The history of repressions, emotions were relieved. Arguments and facts of Viktor Zemskov. V.M.Zemskov. about the scale of political repressions in the SRSR Zemskov about political repressions in the last hour of the war

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Recently, we published an article by Pavel Krasnov, dedicated to repressions, which were small in the SRSR. For vikrittya falsifications of antiradian manipulators, the author has chosen a method, which we see as logical and reconcilable.

Viktor Mikolayovich Zemskov
- Russian historian, Doctor of Historical Sciences, research assistant to the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Doslednik of political repressions in the SRSR. Pavlo Krasnov, in principle, unique in his use of collapsible statistical tabs, and turned to a healthy reader's head. The article called out to the discussion, and it was explained that the deacians would still like to read the statistical tabs. At zv'yazku z tsim mi vvazhaemo for the need to declare immediately. V. Zemskov, the greatest specialist in our country, a long history of repressions given food. Yogo naukovі pratsі otrimalis Zakhodі nayshirshu popularity and in their time they took it like a sensation. The results of this research did not leave stone unturned in pseudo-historical reports of cold war ideologists. Against the warning that Zemskov is not a Stalinist and does not belong to the left-patriotic opposition.

In Russia, V. Zemskov has a high authority among the scientific middle, but, unfortunately, the general masses of the people are not known. You can’t ask for a TV show, it’s rare to get interviews from him. To "democratic" manipulators, as if to wash people's minds out of sight, so that people, nareshti, found out the truth about reprisals from the mouth of a specialist, and not from journalists who were bought with the wreckage. However, Internet zavdyaki all the same information blockade is not total, in the least it is the main scientific practice of Zemskov. Our publication in our experience goes beyond the format, so here we publish one of the few interviews published in La Vanguardia on March 3, 2001. Raphael Poch

Mustache of Stalin's victims

I met with the historian Viktor Zemskov at the Institute global history RAN. In 1989, following the directive of the Politburo on behalf of Mikhail Gorbachov, the Russian Academy of Sciences instructed Zemskov to clarify the nutrition of the real number of victims of Stalinist repressions. Until that hour, the topic had been in the hands of the quiet, whom Professor Moshe Levin, one of the greatest foreign fahivtsiv in Radian history, called "people with a rich vein." Most of the representatives of the “cold war” belong to the category tsієї. Days of them today, like before, afloat.

Zemskov - a modest and striman man - for the first time denied access to the most secret archives of the MVS-MDB and the Stalinist taemnoy police (OGPU-NKVS). There, they revealed the reports of Stalin's repressive machine: about the GULAG, in the village, how many people were shot and deported. It appeared that the power and її butchers led the appearance of their evildoers and evildoers from the suvoristy of pedantic clerical service. It may have been ten years since the archives were opened, but Zemskov himself and the visnovkas, until such wines came, were filled with nedomim. "I can't be asked for a TV broadcast," they say without the slightest hint of pardon modesty. First, the interview, like Zemskov gave the foreign ZMI, the shards did not show interest to prove, like the number of victims was surprised in a new way, but they did not change the revelation about the essence of one of the greatest tragedies of the 20th century.

At the climax of the Stalinist repressions, the “great terror” of 1937-38, 2.5 million arrests were made by the Soviet Socialist Republic, and 800,000 people were shot from 1921 to 1953 for political reasons. The number of floorings is striking, but it can no longer be of great significance, what happened about 20 million arrests and 7 million executions.

What are the exact numbers of victims of Stalin's repressions?

The term "reprisals" can be used differently. I am surrounded by “political reprisals” by those hulks, who were charged with article 58 of the Criminal Code (counter-revolutionary activity and other grave evil deeds against the state), and which were condemned to the execution of other attacks. From 1921 to 1953 there were close to 4 million such people. Of these, close to 800,000 were sentenced to execution. In addition, we admit that close to 600,000 died at the yard, so blatant number victims sagaє 1.4 million.

Chi enter up to tsikh 4 million, from which 1.4 perished, "kulaks", deported people just?

- "Fists" are subdivided into 3 categories. One of them includes arrests and convictions as political mischief. So, the stench is insured by our statistics. The second group is made up of arrests and vislans at the pvnich, and the third - those who are simply driven out of the village and becoming pracsyuvati at the factory. The remaining two groups - the most numerous - were not insured by us, for that among 4 million "fists" is not rich.

Why weren't they mentioned? Hiba vyslannya on pivnich that deportation is not reprisals?

So, ale stinks were not sued. They were less likely to be deported, and mine was confiscated from them. Є bring back.

So if there is no official crime, then there are no reprisals?

The only way to conduct a trade between politically repressed those who recognized the suffering as a slaughter. We do not care that since 1918 the fate, if the expropriation of landowners, capitalists and the clergy began, repressions and those who used to arrest the Cheka, wanting to instill the stench was not arrested, the stench spent all their power. Before the "kulaks" it is necessary to use the following criteria: reprisals - tse arrests, or even deportations - simply became victims of social and economic transformations - zhorstok and foundations on zrivnyalivtsi. Tse mozhe buti zastosovano to the majority of the population of the SRSR, shards in this chi іnshіy mirі vono recognized suffering: famine, filth, die life thinly.

So, that's the way it was, protesting against other victims of terror, the death rate among those most often was even higher. For example, the most recent reconciliations show that 1.1-1.2 million members of the families of "kulaks" were destroyed in the process of collectivization, and how many people out of them 5.5-6 million died?

The number is still inserted. The bibliography suggests absurd figures - from 6 to 10 million dead; including 3 to 7 million in Ukraine. For the sake of demographic statistics, we know that in 1932, 780,000 births in Ukraine were born, and 668,000 died; however, it is clear that main cause death at rocky becoming hunger.

Ukrainian nationalists respect the national genocide against Ukrainians; w zim will you be fine?

Hі, shards at such a camp were residents of the Pivnіchny Caucasus, the Volga region and Kazakhstan, dezh panuvav famine. It was necessary to viconate the plan, confiscating a part of the crop, prote through dry land had to confiscate the entire crop. The state took evil actions against all the villagers, regardless of their nationality.

14 nationalities of the SRSR were deported in full, and 48 - in private. Only among Caucasian ethnic groups 650,000 deported were deported: some were deported in the course of three military operations, from which 100,000 military servicemen took the fate, and 19,000 NKVS spivrobitniks for a token. What can you say about mortality in this period?

During the course of the deportation operation itself, it was already great. For example, as if you are talking about the Crimean Tatars, 2-3 people died at the skin vault storehouse, the head rank was people of a frail age. 191 people died for Usyi. However, after arriving in Uzbekistan, tens of thousands of people died. In the first years after the resettlement, the death rate among the kilka once outweighed the people. As for the Chechens, then the exact numbers are unknown, but on the way they died a little, but in the new city - so.

Why was such a time period chosen: 1921-1953? After 1953, the fate of reprisals was no more?

During the period from 1937 to 1953, a lot of people perished. During the most recent period - 1937-38, 1.3 million people were sentenced, and 700,000 of them were shot. In 1951, 55,000 cases were sued, in 1952 - 29,000 ... We return to 1958, if Stalin was no longer: the number of arraignments was less, lower in 2000; Among them, 69 people were sentenced to death. That is why the range of reprisals changed 20 times in the povnyanni with the cob of the 50th years, and hundreds of times in the povnyanni with the 30th years. Starting from Khrushchev, the numbers of reprisals were already insignificant.

What can you say about the number of persecutions and perished in the SRSR, who were called for hours of cold war?

It was about discrediting the opponent. The zahіdnі radologists stverdzhuvali, scho victims of repression, collectivization, famine too soon. steel 50-60 million. Cholovik. In 1976, Solzhenitsyn declared that in the period from 1917 to 1959, 110 million people died in the USSR. It is important to comment on this foolishness. In fact, the rate of population growth was about 1%, which exceeded the indicators of England and France. In 1926 there were 147 million inhabitants in the SRSR, in 1937 there were 162 million, and in 1939 there were 0 170.5 million.

What was the reaction to the numbers, what did you call it?

V_domy scribe Lev Rozgon entered into a controversy with me. Vіn stverdzhuvav, that in 1939 the camps had more than 9 million victims, so the archives give a higher number: 2 million. Later, the stinks realized that I was making a walk, and they closed it.

And on Zakhodi?

In the first ranks of my critics, there was Robert Conquest, whose figures of reprisals outnumbered the documentary evidence. The reaction from the side of the historians was a flood of recognition. Ninі in universitätakh nachayutsya already for my numbers.

How accurate are the archives of the GULAG, the NKVS, then, access to which ones were previously taken away by the zavdyaks of Gorbachev?

The GULAG statistics are respected by our historians as one of the best.

In other words, did the soldiers of the country know for sure about the repressions of their reprisals and the number of executions?

So. Stalin was regularly informed. At the skin vapadka zniknennya or in the flow of the afflicted, all the dossier and all the listings were lifted.

Do you want to know about those, like Stalin, that yogo sharpened argued the need for such violence and driving?

I think that in such a rank they wanted to stink people, because they did not fit into the project of the communistic future life, and also because they had a strong instinct for self-preservation, although they formally stink were not guilty of anything. Tse buv preventive stop. Molotov, having told the journalist Feliks Chuev, such a phrase, as if to speak richly about what: “We did not check, while they were hurting us, we took the initiative to our own hands and fought them.”

What is your thought, what is a historian? How much of Russian history is unique in terms of high political mortality?

To commemorate the history of England in the 17th century, France in the 18th century and Germany in the 19th century, the history is unique because everything happened in the 20th century, if a well-integrated economy was already created, the revolution was praised. If, in 1920, H.G. Wells arrived in Russia, he found a great wildness: they sorted out the salaries, there was no electricity, everything fell apart, and the people died from hunger and cold. And before winter - wanting Russia to be on the European periphery - out of the civilized country. To make the country more civilized, to make the revolution smaller, taking to respect the greedy heritage, as if it were dragging along.

