placed on the chart in such a way that they can be easily read;
8) the area of the graph can be square or rectangular. Column diagrams. Whom do you see with statistical diagrams
the data is shown in the form of rectangles (stovpchikiv) of the same width. Rotate them vertically and horizontally. The height of the stump characterizes the size of the manifestations (Fig. 29).
Rice. 29. Stovpchikov's diagram of the dynamics of the gross output of business enterprises
Columns of diagrams are occupied: 1) at the opposite places among themselves; 2) for the image of the apparitions at the hour; 3) visualization of the structure of the manifestations.
Let's take a look at the basic rules for prompting Stovchikov's diagrams:
1) the width of the columns and the width between them must be the same;
2) stovpchiki roztashovuyut from small to large or navpak (space model);
3) in the basis of the stovpchikiv, that base line is seen;
4) indicate the name and digital data of the contractors;
5) on the scale may be buti rose, the main ones are indicated by numbers;
6) indicate the unity of the world.
A variety of column diagrams and a histogram, with the help of which the variation rows are shown below.
String diagrams. On the vіdmіnu vіd stovpchikovykh, podbudovі stіchkovіvіh diagrams pryamokutnі, yak zobrazhayut razmіr yavіshchі, moyut not vertіkіlі, іn horizontіlі (Fig. 33). Vymogi up to the mind of the diagram, analogous to the vimogi to the stovpchikovy diagrams.
Rice. 30. Line diagram of daily wages in enterprises
Sector diagramsє number, subdivisions into sectors, the values of which are shown (in proportions) to the image sizes of the phenomena. Sector diagrams will show the structure of phenomena (Fig. 31).
Rice. 31. Sector diagram of the structure of agricultural areas
Rectangular diagrams. This type of diagram shows the size of the remaining phenomena as an area. Rectangular diagrams are stuck for the image of the phenomena that change at the hour, as well as for the equalization of different sizes in the space.
Square diagrams and the "Sign of the Barbarian" can be seen up to the rectangular diagrams.
Square diagrams vikoristovuyut at equal absolute values. For the chosen side of the square, follow square root from testing (diagramming) values. Behind the data in Table 95, it is carried out the survey of the area of agricultural land, taking a scale of 30 = 1 cm. 76.8: 30 = 2.6 cm; 72.8: 30 = 2.4 cm
Table 95
Vhidnі and rozrahunkovі data for inducing square and pie charts
"Sign of Varzar". Vykoristovuєtsya for povіvnyannya triokh pov'yazanih mizh themselves sizes. Vin is a rectangle,
Yakim dozhina shows the size of one thing, the width - the other one, and the area of this one characterizes the twir tsikh in a two-scale povnyannі: one scale - for the base of the rectangle, the other - for the height of the one.
"The sign of Varzar" is instantly poignant, as it was already guessed, three values \u200b\u200bare tied together, so that the diagrammatic display is the work of two others. For example, as if the area of a rectangle is illustrated by diagrams, then the same dozhina is a flat area, a friend is a height - a vrozhaynist. This species is shown in diagrams as a baby 33.
Rice. 32. Square diagram of the distribution of the area of agricultural enterprises
Fig.33. Rectangular diagram "Sign of Varzar".
Circle diagrams of their areas indicate the size of the remaining phenomena. The stench is grounded on the vikoristan area of the stake for illustration of similar values. When prompted, it is safe that the area of \u200b\u200bkіl is placed between itself like a square of their radii. To determine the radius of the stake, it is necessary to obtain the square root of the diagram value; on this basis, name yoga on a singing scale and describe the color by size. Small 34 shows a pie chart following the data in Table 95.
Radial diagrams. This type of diagram is used for graphic representation of phenomena, as closed calendar terms are changed. They are based on the polar coordinate system, where the abscissa is taken as a colo, for all the ordinates - the y-o-radius.
Depending on the fact that the cycle of the diagrammatic phenomenon is depicted, it is closed or trival (from period to period) - they are distinguished by radial diagrams closed and spiral. For example, as if the whole cycle of the change of the appearance, which is depicted, hovers the summer period, the radial diagram will be behind the closed form.
Rice. 34. Pie chart of distribution of agricultural areas
undertakings
Rice. 35. Radial diagram
As if the change of the appearance is played by the protracted cycle of the diagram period (for example, the breast of one fate z'dnuetsya with the next fate only), a series of dynamics is displayed near the sucillary curve, as visually it looks like a spiral.