Do you want to say that the very closeness to the Ninish eri, lodging on the shore of the current state of welfare, to rob Stalin more unsafe, lower Genghis Khan?

Chi can splne z usim komunism and ideology? Naskіlki maє sense for a believing victim Catholic Church killed in the name of God? - maє sens, shards cannot mother absolute faith in God; This belief is specific. Mustaches are unfortunate, like they were sleeping on the bagatti, they died through those who today had a pardon, they looked like norms and superimposed on the order of the Pope of Rome. Ideology? A new society was being created, and a new people were needed for the life of the communist future. Those who were beaten to the fate of 1937 did not change. They killed the march.

How can you call Christ for the Inquisition or Marx for Stalin? - Marx, having created his theory for Europe, and not for Russia, and, obviously, not for China. For any communist regime, reprisals are impossible; stench can only be there, de є strong and zhorstok despotic power, for example, in Stalin's Russia and Maoist China. Reprisals were no longer possible for Khrushchev, Brezhnev, or Deng Xiaopin.

What did you think about when you first opened the secret archives of the GULAG and realized that the number of persecuted people was significantly less, less respected and lost?

The back of the head was zdivuvannya. Then I suddenly realized that at Zahodі they were introduced into a serious pardon from the first drive; But regardless of the price, all the stories about the terrorist nature of the regime and the repressions, people recognized as yak, are out of power. Tse is important for us to ensure that everything does not happen again.

8 Comment for

Valery Lobov

Svitlana Li

Спочатку автор інтерв'ю мав шляхетну мету – використовувати глибокі та енциклопедичні знання доктора історичних наук, наукового співробітника Інституту російської історії РАН, дослідника політичних репресій у СРСР для того, щоб викрити завищені цифри за сталінськими репресіями, що створюють перекручену картину трагедії того часу. For some reason, the zavdannya vikonano - the data is real, and for that, the figures are greatly underestimated. Ale, in the interview, had a lot of kidnappings that were not allowed for such those and for the fake rank of Viktor Zemskov. Especially, as a lie, that the topic is even more delicate in today's minds, if Russia is in a terrible circle of cynical sanctions on Sunset, which put itself as a metaphor, as a minimum, weaken Russia.
Zemskov, it seems, that "the deportees simply became victims of social and economic transformations - cruelty and foundations on spectators."
Too simple, I would say, a flat explanation for Zemskov, as a minimum, Stalin's unfailingly defamatory order.
I won't go into all the details. I'll give you an example. Zemskov seems to say that “like talking about the Crimean Tatars, 2-3 people died at the skin vault warehouse, the head rank of old.

Svitlana Li

191 people died for Usyi. However, after arriving in Uzbekistan, tens of thousands of people died.”
Ten thousand!!! Under this number, you can put two tens, three, or even more tens of thousands. In fact, 16 thousand people died. to tsієї those who constantly promote unhealthy interests, who work for their political career - Dzhemilyov, Chubarov and Kudukhov, who, having declared on the GRT channel, that “Russian slaves are naschadki”, roaring about the deportation of the Crimean Tatars? And it’s even more important - the Tatars were deported in 1944 roci, after the three fates of the war, the Tatars were led to a rich rich, mildly seeming, not in order - during the period of the German occupation of Crimea in 1941 - 44 roca with the occupants rich, the Crimean Tatars were deported parts of the Chervonoy Army, which defended the Crimea, and switched to the opposite side, joining until the volunteer Tatar military units formed by the Germans, which fought against the Chervonoy Army. 20 thousand Crimean Tatars were dressed in the form of the Third Reich: 10 thousand served in the Wehrmacht, 10 thousand were policemen. Data in for critical access at Vika

Svitlana Li

at Wikipedia. Honestly, I myself found out about the goal only through Zemskov's interview. Through a professional name, place historically fair accents, so that the objective Zemskov Tatars, who have mercy, did not know a new subjective reason to image for their people. How is it possible for such a fake, like Zemskov, who devoted all his life to those reprisals from the Radian state, not to know such facts, which were the reason for the deportation of the Tatars? Without vvazhav for the need to point out facts about delicacy? Smart! But then again, it’s so obtchna, that vibratingly insecure figure rang out - “TENS OF THOUSANDS”? I want to acknowledge that Wikipedia has given a boost, that 16,000 Tatars died in Uzbekistan, not because of those who did such unbearable minds to them, but because of those who already knew the 3 fates of war in Crimea! At Wikipedia, they added all the knowledge to the right, and the evidence that Zemskov did not reveal. I don’t want to think that Zemskov denigrated the “butchers” with such a rank, as if he were calling officials of Stalin.
Dalі Zemskov kazhe, scho "How to imitate the history of England in the 17th century, France in the 18th century and Nіmechchini in the 19th century, then the history is unique, because everything happened at the 20th century, if it was already done more smoothly

Svitlana Li

well-integrated economy, like the revolution was praised"
Why, with these visnovkas, as if they were still compromising the Radian power and Stalin, the Zemskov, could not guess about those who in England, France and the German Empire in the same period were physically impoverished not tens of thousands, but hundreds of thousands, but in the years VVV tysyachiv ? Is it possible to fight a difference in the fact that war has gone on in these lands? That Crimean Tatars were deported for the minds of war! The Zemskov team is becoming overwhelmed, what happened in the 20th century, and this situation is unique? And today we don’t allow wines, if the huts of geopolitics are getting better at the accessibility in the eyes of the earth, that the same can be repeated in the XX! And the XXI century of the capital - how to be with such internal enemies of Russia, like Sobchak, Makarevich, Kasyanov, how can you become open to the lava of the enemies?
It is not suitable for the fact that the revolution praised “civilized Russia with a foldable integrated economy. I won’t argue about an integrated economy, wanting to be all convinced that Stalin, having adopted Russia with a plow and a plow, is, however, before the revolution, a civilized Russia is not fit for sure. Civilization, like on me, transferring already a great recruitment

Svitlana Li

the values of human development, which the monarchical country, which let its people under the strong yoke for the first century before the revolution, could not reach. As a proof of controversy that the revolution was praising, Zemskov pointed to the butt of H. G. Wells, who arrived before Russia in 1920. After 3 years after the revolution, it was possible to grow more, lower the enemy of the SRSR - “having found the best wildness: they sorted out the salaries, the power of electricity, everything fell apart, and the people died of hunger and cold. And before winter - wanting Russia to be on the European periphery - out of the civilized country. That's why the country is civilized, the revolution is smaller than the Bazhan, taking to the respect zhahlivy inherits, like a drag behind you.”
Zhahlivy naslіdki, scho caused Zhovtnev's revolution... On one superfluous vysnovka it is possible to develop a nevtishny vysnovka - like Zemskov's bright-eyed sky-gazer. As the doctor of historical sciences affirms that the revolution, and Zokrema Zhovtnev, destroyed the civilized country and caused zhahlivy remnants, it is not fair to marvel at Sobchak, Poroshenko is too thin. I don't want to portray Zemskov, I'm just hostile

Svitlana Li

I’m just amazed ... And the zavdyaks of Russia, ty, who trimmed the people during the crippling until 1861, and the treasury with rapt, as if they were a civilized country before 1917, the rock of the Zemskov goiter with their knowledge, but the radian and potim - modern Russia? Vidpovid not hai Zemskov know yourself.
How can you call Christ for the Inquisition or Marx for Stalin?
On the chain of nutrition of the universal scale, the Zemskovs also know their own opinion, in my opinion, I’ve been forgiven for this by the Zemskov’s tricks.
- Marx, having created his theory for Europe, and not for Russia, and, of course, not for China, respecting wine.
I, sing-song, know Marx's father better, and also a doctor of historical sciences. Ale Marx having created his work for the proletariat of the whole world. For those who suffer from the tyranny of capital. Lenin, having propagated yoga practice to adapt to real action, which was already successfully cultivated in China, and which could be cultivated in the SRSR, Stalin did not die.
In the same communist regime. The wording is non-violent and two words - communist and raptom - regime. Suitable, for communist formations reprisals are impossible. Ale, I guess, already at the stage of development. At the cob stage, it is not possible to turn off radicals or

Svitlana Li

zhorstki dії vlady, already over that the person did not finish it. I think there are more of these, less thorough. For example, like a rozkulyuvannya kurkulіv. Abo neutralization of the Belarusians. It is not suitable for them, because the Radianska government was despotic, often surround the vimagali of the dictatorship of the government. Who, if not Zemskov, doctor of historical sciences, should understand clearly and well. Accept wisely. So why don’t you learn Zemskov’s encyclopedic knowledge, that you stray from the subject of your whole life, like a graduate of a university, what a lot you know, but don’t have life knowledge, wisdom, necessary for historical justice?

Human life is priceless. Killing innocent people cannot be true - it’s one person, it’s a million. But the doslidnik is not able to be separated by a moral assessment of historical tales and phenomena. Yogo obov'yazok - resurrection of the right look of our past. Tim more if these other aspects become an object of political speculation. All vyshchevikladene all over the world are related to the problem of political repressions in the SRSR, the analysis of which is dedicated to the article.

On the cob 1989 Following the decisions of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the SRSR, a Commission for the Development of the History of the Academy of Sciences of the SRSR was created in cooperation with the corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the SRSR Yu.A. Polyakov for spending money on the population. Being at the warehouse of the commissariat, we among the first historians denied access to the statistical numbers of the OGPU-NKVS-MVS-MDB, which had not previously been seen as successors, which was on a special collection in the Central State Archives of the Zhovtnevoy Revolution, state power that organization sovereign government SRSR (TsDAOR SRSR), renamed Ninі to the Sovereign Archives Russian Federation(GARF). With the sum total of our achievements, we would like to know the readers of the magazine "Russia XXI".

Reference statistics

What have we revealed?
Sche on the cob 1954 in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Socialist Republic, N. S. Khrushchov’s opinion was put on them about the number of convicts for counter-revolutionary mischief, that is, for the 58th article of the Criminal Code of the RRFSR and for the leading articles of the Criminal Code of the other allied republics, for the period 192I -1953 (the document was signed by three individuals - General Prosecutor of the SRSR R.A. Rudenko, Minister of Internal Affairs of the SRSR S.N. Kruglov and Minister of Justice of the SRSR K.P. Gorshenin). The whole was completed on five typewritten sides, put behind M.S. Khrushchov that is dated I fierce 1954.

The document stated that, for the data revealed in the MVS SRSR, for the period from 1921 p. until now, until the beginning of 1954, 3,777,380 people were sentenced for counter-revolutionary evil deeds by the OGPU Collegium and the NKVS Troikas, the Special People’s Rada, the Viysk Collegium, courts and Viysk courts, including up to the greatest world early morning - 642 980, until morning in the camps and in the camps in the term 25 years and lower - 2 369 220, at the sent-in that hanger - 765 180 people. It was pointed out that out of the total number of those imprisoned for counter-revolutionary mischief, approximately 2.9 million was condemned by the Collegium of the OGPU by the NKVS trikes and the Special People's Council (tobto by the judicial authorities) 877 thousand. - Courts, Viysk tribunals, Special Legislation and Viysk Collegium. In the given hour, it was in the end, at the camps and in the camps, they were enslaved, sentenced for counter-revolutionary mischief - 467,946 people. And, moreover, it is 62,462 individuals who have been sent back after being punished for counter-revolutionary evil deeds, directed by the MDB and the Prosecutor's Office of the SRSR.

Nagoloshuvalos, we will create on the basis of the decision of the CEC and RNA SRSR on the 5th leaf fall of 1934. With a special honor under the NKVS SRSR, as she woke up until the 1st spring of 1953, 442,531 people were sentenced, including 10,101 sentenced to death, 360,921 to freedom of will, 67 to hanging (at the borders of the country) 539 those other early arrivals (the hall for an hour of rebuking under the brew, the hanger of foreign lands, the primus stove) - 3970 people. The greater number is important, those who were looked upon as a special people, were condemned for counter-revolutionary misdeeds.

In the first version of the finalization, folded in the chest in 1953, if the population is quiet, who would have been in evidence in the municipalities, 474,950 people were sued for counter-revolutionary mischief. , in Pecherlazi - 10 121), in the Kazakh RSR - 57 989 (of which in the Karaganda region - 56 423), in the Khabarovsk Territory - 52 742, Irkutsk region. - 47 053, Krasnoyarsk Territory - 33 233, Mor 104, Molotivsky region - 15 832, Omsk -15 422, Sverdlovsk -14 453, Kemerovo - 8403, Gorky - 8210, Bashkir ARSR - 7 - 6344, 49 4 Other 74,654 politically connected persons were rebuked in other regions (Magadan Region, Primorsky Territory, Yakutsk ARSR and other). Individuals that were like 1953 p. at zaslannі that visiltsi, at a warehouse of kolishnіh vyaznenih, condemned for counter-revolutionary evil, lived near the Krasnoyarsk Territory - 30 575, Kazakh RSR - 12 465, Far Pivnoch - 10 276, in the Komi Novosibirsk region. - 3850, in other regions - 1416 cases.

Naprikintsy born in 1953 MVS SRSR has prepared one more update. On the basis of the statistical significance of the 1st Special Viddilu of the MVS SRSR, the number of arraignments for counter-revolutionary and other especially unsafe state mischiefs for the period from 1 Sichnya 1921 was named. up to 1 lime 1953 - 4 060 306 osib (5 September 1954 on behalf of G. M. Malenkov and N. S. Khrushchov, sheet No. 26 / K was sent with the signature of S. N. Kruglov in the form of information).
This figure consisted of 3,777,380 arraignments for counter-revolutionary mischief and 282,926 for other especially unsafe state mischief. The rest were sued not for the 58th, but for other articles equal to it; nasampered, for paragraphs. 2 and 3 art. 59 (especially not safe banditry) and Art. 193 24 (Vijskovy spying). For example, part of the Basmachi was sentenced not for the 58th, but for the 59th article.

The number of convictions for counter-revolutionary and other especially unsafe state mischief in 1921–1953.

ROCKY	Usoy condemned (chool)	Vishcha world	Tabori, colonies hanger	Other come in
1	2	3	4	5	6
1921	35829	9701	21724	1817	2587
1922	6003	1962	2656	166	1219
1923	4794	414	2336	2044	-
1924	12425	2550	4151	5724	-
1925	15995	2433	6851	6274	437
1926	17804	990	7547	8571	696
1927	26036	2363	12267	11235	171
1928	33757	869	16211	15640	1037
1929	56220	2109	25853	24517	3742
1930	208068	20201	114443	58816	14609
1931	180696	10651	105863	63269	1093
1932	141919	2728	73946	36017	29228
1933	239664	2154	138903	54262	44345
1934	78999	2056	59451	5994	11498
1935	267076	1229	185846	33601	46400
1936	274670	1118	219418	23719	3015
1937	790665	353074	429311	1366	6914
1938	554258	328618	205509	16842	3289
1939	63889	2552	54666	3783	2888
1940	71806	1649	65727	2142	2288
1941	75411	8011	65000	1200	1210
1942	124406	23278	88809	1070	5249
1943	78441	3579	68887	7070	5249
1944	78441	3579	68887	4787	1188
1945	75109	3029	70610	649	821
1946	123248	4252	116681	1647	668
1947	123294	2896	117943	1498	957
1948	78810	1105	76581	666	458
1949	73269	-	72552	419	298
1950	75125	-	64509	10316	300
1951	60641	475	54466	5225	475
1952	28800	1612	25824	773	951
1953 (before pіvrichchya)	8403	198	7894	38	273
Together	4060306	799455	2634397	413512	215942

Follow the memory that the understanding of "arrested" and "convicted" is the same. The total number of convicts do not include arrests, as if the hour of the previous investigation, i.e., the convict, died, they died. These people are not to be arrested, if they were recognized as innocent by the other judicial authority (it’s on the verge, which was right before the trial, but virok buv vipravdanim).

Right up to the end of the 80s. in the SRSR, this information was a sovereign secret. Previously, reference statistics on those convicted of counter-revolutionary mischief were published in the spring of 1989, in the article by V.F. Nekrasov at Komsomolskaya Pravda. Later on, this information was given in the articles of O.M. Dugina (newspaper "On a combat post", chest 1989) V.M. Zemskova and D.M. Nokhotovich (“Arguments and Facts”, Luty 1990), in other publications by V.M. Zemskova and O.M. Dugin (the rest is not a trace of stray with his namesake from the newspaper "The Day"). The number of convictions for counter-revolutionary and other especially unsafe state malice was first publicized in 1990. in one of the articles by a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPRS O.M. Yakovlev in the Izvestia newspaper. Report on these statistics, with the dynamics behind the rocks, published in 1992. V.P. Popov at the journal "Vitchiznyany Arkhiv".
We specially attach respect to these publications, for the stink itself can take care of the statistics of political repressions. For the time being, the stench, figuratively, seems to be dropping into the sea, equal to the numerical publications of a different kind, in which inaccurate figures are called, as a rule, they are richly overblown.

"Democratic" statistics

The reaction of the public to the publication of reference statistics of political repressions was ambiguous. Often there were signs that it was a fake. Vidomy publicist A.V. Antonov-Ovsienko, emphasizing the fact that these documents were signed by such individuals, like Rudenko, Kruglov and Gorshenin, instilling in the readers of the Literary Gazette: “The disinformation service was high for all hours. For Khrushchov tezh ... Otzhe, for 32 years - less than chotiriokh milliononiv. Who needs such malicious proofs, I understand.
Popry upevnіst A.V. Antonova-Ovsienko, that statistics is disinformation, we are allowed to be merciful, that we are sorry. These are reference statistics, compiled by way of summation for 1921-1953. in the 1st special date. Tsej spetsvіddіl, scho entering at different hours in the structure of the OGPU, NKVS, MDB (from 1953 p. і to the present hour - MVS), taking up the selection of new information about the number of litigations from all judicial and judicial authorities. 1st spetsviddil - the whole body is not disinformation, but the collection of all-season objective information.

Looking at the problem of the reliability of the first data of the corrective labor regulations, it is necessary to secure such two furnishings. On the one hand, the current administration, in its ranks, was not caught in an underestimation of the number of victims, but it automatically led to a change in the plan for the food supply of the camps, and that was the ITK. The consumption of food was accompanied by an increase in mortality, which would lead to the sight of a majestic brewing program Gulag. On the other hand, the blowing up of data about the number of affiliations also did not meet the interests of the authorities, because I threaten similar (to that unimaginable) increase in the number of planned leaders from the side of the planning bodies. And for the nonconformity of the plan for that hour, they fed Suvoro. It turns out that the result of these objective interests was enough for the world of the reliability of the world. In addition, following the vrahuvat and "Stakhanovskaya" psychology of the representatives of the punitive organs of those fates: the more stench they showed, they planted "enemies of the people", then, it was respected, the stench was better practiced. So underestimating the number of convicts could not save him a thought.

The publication of R.A. Medvedev in Moscow News” (leaf fall, 1988) about the statistics of victims of Stalinism.
For yoga motherfuckers, for the period 1927-1953. about 40 million were persecuted, including those who were killed, deported, and died of starvation in 1933. that in. In 1989-1991 rr. This figure was one of the most popular during the propaganda of the evils of Stalinism, and to bring it to the mass level. Indeed, such a quantity (40 million) cannot be called for by the widest clouding of the understanding of "victims of repression." At qi 40 million RA Medvedev, including 10 million kulaks in 1929-1933 (in fact, they were close to 4 million), maybe 2 million hanged in 1939-1940. poles (actually - close to 380 thousand) - and in such a spirit it is absolutely behind all warehouses, from which an astronomical figure was formed. At the thought of R.A. Medvedev, born in 1937–1938. 5-7 million were repressed (actually - 1.5 million); and 10 million in 1941-1946 pp. - we call it fantasy, to inspire here to include over 2 million hanged Nimtsiv, Kalmiki, Crimean Tatars, Chechens, Ingush and others.