With the help of radial diagrams, the cob vіdlіku (pole) can be the center of the stake. If the center of the stake is taken as the pole, then the radial diagram will have the following sequence: the number of parts, the number of periods of the cycle (for example, rіk - 12 months), and the corresponding radius will be similar (in this case - 12). Periods are spaced behind the year arrow and skin radius in a scaled vimir, add vіrіzki (in the center of the stake), proportional to the size of the appearances. Kіntsі vіdrіzkіv on the radii zadnuyut, at the result the concentric laman line is established. The butt of a closed radial diagram with a cob in the center of the stake is shown in fig. 35.
The method of figures - signs. This method of depicting diagrammatic phenomena conveys the replacement of geometric figures with little ones, which shows the difference in statistical data (Fig. 36). That is why the magnitude of the show is depicted behind additional figures (symbols, small ones): for example, the number of horses - like the silhouette of a horse, the appearance of cars - in front of a small car, etc. The advantages of such a type of diagram in front of a geometric one are sharpness and precision. It is symbolic of the image to make the diagram look different and attractive.
Rice. 36. Dynamics of book publications from the nutrition of the market economy in the district library
The method of figures - signs (the so-called Vidensky) may have its own peculiarity, which is characterized by a greater number of zmist, may be the principle of meaning and, in principle, do not take into account the rules of singing such diagrams, but itself:
1) symbolize guilt by sensible powerful forces and do not require detailed explanations. As a rule, stinks depict the contour and silhouette of diagrammed objects;
2) ensure unambiguous interpretation;
3) unambiguity by topics;
4) group signs are drawn vertically, and signs, as they characterize, are horizontal;
5) images of signs - symbols can be in line with the principles of the garny little one;
6) vinyatkovy vvazhayutsya zayva detalіzatsіya and embellishment;
7) standardization of signs - symbols. Arrangement with diagrams can be done with standardized signs - symbols, prepared in other cards and mounted by the application method. Іsnuyut special signs of such signs;
8) name the language with diagrams and textual meanings of the totality (groups) that are displayed singing figure; the scale value of the assigned numerical value of the skin sign - to the symbol.
Napivlogarithmic graphics. This type of statistical graph will be in the coordinate system. The numbers, which characterize the diagrammed phenomenon, are changed to the scale of logarithms. The logarithm of the point is drawn on the y-axis, and the date of the appearance (rock) - on the abscissa (Fig. 37).
Rice. 37. Napіvlogarithmic chart of the dynamics of indicators of daily wages in the enterprise
Cartograms and cartodigrams. Cartograms - a contour geographic map or a scheme, on a kind of shading of a different density, dots or farbs of a different level of density depict the equal intensity of any indicator in the boundaries of the skin unity mapped on the map of the territorial area. On cartograms, as a rule, images are depicted that are characterized by water or average values (for example, the number of pensioners, which work in the highest number of workers in the regions, land reclamation in hundreds of wages on subsidiaries in the districts of the region (toshcho).
According to the way of depicting the diagrammed phenomena, they distinguish cartograms of points and backgrounds.
In the first place, the rhubarb of the apparition will be shown for an additional point, spread out on the contour map of the territorial unit. For the accuracy of the image of the bush or the frequency, the signs of a single dot appear to indicate one or a piece of loneliness.
On the background cartograms, shading of different density or farboi of a different level of population depicts the intensity of any indicator in the boundaries of a territorial unit. One of the typical cartograms is shown in little 38.
Rice. 38. Cartogram of the population of cows per 100 ha of agricultural land in the state district
As a result, statistical data is applied to the contour map like a diagram, and a map diagram is taken off. Yaskravim її butt є geographical map, where the number of people in the places is depicted as a kіl raznoї value.
Krіm looked at ways of graphic representation of the doslidzhuvanih phenomena, explaining others. Practically їх vikoristannya at vіbrazhennі dynamics of yavisch, їх structures and vzaєmozv'yazkіv vozglyadn at the front sections.
Behind the additional line diagrams, the koristuvach represents the variation, the dynamics and the interplay. Graphically depicted as a sequence of points connected by straight lines in a laman line. How to use excel line charts.
With such a method, the line diagram is victorious
Linear diagrams of graphics can be used to win in such situations:
- A dynamic series can achieve a great amount of significance. There is no interruption in the line that follows them, blaming on the continuity of the process.
- It is necessary to show a general trend in development.
- It is necessary in the boundaries of one geometric surface to equalize a sprat of dynamic rows.
- Por_vnyanni will require not an absolute value, but the rate of growth of the appearance.
On the abscissa axis, sound, the Timchas characteristic of the phenomenon is indicated. On the y-axis - the value of the indicator.