We often had a bit of a roaring of RA. Medvedev, it is possible, correct, shards of guilt to raise the problem of repression at a broader level. To that we specially detailed in such detail on yoga roses, to show: in any plan we pose a problem (to a wide range), statistics R.A. Medvedev testified to the truth; at any time, there are no suitable figures for yoga, although I would like it to be similar to the right statistics.

However, 40 million suddenly ceased to be satisfied with the "growing needs" of the singing political forces in the normal votchiznyany history of the Radian period. At the end of the day, there were “continued” American and other foreign radiologists, who, in the wake of terror and reprisals in the SRSR, killed 50-60 million cases. Yak i in R.A. Medvedev, all the warehouses of such rozrakhunkiv were supernaturally protected; the difference is 10-20 million. Tim explained that R.A. Medvedev started a vіdlіk z 1927, and zahіdnі radyans - z 1917. Yakscho RA. Medvedev, having discussed with his statute, that reprisals do not cause death, that the greater part of the dispossession was lost alive, that from the reprisals in 1937-1938 rr. bula shot a smaller part and so on, then a number of yogo zahіdnyh colleagues called the figure of 50-60 million people as physically guilty and died in the aftermath of terror, repression, hunger, collectivization and other. There is no doubt about the scientific summation of all these authors. Here we can talk more about those who, with a lot of summation, stink over vikonannya zamovleni politicians and special services of their countries with the method of discrediting in a scientific form their opponent from the “cold war”, without raking fabricating a direct hardening.
This, of course, does not mean that foreign radiology did not have any success stories, but that they objectively surmised that cumulatively radiant history. Great vcheni, fakhіvtsі z radyanskoї іstorії S. Wіtkroft (Australia), R. Devіs (England), G. Rittershporn (France) etc., the SRSR was significantly less.

However, most of the most foreign scientists, with their inconspicuously greater objective assessment of the scale of repressions, have been shutting up in our country. In the masses, svіdomіst actively provodzhuvalos only those who avenged the inaccuracies, bagatorazovo perebіlshenu statistics of repressions.

The number of mythical 50-60 million nevdovz eclipsed 40 million from the mass svіdomostі roymedvedevska. Kryuchkov citing reference statistics of political repressions at his TV broadcasts, then there are quite a few who literally do not believe their whims, respecting that they do not understand. Journalist A. Milchakov born in 1990 sharing with the readers of "Vechirnyoї Moskva" his feelings in the speech of V.A. Kryuchkova: “...I gave the wine saying: in such a rank, about tens of millions, you can’t move. I don't know what wine I've made known. But I know the rest of the extensions, as I believe, and I ask the readers of “Vechirnyoї Moskva” to respectfully read A.I. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago", I ask you to familiarize yourself with the publications in "Moskovsky Komsomolets" by the founding scientist-literary scholar I. Vinogradov. Vin gives the figure of 50-60 million people. I would like to show respect and respect for the results of the American pedologists, as they confirm this figure. I am in deep perekonaniya".

Comments, as it seems, zayvі. The lack of confidence was revealed only to the level of documented confirmation of information, and the worldlessness of confidence - to the formation of the protileous capacity.

However, there was no borderline fooling the enormity. Chervni born in 1991 "Komsomolskaya Pravda" publishes an interview with A.I. Solzhenitsyn to the Spanish TV channel in 1976 From 1917 to 1959, Professor Kurganov indirectly cheered up, that from 1917 to 1959 only in the internal war against the radyansky regime against his people, because of the devastation of hunger, collectivization, the sending of villagers to commerce, tabours, - only a few things perished in us, at once from our hromadyanskaya war, 66 million people ... For yoga fagots, we lost 44 million people at Another world war Henceforth, in total we spent in the socialist way - 110 million people! .

Deyaki nutrition and clarification.

It is permissible to make some clarifications. Population rate of the SRSR for 1941-1945. it became not 44 million, but 27 million. R.A. Medvedev pripuskaє, until 1946. inclusive, the NKVS authorities repressed 2 to 3 million people who lived on the territory of the Soviet Socialist Republic, who recognized the fascist occupation.
True to the tenth Radyansk Union in 1944-1946 rr. 321,651 people were sentenced for political reasons, and 10,177 were sentenced by the greater world. It turns out that most of those sued from the large paid-off territory were punished fairly for a specific health care activity. It is possible, in our opinion, to talk about the moral punishment of the population of the territory included in the profiles of the graph “residence in the paid-off territory”, which in practice created an aggravation at the service camp. The one-sidedness of the observed repressions and genocide is marvelous. The scale of the NKVS reprisals against the Radianian population, as if living in the reclaimed territory, is suddenly growing fascist genocide. In her own time, she was enchanted by Academician N.M. Burdenko Nadzvichayna Derzhavna Commission for investigating the evils of the Nazi garrison and their supporters established that 10.7 million Radyansk citizens (including military captives) were killed and rolled up on the territory of the Soviet Socialist Republic.

Such great sacrifices cannot be called inevitable vitrates of war. The goal was to straighten out the policy of modern ceramics of the Nimechchini in order to weaken the biological potential of the words, Jews, Gypsies and other "incomplete" ethnic groups.

May wide walk in the zahіdnіy radiologiї firmness, scho pіd h kolektіvіzіzії 1929 -1932 p. In 1930-1931 rr. more than 1.8 million villagers were sent to "Kurkulsk zaslannya", and on the cob 1932 p. 1.3 million of them were left there. A change of 0.5 million fell on mortality, which caused that call to be “wrongly hung”. For 1932-1940 rocks. 230 258 births were born at the "Kurkulsky zaslanny", 389 521 died, 629 042 total, and 235 120 osib were born. Moreover, since 1935. narodzhuvanistvo became a vishcho for mortality: in 1932–1934 pp. in. 49,168 were born in the "Kurkulsky zaslanny" and 281,367 died, in 1935-1940 pp. - apparently 181,090 and 108,154 individuals.

Before the victims of repressions, they often included died of hunger in 1933. Insanely, with its fiscal policy, the state fell like a stingy villain in front of millions of villagers. However, their inclusion to the category of “victims of political repressions” is hardly legitimate. Tse are the victims of the economic policy of the state (an analogue is the millions of Russian radical democrats who were not born as a result of shock reforms). In regions that were attacked by dry land (Ukraine, Pivnichniy Kavkaz, Povolzhya, Kazakhstan, deyakі іnshі districts), the state did not respect for the need to reduce the obligation of obov'yazykovy supplies and forfeited the villagers from picking a meager harvest to the last grain, prikayuchi їх to starvation. The exact number of those who died has not yet been established. The literature mentions figures from 6 to 10 million, and moreover, in Ukraine, estimates range from 3–4 to 6–7 million. became 100%. zmushu dіti nіtіshnogo vysnovka, scho tse otsіnki strongly overbіlshenі. Behind the tribute of the Central Administration of the People's Government to the State Plan of the SRSR, in 1932. 782 yew born in Ukraine she died 668 yew, in 1933 p. - vіdpovіdno 359 ths. that 1309 yew. osib.

Here you need to protect your guard natural mortality(in the form of old age, sickness, unfortunate depressions languidly. Bud.), but it dawned on me that at the place for the number of years to put those who died of hunger.

AT stay rocky in Ukraine, the idea is actively promoted (among them in the scientific stakes) that the famine of 1932-1933. having become a legacy of the anti-Ukrainian policy of Moscow, there should be a genocide likewise for Ukrainians. And yet, in exactly the same camp, the population of the Pivnichny Caucasus, the Volga region, Kazakhstan, and other regions stumbled, de panning hunger. There was no sort of anti-Russian, anti-Ukrainian, anti-Tatar or anti-Kazakh directness here. The state, with its fiscal policy, made evils in front of the us villagers, independently of nationality.
Severely overbilled also spent on deportations in 1941–1944. peoples - Nimtsiv, Kalmikiv, Chechens, Ingush, Karachaivtsiv, Balkartsiv, Crimean Tatars, Greeks, Virmen and Bulgarians, among the gallows in 1944. from Georgia Meskhetian Turks, Kurds, Hemshils, Azerbaijanis. R.A. Medvedev determines the number of people who died on the hour of the next hanging up to 1 million.

If it was so, then for small peoples such sacrifices would mean a terrible blow to their biological potential, in view of which stench they would hardly have been expected before the present hour. The press, for example, licked the estimates, for which up to 40% of the Crimean Tatars died in the hour of transportation to the place of the hanger. The same is evident from the documents showing that 151,720 Crimean Tatars were straightened from the grass in 1944. to the Uzbek RSR, 151,529 people were accepted for acts by the NKVS bodies of Uzbekistan, and 191 persons (0.13%) died on the way.
In addition, in the first years of life in special settlements, in the process of painful adaptation, mortality significantly outweighed the nationality. From the moment of the primal universe and until 1 August 1948. Vislenikh NIMTSIV (without labor Army) launched 25,792 I died 45,275, in the Pivnik -Kavkavkazyv Vidpovo 28 120 I 146 892, for the Crims - 6564 I 44 887. Zogozhy - 2873 TA 15 432, Kalmikv - 2702 TA. Z 1949 in all of them, nationality has become a sacrifice for mortality.

"Vazka artillery" - version of Shatunovskaya

With the rest of the fates of the sources of mass information, and even more, the statistics of political repressions for the reasons of O.G. Shatunivsky. Shatunovska is a member of the Committee of Party Control under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Commission for investigating the immigration of the Republic of Moldova. Kirov and political trials of the 30s for the hours of N.S. Khrushchev. Have 1990 r. in "Arguments and Facts" were published її guess, de won, referring to the document of the KDB SRSR, nibito taєmniche a year ago, signified: "... From the 1st day of 1935. on 22 worms 1941 19 million 840 were arrested
yew. "enemies of the people". Of these, 7 million were shot. Most of the others perished at the camps.

True, in the years 1935-1941. for counter-revolutionary and other unsafe state malices, 2,097,775 were sentenced, of which 696,251 were condemned to the highest peace.

Tverzhennya O.G. Shatunovsky "most of the others perished in the camps" (mabut, 7-10 million), it was reasonable, but it does not show the truth. We can have absolutely accurate information that in 20 years (from the 1st September 1934 to the 1st September 1954) 1,053,829 victims died in the GULAG labor camps (ITL).

In the period 1939–1951 (Vidsutnі vіdomosti for 1945) 86,582 individuals died in the regions of the USSR.

Unfortunately, in the documents of the GULAG, we did not get to know the statistics of mortality in the penitentiary labor colonies (ITK) of the GULAG. Okremі vіdomі vіdomostі, іkі vіdnіvіnі, vіdnіvіv, let zrobiti vysnovok, scho vtk mortality was lower, lower in VTT. So, in 1939 p. in the camps, there was less than trimalas at a rate of 3.29% to the river contingent, and in colonies - 2.30%. This confirms another fact: with an approximately equal number and circulation of aggravated people, which arrived and arrived in 1945. 43,848 died in the VTT, 37,221 died in the VTK. In 1935–1938, rock. in VTK, it was approximately 2 times less affected, lower in VTT, in 1939 p. - at 3.7, 1940 p. - 4 times, born in 1941 - at 3.5, 1942 p. - mayzhe 4 times, 1943 p. - Mayzhe vdvіchі less. In 1944-1949 the fates. the number of hits in WTT and ITK was approximately the same, in 1950 p. in VTT, won became 20-25% higher, lower in VTK, in 1951. - 1.5 times that in 1952-1953 rr. - Mayzhe 2.5 times.
The average for 1935-1953 pp. in the colonies, it was approximately two times less affected, lower in the camps, and the death rate there per "capita" was lower. The vicorist method of extrapolation can, with a sufficient level of upliftment, be hardened, as in the colonies in 1935–1953. no more than 0.5 million people died.

In this rank, in the period 1934–1953 p. about 1.6–1.7 million infected people died in camps, colonies, and camps. Moreover, until this date, they enter like “enemies of the people”, and criminals (there were more of them). Spivvіdshenie mizh politichnym and karnim malice in the GULAG at a different hour was already aching, but in the middle of the 30s - an ear of the 50s. n. it was close to equal 1:3. Characteristic is the data for the 1st day of 1951, if there were 2528146 convictions in the GULAG, of which 579918 were political and 1948228 were convicted for criminal mischief, then the ratio was 1:3.3, including 1:2.2 in camps (475 976 and 1 057 791) and in colonies - 1:8.5 (103 942 and 890 437).

To learn from looking back at the recent literature in the literature that the death rate among political people was higher, lower among the evil ones, we cannot lower the ratio lower than equal to 1:2. On the basis of the above statistics, it is possible to confirm that the skin politician, who died in free will, fell at least two dead criminals.

І as now buti z nedbalo thrown by O.G. Shatunov's phrase: "Most of the others perished in the camps"? If one believes the fantastic figures, then the “greater decision” needs to be repaid in 1935–1941. and once not shot. In light of all the findings, more data, taken from numerous archival documents, the "version" of Shatunovskaya is not only cracking at the seams, but it looks like absurdity. In truth, for the 20th period (1934–1953), the number of “enemies of the people” who were not condemned to the next world, but died in the course of the year at the places of free will, did not exceed 600 thousand. osib.

Motive vchinka O.G. Shatunovskiy didn’t understand: why did she foresee these numbers with the help of the method (she was repressed), that she herself became a victim of some kind of disinformation. Shatunovskaya sang that N.S. Khrushchev nibito zazhadiv dovіdku, de induced і sensational numbers, in 1956 p. It's doubtful. All information about the statistics of political repressions was published in two reports, prepared for example 1953 - on the cob 1954, about which they spoke more. How to inspire in 1956 Khrushchev and having said this, then the KDB SRSR could only repeat the figures from the statistics of the 1st special report of the MVS SRSR, destined for the most recent information from this food.

I am convinced that such a document has never been used, although they tried to bring it to the press. The axis of some kind of "proof" to direct A.V. Antonov-Ovsіenko: “While preparing the text of his addendum on the XXth century, M. Khrushchov was waiting for the KDB to provide data on reprisals. The head of the committee was A. Shelepin, passing on the special advice to Khrushchov, and he recognized Shatunovskaya from her at once from the spokesperson of the apparatus of the Central Committee A. Kuznetsov. From September 1935 to early 1941, 19,840,000 people were persecuted in the country, of which 7 million people were arrested and perished under tortours. Kuznetsov showed a copy of the document to I.P. Aleksakhin".

Here is more than river food: what do you respect for political forces, what do they change under the rule, no less than O.G. Shatunovskaya and A.V. Antonova-Ovsієnka zatsіkavleny, maybe, at the victorious evils of Stalinism, officially confirm the statistics of Shatunovskaya z by request for a document that deserves to dovira? Yakshcho, according to the version of Shatunovskaya and Antonova-Ovsienka, security service in 1956. did you prepare such a conclusion, which respected the same in 1991–1993? Adzhe navit yakscho zveda dovidka 1956 and the bula was depleted, the first data were saved. Neither the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation (MBRF), nor the MVS, nor any other bodies could do this for these simple reasons, that all the relevant information, like a stench, may be directly stating the statistics of Shatunovskaya.

Data from the IBRF and related problems of repression statistics

2 sickles 1992 at the press center of the IBRF, a briefing was received, to which the head of the registry and archival funds of the IBRF, Major General A. Krayushkin, told the journalists and other requests that for the entire hour of communist rule (1917–1990) the SRSR had been charged with state mischief 3,853,900 crimes were sentenced to other articles of criminal law of similar severity, 827,995 of them were sentenced to death. In terminology, as it sounded at the briefing, it says "for counter-revolutionary and other especially unsafe state mischief." Tsіkavoi є reaction zasobіv masovoї іnformatsії on qiu pоdіyu: more newspapers її її trunoy movchannyam. Some numbers were too big, others too small, and as a result of the editorial boards of the newspapers of different countries, they did not directly publish this material, having attached to them, in their own readers, a conspicuously significant information (locking, apparently, one of the forms of hardening). It is required that the editorial board of the Izvestiya newspaper publish a report about a briefing on the significance of statistics, and what should be pointed out there.

It is noteworthy that the appointments of more data of the IBRF have additional data for 1917-1920 and 1954-1990 RT. in principle, they did not change the statistics of political repressions that we had cited for the period 1921-1953. | Spіvrobіtniki IBRF koristuvalis as if it were a little bit different, in the case of some things they differ from the statistics of the 1st special department of the MVS. The statement of the statements of these two dzherel to produce a very unsustainable result: for the information of the IBRF in 1917-1990. 3,853,900 were sued for political reasons, and for the statistics of the 1st special department of the MVS in 1921-1953. - 4060306 osib.

On a thought, such a disparity should be explained by the inconsistency of the MBRF dzherel, and by the suvorist approach of laying that dzherel to the understanding of "victims of political repressions." When working in the GARF with the operational materials of the OGPU-NKVS, we brought respect, which was often brought to the attention of the Collegium of the OGPU, especially for the sake of those other bodies, it seemed to be just like the political ones, especially the unsafe state villains, as well as the most notorious criminal villains, the robbed factories Warehouses, kolgospnі komori, etc. Because of the reason for the stench, they were included in the statistics of one special case as “counter-revolutionaries” and for the ninth understanding є “victims of political repressions” (for villains-recidivists, you can say only in gluzuvannya), and in the MBRF stink vіdsіyanі. This is our version, but we admit it as a whole, which, perhaps, is the reason for the difference in these figures in some other way.

The problem is the emergence of wicked evils from a large number of convicts for counter-revolutionary and other especially unsafe sovereign malices richly serious, but you can look at first glance. As in the case of the IBRF and the carrying out of their own investments, it is far from being the latest. One of the recommendations, prepared by the 1st special decree of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Socialist Republic of the chest, 1953. є badge: “Usyy was sentenced for 1921–1938. - 2,944,879 people, їх 30% (1062 thousand) - criminals.

Tse means that in the years 1921-1938. 1883 ths. chol.; for the period 1921-1953 pp. to go out not 4060 thousand, but less than 3 million. in 1939 roci. among the convicts of the "counter-revolutionaries" buv criminals /, which is more doubtful. Truthfully, there were practically few facts, if political parties were sued for criminal articles.

We care that during the period of the hromada war, the appearance of the IBRF was not correct. There, singly, not a lot of victims of lynching over the "counter-revolutionaries" are not insured. These lynchings were not documented, and the cases of the IBRF were clearly insured only for the amount that is supported by documents. The comment is as vague as it was in 1918–1920. information about the number of persecutions reached Moscow.

Mayuchi documentary evidence prove that the statistics of O.G. Shatunovskaya is unreliable, but in 1991, on the sidelines of the academic journal "Sociological Research" they published relevant questions.

It seemed that the version of Shatunov's power was wrong. Ale was not here. І on the radio, and on television, they continued to propagate її figures in an obtrusive form. For example, March 5, 1992 at the evening program "News" the announcer T. Komarova led a speech to a numerical audience of 19 million 840 thousand. persecution, of which 7 million were shot in 1935–1940. yak about insanely inserting a fact. On the 10th of the same year, at the session of the Constitutional Court, lawyer A. Makarov, as evidence, read out the sheet of Shatunovskaya z її figure. And it happened at that hour, if the historical science brought the inaccuracy of these reports and the correct statistics is small. It would be insufficient to explain all the political similarities to non-government. Here, it is clear to express the rude and unimportant attitude to the science of widowhood.