How to create a line chart in Excel
For the help of a line graph in Excel, you can quickly record sales from the company for a few minutes, analyze the balance, profit and return, the value of any experiment is too small. Let's take a look at how to build a line diagram in Excel.
We create a table in Excel "Population of Russia for 2000-2016":
- Usі komіrki at the columns may be filled up.
- Data may have the same format.
- In one column - values of the same type (dates, numbers).
We see the entire table, including the headings. Go to the "Insert" tab - at the "Diagrams" menu. Select "Graph".
You can choose "with savings", "rationing", "with markers" and so on. Click on the end of the selected type of chart with the left mouse button. We take:
Such a schedule does not rule us - we do not call them correctly. Therefore, click on the area to activate the “Robot with Diagrams” tab. Press the "Select data" button.
At the window "Vibir dzherela danikh" we change the signatures of the horizontal axis on the back.
After pressing the "Change" button, the field assigned to the range of signatures is displayed. Choose from the dates.
Press OK. The program turns us to the dialogue window "Choose dzherela danikh".
Before the "Elements of the Legend" they spent the data of the "Rik" and "Kіlkіst populace". "Rik" is visible.
For the locking of the signatures, the horizontal and vertical axes are taken horizontally. The skin meaning of the rock may be chotiri figures. The stench is angry and it's disgusting to see. To change it directly, click the right mouse button for the signatures. Press the "Format Axis" button.
At the dialogue window, which was clear, go to the “Viewing” tab. Here we can change the text directly.
Let's take a look at the schedule:
It is easy to complete a line diagram behind a table. Ready graphics can be changed (colour, line width, font size, captions, etc.), using the available tools on the "Constructor", "Layout", "Format" tabs.
Line diagram
Excel 2007 has this type. As a matter of fact, the histogram is part of the plot, the destovpchiki are rotated horizontally. A common histogram and a line diagram are interchangeable. The stench vikoristovuyutsya for the analysis of the change of the show for the singing interval of the hour.
Leather stovpchik (straight cutter) shows the value of the ratio in the analyzed statistical series. Reversed data may be the same alone in the world. Therefore, it is important to analyze the process of analysis.
On the basis of the already known data, we will make a linear diagram based on the number of the population.
To win respect: oskolki stovpchiki mayut horizontally straight, the diagram nibi lies on the bik.
Now rocks are signatures on the vertical axis, and numbers are horizontal. Ale, when choosing a dzherel data for the diagrams, follow the following order:
In these statistics, we can look at some of the most popular types of graphs: line diagram and pelyustkov. Nasampered, let's talk about the recognition of these species.
Assigned to the control for changes in a number of values when moving from point to point on the cob of the point of recognition of the graph. This kind of graphic image is used to characterize the relationship, variations and dynamics. Signs of geometry in times are laman lines, which are points and in straight lines.
To characterize the actual dynamics of the linear diagram, it is fixed in such fluctuations, like:
As such, the number of equals in the dynamic series is already great. Zastosuvannya analizovanyh diagrams at times to reinforce the uninterrupted development.
Vіdobrazhennya total tendencies and the nature of the development of the current process of appearance.
Porivnyannya deykoї kіlkostі
Ordering the pace of growth.
Be especially specific: when folded with line diagrams, all abscissas, as a rule, are timchasial, and ordinates are showy. On one type of graph, as you can see, it is possible to prompt dekilkoh lamanikh chi crooked, which allow you to change the different dynamics for a similar timing vіdrіzok.
Pelyustka diagram
Assigned for equal setting to a fraction of the value of a certain number of uniform rows.
Features of її pobudovi: the graph may be okremi osі dermal chosen category value. Strengthen the stink, with your blackness, weave a single ear. As a result, as a rule, there will be a curvilinear bagatokutnik, which should not form a circle, so that it can be reached on the graph with equal values of the analysis of indications. Danish schedule representations in the vertex / polar coordinate system, which is based on changing the value of the vertex to the axis, which are viewed. The skin line is a vector, also such a kind of diagrams - away form for equalizing singing tendencies.
All diagrams will be easier to use in Microsoft Office Excel spreadsheet editor. For whom use "Master Diagram in Excel".
Pokrokov's instruction for the work "Maistri for encouraging diagrams"
On this robot "Maistri for inspiring diagrams in Excel" can be completed. The whole process, with a competent approach from the zastosuvannya tsієї іnstruktsiї (without urakhuvannya vіdnyh data) takes no more than 15 khvilin. Try it, it's not so hard!