Before the insane victims of the Bolshevik regime, dilettantes in history include all the people in the hour of the mass war. 3 autumn 1917 on the cob 1922 the population of the region shrunk until I922 by 12, 741.3 thousand. people; This includes emigration, the number of which is unknown (approximately 1.5 - 2 million).
Only one opposing side (chervona) is categorically denounced as the culprit of the hromada war, and all the victims are attributed to it, including their own authorities. How many of the remaining rocks were published "vicrious" materials about "sealing the car", "approaching the bіshovikіv" too soon?! Don't worry about Chi. It often happened that if Lenin, Trotsky and other great leaders were not yakbi, then there would not be a revolution, a red ruin and a huge war , Wrangel, then there would be no white flurry). The stupidity of such strongholds is entirely obvious. The most intense social vibe in the history of the world, like the future of the 1917-1920s. in Russia, buv zumovleniya usim forward course of history and exclamations collapsible complex of important social, class, national, regional and other protirich. There are no right or wrong here. If anyone can be called, then only a fatal break in history, which he sent in 1917-1920. on our people it is hard to test.

In the light of the light, we cannot expand the understanding of “victims of political repressions” and include up to a few more crimes arrested and sentenced by the punitive authorities of the Radyansk government for political reasons. Tse means that the victims of political repressions are not millions of people who died from visceral, celiac and recurrent typhus and other ailments. Such are the millions of people who perished on the fronts of the Great War on all sides of the conflict, who died of starvation, cold, and so on. thousand Most of what you can talk about, about tens of thousands. No wonder if at a briefing in the press center on 2 serp 1992. It was called a number of politically motivated arraignments starting in 1917, but in principle it did not stick to the relevant statistics, as if to keep a record of 1921.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

GARF. Collection of documents.

GARF. Collection of documents; Popov V.P. Sovereign terror in Radian Russia. 1923–1953 pp.: Dzherela and Yoga Interpretation./ Vitchiznian Archives, 1992, No. 2. Z. 28

Nekrasov V.F. Ten "outcast" people's commissars I Komsomolskaya schopravda, 1989, September 29; Dugin O.M. Gulag: v_dkrivayuchi arhiv / At the combat post, 1989. 27 breasts; Zemskov V.M. that Nokhotovich D.M. Statistics of convicts for counterrevolutionary misdeeds of 1921–1953 / Arguments and Facts, 1990, No. 5; Dugin AN. Gulag: eye of history / Union, 1990 No. 9; Dugin AN. Stalinism: legends and facts / Slovo, 1990 No. 7; Dugin O.M. Seemingly archives: unknown sides of the GULAG / Social and political sciences,
1990 No. 7; Dugin AN. and Maligin A.Ya. Solzhenitsyn, Ribakov: technology of nonsense / Viyskovo-historical magazine, 1991 No. 7; Zemske V.M. Gulag: historical and sociological aspect, 1991 No. 6-7; Zemske V.M. Uv'yaznenі, special settlements, zaslantsі, zaslanі and vislanі: statistical and geographical aspect / Istorija SRSR, 1991 No. 5; Popov V.P. Sovereign terror in Radian Russia. 1923–1953 pp.: dzherela ta yoga interpretation/ Vitchiznian archives, 1992, "No. 2.

Div Danilov V.P. Collectivization: how tse bulo / Sides of history, radian society - facts, problems, people. M., 1989. Z 250.

Think about two Gromadyan wars: Interview with A.I. Solzhenitsyn to the Spanish television broadcaster, 1976 / Komsomolskaya schopravda, 1991. 4 worms.

History of the Soviet Socialist Republic from the most recent hours of the Don. M., 1973. T. 10. Z. 390.

GARF, f.9479, op.1, bud.89, l.205,216.

Polyakov Yu.A., Zhyromska V.B., Kiselov I. N. Pivstolittya movchannya: All-Union population census 1937 / Sociological studies, 1990 No. 6; All-Union Population Census of 1939: Main Possessions. M., 1992. Z. 21.

G ARF, f. 9479, on 1, d. 179, arch. 241-242.

Same there, 436, l. 14, 26, 65-67

Shatunovska O.G. Falsification / Arguments and facts, 1990. No. 221.

GARF. f. 9414, on. 1, d. 1155, l 2; d. 1190, l 36; file 1319, l. 2-15.

There. Collection of documents.

Same there, f. 9414, on. 1, file 330, sheet 55; house 1155, l 2; file 1190, l 26; d. 1319, l 2-15.

There, bud. 1356, arch. 1-4.

GARF. Collection of documents; Popov V.P. Decree. tv. P.29.

Zemskov V.M. GULAG: -historical and sociological aspect / Sociological research, 1991 No. 6, p. thirteen

Polyakov Yu.O. Radyansk Krayina after the end of the mass war: the territory and the population. M. 1986, p. 98, 118

UDC 94(47).084.6.8

THE SCALE OF POLITICAL REPRESSIONS IN THE SRSR (AGAINST SPECULATIVE AND MYTHOLOGICAL IMPLEMENTATIONS)

Institute of Russian History RAS, Moscow

Entered before editorial 30.01.2012

In the article, on the basis of documented statistics, an attempt was made to show the real scale of political repressions in the SRSR for the entire history of its foundation, and the main respect was given to the period of 1930-1953. He has a hot debate with the authors, who operate not with documents, but with “intuitive” and “estimated” statistics (as a rule, unreliable and bagatorically overblown).

Keywords: political reprisals, arrests, convicts, political speculation, humanitarian evils, terror, statistics, artifacts, mystification, deportation

Human life is priceless. Killing innocent people cannot be true - it’s one person, it’s a million. But the doslidnik is not able to be separated by a moral assessment of historical tales and phenomena. Yogo obov'yazok - resurrection of the right look of our past. Tim more if these other aspects become an object of political speculation. The whole world is put before the problem of statistics (scale) of political repressions in the SRSR. In this article, a test was made to objectively expand into any hospital and sick food.

Until the end of the 1980s. historical science stumbled before the urgent need for access to the secret funds of law enforcement agencies (total and current), to that in the literature, on the radio and television broadcast, the estimates were constantly called, the virtual numbers of repressions, nothing to tell us enter at scientific obіg without valid documentary confirmation.

In the other half of the 1980s. For the time being, a paradoxical situation has developed, if the fence for the publication of research and materials on this topic has been removed from the traditional small amount of string base, the shards of old archival fonds, as before, were closed for reference. For its style and tone, the main mass of publications during the period of Gorbachev's perebudov (that and last years) wore, as a rule, a sharply vicious character, shifting in line with the flamed-out anti-Stalinist propaganda campaign (we

Zemskov Viktor Mikolayovich, Doctor of Historical Sciences, a leading scientific researcher. Email: [email protected]

(in newspapers, the magazine "Vognik" then). The wretchedness of the concrete historical material in these publications was too much distorted by the bagatora-like “self-contained statistics” of the victims of repressions, which enraged the readership with its gigantism.

On the cob 1989 by the decision of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the SRSR, a commission of the Institution of History of the Academy of Sciences of the SRSR was created on behalf of the corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences Yu.A. Polyakov for spending money on the population. Being at the warehouse of tsієї komіsії, mi among the first historians denied access to the statistical data of the OGPU-NKVS-MVS-MDB, which had not been seen before before. The commission on the history of history was similar to the 80s - on the cob of the 90s, and at the same time we published a series of articles on the statistics of repressions, aggravated, special settlers, displacement of osibs, etc.

It is clear to the level of statistics that the Viddili registry and archival funds of the Kolishny KDB SRSR (NI - FSB RF) for the entire period (1918-1990 pp.) osib, їх 827995 sentenced to death2. Deschoyu іnshoy іnformatsієyu mav I spetsvіddіl kolishny MVS SRSR (ninі-MVS RF). According to the statistics of this special event, for the period from 1 September 1921. 1 lime 1953 p. 4,060,306 people were sentenced for calls from some of the counter-revolutionary and other especially unsafe state malices, їх 799,455 - to the highest measure3.

Regardless of the terminology, in both cherries

about these people themselves, who are called to be called condemned for political reasons and victims of political repressions. The greater number of them was condemned for the famous 58th article. У статистичних викладках зазначених двох відомств є досить суттєва розбіжність, яка, на нашу думку, пояснюється аж ніяк не неповнотою відомостей колишнього КДБ СРСР, а тим, що співробітники І спецвідділу МВС СРСР ширше трактували поняття «політичні злочинці» і у складеній ними статистиці була присутня meaning "Criminal House". Zokrema, we can see that there are a lot of evil wickedness, that they committed a great embezzlement of the sovereign and the collective lane, were insured by the 1st special police as a troubled sovereign malice and for this statistics they go up to the big number of "counter-revolutionaries".

Prote it is important that the statistical indicators of the first special event of the MVS and the large KDB, regardless of the variability, change within the same scale. At the table 1 shows the regular statistics of convicts in 1921-1952. from political motives (from the appointed number of convicts to a greater peace) for the appointment of two dzherel. For 15 years out of 32, the indicators of the MVS and the KDB are exactly the same (including 1937-1938); beyond the border of 17 rokіv є rozbіzhnostі, cause some more lie down z'yasuvat.

Comparable statistics for 1921-1952. not spared a lot of wondrous phenomena. So, for the compensation of the KDB (FSB) for the whole period of the condemned "counter-revolutionaries" to go out mayzhe by 300 thousand. less, lower than the statistics of the I Special Warranty of the MVS, and sentenced to the strata in the current warehouse - by 16.3 thousand. osib more. Obviously, the main reason for this situation in the case of the 1941 r., if the state security authorities were arraigned 23726 sued to the greater world from political motives, and I special NKVS - less than 8011.

Two fates (1937 and 1938) occupy a special place in the right, confirmed by the documents of statistics, as the fates of the Great Terror, if there was a sharp anger (or a haircut) on the scale of political repressions. For tі two roki, 1 million 345 ths. osіb, or 35% of the total number for the period 1918-1990. There is an even bigger hostile picture behind the statistics of those sentenced to death. Usogo for the entire Radian period їх bulo 828 thousand, їх 682 thousand. (or over 82%) sat two years (1937-1938). On the reshta 70 years of the Radyansk period fall scorched

146 thousand deaths due to political reasons, or less than 18%.

For the past 20 years, statistics has been introduced into the scientific community and won by the professions of professional historians. Ale gave a lot of stakes not to go out, to that in journalism, in the archives of mass information, it’s all right to report together, and there they respect for better voicing all kinds of “statistics” to a rich audience of millions of obviously untrue characters, as a rule, richly overblown and documents that ask. There are dozens of millions of victims of political repressions, and sometimes hundreds of millions are attacked. Otherwise, as a statistical quackery, we do not know how to call it.

The publication of R.A. Medvedev at "Moscow News" (leaf fall, 1988) about the statistics of victims of Stalinism4. For yoga pіdrahunkami, in the period 1927-1953. about 40 million were persecuted, including those who were killed, deported, who died of starvation in 1933. that in. In 1989-1991 rr. This figure was one of the most popular during the propaganda of the evils of Stalinism, and to bring it to the mass level.

Indeed, such a quantity (40 million) cannot be called for by the widest clouding of the understanding of "victims of repression." Qi 40 million r.a. Medvedev, including 10 million dispossessed kulaks from 1929-1933. (in fact, they were close to 4 million), may be 2 million hanged in 1939–1940. n. Poles (actually - close to 380 thousand), and in such a spirit is absolutely behind all stocks, from which an astronomical figure was formed.

Table 1. Comparable statistics of convicts in 1921-1952 from political motives (for the tribute of the 1st special decree of the MVS SRSR and the KDB SRSR) *

For tribute to the First Special Viddilu of the MVS SRSR For tribute to the KDB SRSR

all of them to the greater world.

Rocks of the world

1921 35829 9701 35829 9701

1922 6003 1962 6003 1962

1923 4794 414 4794 414

1924 12425 2550 12425 2550

1925 15995 2433 16481 2433

1926 17804 990 17804 990

1927 26036 2363 26036 2363

1928 33757 869 33757 869

1929 56220 2109 56220 2109

1930 208069 20201 208069 20201

1931 180696 10651 33539 1481

1932 141919 2728 141919 2728

1933 239664 2154 239664 2154

1934 78999 2056 78999 2056

1935 267076 1229 267076 1229

1936 274670 1118 114383 1118

1937 790665 353074 790665 353074

1938 554258 328618 554258 328618

1939 63889 2552 66627 2601

1940 71806 1649 75126 1863

1941 75411 8011 111384 23726

1942 124406 23278 119445 26510

1943 78441 3579 96809 12569

1944 75109 3029 82425 3110

1945 123248 4252 91526 2308

1946 123294 2896 105251 2273

1947 78810 1105 73714 898

1948 73269 - 72017 -

1949 75125 - 74778 -

1950 60641 475 60908 468

1951 54775 1609 55738 1602

1952 28800 1612 30307 1611

Total for 4051903 799257 3753490 815579

* GARF. F.9401. Op.1. D.4157. L.201-205; Popov V.P. Sovereign terror in Radian Russia. 1923-1953 pp.: Dzherela that Yoga Interpretation // Vitchiznyan Archives. 1992. No. 2. p.28; Luniev V.V. Maliciousness of the XX century. M., 1997. S. 180; Kudryavtsev V.M., Trusov A.I. Political justice in the SRSR. M., 2000. S.314.

credit in a science-like form to your opponent in the “cold war”, not to fabricate direct hardening.

This, of course, does not mean that foreign radiology did not have any success stories, but that they objectively surmised that cumulatively radiant history. Great vcheni, fakhіvtsi z radianskoї іstorії A. Getti (USA), S. Wіtkroft (Australia), R. Devіs (England), H. Rittershporn (France) and other deacons criticized the record of the great number of radiologists and argued that the real number of victims of repressions, keel-

lektivіzatsії, hunger too thin. in the SRSR it was significantly less5.

The protégés of most of these foreign scientists with their inconspicuously greater objective assessment of the scale of repressions in our country have been shut up. In the masses, svіdomіst actively provodzhuvalos only those who avenged the inaccuracies, bagatorazovo perebіlshenu statistics of repressions. І mythical 50-60 million nevdovzі eclipsed 40 million people in the mass meeting

To that, if the head of the KDB SRSR VA Kryuchkov is at his ledges on the TV tower (1990)

citing the reference statistics of political reprisals (when repeatedly giving data on the appearance in the KDB SRSR for 1930-1953 - 3,778,234 political convictions, of which 786,098 were convicted before being shot)6, then there are quite a few who, in a literal sense, did not intrude into their own minds, the Journal Milchakov born in 1990 sharing with the readers of "Vechirnyoї Moskva" his feelings in the speech of V.A. Kryuchkova: “...I gave the wine saying: in such a rank, about tens of millions, you can’t move. I don't know what wine I've made known. But I know the rest of the extensions, as I believe, and I ask the readers of “Vechirnyoї Moskva” to respectfully read A.I. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago", I ask you to familiarize yourself with the publications in the "Moskovsky Komsomolets" of the most famous scientist-literary scholar I. Vinogradov. Vin gives the figure of 50-60 million people. I would like to show respect and respect for the results of the American pedologists, as they confirm this figure. I have a deep reconciliation”7.

It can be stated that the informational confrontation between Kryuchkov and Milchakov ended up winning over the rest. Why did it happen? Mіlchakov to finish off effectively by becoming the pose of “fighting for the historical truth” (in fact, everything was exactly right up to the point - I was aware of the fact that I was not aware of it, acting like a fighter for the historical untruth). Neither Solzhenitsyn, nor the American radiologists, whom Milchakov relied on, did not allow access to the secret archives of the Radians, and, after all, all of these "statistics" are no more than the fruit of their own fantasies. This made sense to professional historians, but far from all of the large audience of readers, and on their lack of competence, Milchakov and others like him were actively speculating. On this tricky "jacket" base (actually, in the new one there was no zhelny base) M_lchakov in an emotional form, not without victorious wild methods of "psychological warfare", as if he "prostuvav" those numbers (really authentic), as if calling Kryuchkov. This is one of the methods of pursuing a suspension of evidence, which is similar to a zombie, for the results of some kind of reference, the statistics of reprisals against the presence of people was traded in the documents.

However, there was still no borderline fooling the enormity. Chervni born in 1991 Komsomolskaya Pravda published an interview with A.I. Solzhenitsyn to the Spanish TV channel

Nov in 1976 From 1917 to 1959, from 1917 to 1959, only in 1917 to 1959, only in the internal war against the radyansky regime against its people, that in the face of poverty, hunger, collectivization, exiled villagers, prostrate villagers for zishishchenya 66 million people perished in us, at once, out of our huge war. For yoga pіdrakhunkami, we spent 44 million people at the other world's war in the form of an unimportant, in the neohaynous її vedennya! Later, we spent in the socialist way - 110 million people! ”8.

The formulas “in the form of an animal, in the form of a neo-haunted її vednya” by A.I. Solzhenitsyn all the human losses in the Great Vitchiznyanii war (heavily overwhelmed) actually equated to the dead and dead in the aftermath of the collectivization and the famine, like a bagatma by historians and publicists are included to the victims of political terror and repression. Well, we are smarter to distance ourselves from such an affinity.

The statistics of political reprisals for O.G. Shatunivsky. Vaughn is a large member of the Party Control Committee under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the commission for investigating the killing of S.M. Kirov and political trials of the 30s for the hours of N.S. Khrushchev. Have 1990 r. in "Arguments and Facts" were published її guess, de won, referring to some document of the KDB SRSR, which nibito secretly appeared for a year, meant: ". From September 1, 1935 to December 22, 1941, 19 million 840 thousand rubles were arrested. "enemies of the people". Of these, 7 million were shot. Most of the others perished in camps”9.

Motive vchinka O.G. Shatunovskiy didn’t understand: why did she foresee these numbers with the help of the method (she was repressed), that she herself became a victim of some kind of disinformation. Accept documentary confirmation of the data presented in Table 1, and її "statistics" bezzastorzhuєtsya bezzastorzhuєtsya.

Tverzhennya O.G. Shatunovsky "most of the others perished in the camps" (maybe, 7-10 million, which means that 13 million of the "inshih" were thriving in virtual reality), it was clear that they did not show the truth. Similar assertions can be accepted as more reliable than those in the middle, de panuyut pardons of statements that tens of millions of people died in the GULAG and perished. More detailed information on statistical numbers about the death rate

luchennyh give another picture. For 1930-1953 rr. Nearly 1.8 million prisoners died in the places of free will (tabors, colonies and camps), of which 1.2 million were killed - in camps and over 0.6 million - in colonies and camps10. The numbers of the motherfuckers are not estimated, but are grounded on the documents. And here it’s not easy to feed: as a part of the political circles, 1.8 million dead addicts (political and criminal). There is no evidence of evidence in the documents. It turns out that the politicians were about a third, tobto. close to 600 thousand. This visnovok is based on the fact that about 2/3 of those convicted of criminal mischief were convicted.

Nayvishy rіven Mortality in the month of 1942-1943. - 661.0 ths. aggravated, which was mainly due to a significant reduction in the norms of eating in connection with the supra-national military situation. Over time, the scale of mortality began to steadily decrease and became 1951-1952. 45.3 thousand osib, or 14.6 times less, lower in 1942-1943 pp. 11 If you wanted to pay attention to one cicave nuance: for the tributes we have seen for 1954, the average population of the Radyansky Union of Skins is 1000 people. died in the average 8.9 people, and in the camps and colonies of the Gulag on the skin of 1000 wounded - only 6.5 people.12

The total number of aggravated (totally political and criminal) in all places of freedom (camps, colonies, camps) on the peninsula rarely exceeded 2.5 million. .5 million to 2.5 million cases. Most of the number of people recognized for the entire history of Radianska was fixed by us by the camp on September 1, 1950. - 2,760,095 cases, of which 1,416,300 were in camps, 1,145,051 were in colonies, and 198,744 were in camps13.

That cannot be taken seriously, for example, the famous publicist A.V. Antonova-Ovsienko, who sang in 1991. Readers of the Literary Gazette, after the war in the camps and colonies of the GULAG, 16 million were killed14. It is necessary to understand that on that date, as far as Antonov-Ovsienko (1946) was born, not 16 million, but 1.6 million were killed in the camps and colonies of the GULAG. Slid still give respect to anyone between numbers.

Mayuchi documentary evidence prove that the statistics of O.G. Shatunovskaya is not reliable, we are born in 1991. on the sides of the academic journal "Sociological research" published inquiries15.

It seemed that with the version of Shatunovskaya, something else was wrong. Ale was not here. And on the radio, and on television, they continued to propagate її figures in an obtrusive form. For example, March 5, 1992 at the television evening program "News" announcer T. Komarova moved to a large audience of 19 million 840 thousand. repressions, of which 7 million were shot in 1935-1940, as a fact about nibito insanely. And it happened at that hour, if the historical science brought the inaccuracy of these reports and the correct statistics is small.

For a 10-fold increase in the real scale of the victims of the Great Terror in the SRSR in 1937-1938 pp. (from Mayzhe 0.7 million to 7 million) the Holocaust (the death of 6 million Jews) is blamed on another plan by the Nazis on the basis of Hitler and Himmler. Hitler, Himmler, and even though they no longer look like the main humanist villains of the 20th century (what a stench they really were), that’s why the old radiant curiosity on the part of Stalinim hangs in the foreground. And it is possible to reach the “rokuvannya” for the help of the second statistical shakhrai, after which the victims of political repressions in the SRSR in 1937-1938 rr. (convicted to death) became 1 million more, lower than the victims of the Holocaust (actually, they were about 5.3 million less).

At the same time, the dawn of the appointed "rokuvannya" was oprated and the big thought was taken. Here, the publicist A.V. Antonov-Ovsienko, like in his book "Portrait of a Tyrant", seen in 1980. from the USA to English language, singing, scho in 1935-1940. in the Soviet Socialist Republic, 7 million people were shot for political reasons16. On the face of the fake statistics of the Great Terror in the Soviet Socialist Republic, the scale of the Holocaust, obviously, blyaknut.

A grandiose mystification and mіtsno provodzheniy masovu svіdomіst vіdomiy mіf about total (or maybe total) repression in the SRSR of radian military servicemen, as if they had visited the fascist polonі. Mythology is vibudovana, as a rule, in the most gloomy and evil tones. There are many different publications that were seen on Zakhod, and journalism in our country. In order to reveal the process of repatriation of the radyansky vagrants in the SRSR from the Nymechyni and other lands and yogo heritage to the most stingy-looking, victorious, and especially tendentious facsimile of facts, which itself by itself

riveting method. Zocrema, savor the hour of the terrible scene of the violent repatriation of the special warehouse of the collaborative military parts, and the main visnovkas and the knots are transferred to the main mass of the military ones, which is wrong in principle. Apparently, until now, repatriation, at the heart of which, without respect on all fronts, lay the natural and lamentable epic of the coming of the Batkivshchyna rich with hundreds of thousands of people, forcibly liberated by foreign invaders, is not being interpreted as "straightforward". Причому й тенденційно підібрані факти подаються у спотвореному вигляді із заданою інтерпретацією, буквально нав'язуючи читачеві абсурдний висновок, ніби репатріація радянських військовополонених здійснювалася нібито лише для того, щоб їх у Радянському Союзі репресувати, а інших причин репатріації начебто й не було.

However, point at the table. 2 data do not strongly confirm the flooring of pessimistic assessments. Navpaki, the stench vshchent break the myth about nibito few and far between the repression of the radyansky military servicemen in the SRSR, as if they had visited the fascist field. 1,539,475 military prisoners who came before the Soviet Socialist Republic for the period from the new year of 1944 were up to the level of statistics. and up to 1 February 1946 from Nіmechchini and other lands, from them 960039 arrived from the zones of the dії allies (Zakhidna Nіmechchina, France, Italy and іn.) and 579436 - from the zones of the dії Chervonoi Army outside the cordon (Skhіdna Nіmechchina, Poland, Czechoslovakia and іn.)17 Have 1945 r. from the army were demobilized military servicemen 13 senior age groups and, apparently, their peers from among the military officers (over 280 ths.) were admitted to the houses. Part of the military-polished non-demomobilized age groups was insured to working battalions - not even repressed, but one of the forms of mobilized labor force (the usual practice at that hour),

that same direction until the month of residence was placed at the fallow land in the future demobillization of their peers, as they continued their service with the Red (Radyansk) army. Most of the military non-demobilization victories were announced on military service. The special contingent of the NKVS is left behind (less than 15% of pets), but if you don’t need to forget that the main mass of the category of repatriated military officers was laid down by individuals, as soon as they were full, they went to military service to the enemy.

The statement about those who are the most political kerіvnitstv of the SRSR nіbit ottozhnyuvaval not understand the "complete" and "spoilers", to be brought up to the category of retroactively invented nebiles (artifacts). Sound like “tvir” to mav on the way to defame and discredit I.V. Stalin. Zokrema, vislav, which is attributed to Stalin - “we have no captives, we have zradniks” - a tale (artifact), folded in 1956 into a writing and journalistic medium on the whil of criticism of the cult of Stalin's specialness. Vzagali pridumanikh artefactіv іsnuє dosit rich. Before them, for example, one can hear a fairy tale about Stalin's "widowhood" and the exchange of polonenemy - Field Marshal Paulus for his son Yakov Dzhugashvili (actually, it didn’t happen; it’s a piznishy artistic guess). Specially, the meta of the discredit of Steel in Khrushchev’s hour Bulo was fabricated by the “Deshennya” of the Radyanskiy Rosvizhidnik Rikhard Sorge, NIBITO DATENNA 15 Chervnya, 1941 Rocu ry, 22 worms 1941 Roku (namese, not so knowing the dates of the Nimatsky.

R. A. Medvedev admits that until 1946 inclusive, the NKVS authorities repressed 2 to 3 million individuals who lived on

Table 2

p / p chol. at %

2. Called up to the army 659190 42.82

3. Insured up to working battalions to the People's Commissariat of Defense (NPO) 344448 22.37

4. Transferred to the order of the NKVS (special contingent) 226127 14.69

5. It was known at selective overpowering points and it was victorious on robots at Radiansky

military districts and installations beyond the cordon 27930 1.81

RAZOM 1539475 100.00

* GARF. F.9526. Op.3. D.53. L.175; Op.4a. D 1. L.62, 70, 223.

territory of the Soviet Socialist Republic, which recognized the fascist occupation18. True to the tenth Radyansk Union in 1944-1946 rr. 321,651 people were sentenced for political reasons, of which 10,177 were sentenced until the end of the world (out of the guise of the I special case of the MVS). It turns out that most of those sued from the large paid-off territory were punished rightly - for a specific health care work.

Confirmation that there may be a wide circulation in Western Radiology, that the hour of collectivization of 1929-1932. 6-7 million villagers perished (most importantly kurkuliv), which does not show criticism. In 1930-1931 rr. more than 1.8 million villagers were sent to "Kurkulsk zaslannya", and on the cob 1932 p. 1.3 million of them were left there. A change of 0.5 million fell on mortality, which caused that call to be “wrongly hung”. For 1932-1940 r.b. 230258 people were born at the "Kurkulsky zaslanny", 389521 died, 629042 total and 235120 people were born. Moreover, since 1935. narodzhuvannost became a vishcho for mortality: in 1932-1934 pp. in. 49168 were born and 271367 died in the “Kurkulsky zaslanny”, in 1935-1940 pp. - apparently 181090 and 108154 people19.

Science and journalistic literature have no luck with the food - why protect kulak peasants to become victims of political repressions? The kulakization was divided into three categories, that number of them varied between 3.5 million and 4 million (more precisely, put it in a succinct way). Here it should be noted that kulaks of the 1st category (arrested and condemned) are included in the statistics of political repressions, which are indicated in Table 1. to the special settlement), de stinks were peresbuyali under the supervision of the NKVS organs, which is even more similar to political encroachment. Kulaks of the 3rd category, which have disappeared like an arrest that sentence, so directed to special settlements, no, in our opinion, include up to victims of political repressions. It is proudly respectful that among the number of helpers, among those in 1918. power was expropriated, before the victims of political repressions can be seen more quietly, who were arrested and judged by the punitive bodies of the Radian power. It is impossible to distinguish between the concept of “expropriation” and “repression”.

We have taken into account the whole complex of statistical numbers in Viddilu, a special settlement of the NKVS-MVS SRSR. From the new viplyvaє, scho in the 1930-1940s. about 2.5 million people were sent to the “Kurkulsky zaslanny”, of which about 2.3 million were dispossessed peasants and about 200 thousand. - "house" in

individuals of the misclassified element, the "suspicious element" from the cordon and іn. During the appointment period (1930-1940), approximately 700 thousand people died there. osіb, of which the greater is more important - in 1930-1933 rr. Stalin nibito naming 10 million hung and dead kurkul21, the following is taken as incomprehensible.

Before the victims of political terror, they often included died of hunger in 1933, which is hardly rightful. Adzhe go about the fiscal policy of the state in the minds of the elemental dash (dry). In regions that were attacked by dry land (Ukraine, Pivnichniy Kavkaz, part of the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, Kazakhstan), the state did not respect for the need to reduce the obligatory obligations of language supplies, and the villagers took a miserable harvest to the rest of the grain, choosing them to go hungry death. The controversy over the nutrition of the number of those who died of hunger is far from complete - estimates vary significantly at the borders from 2 million to 8 million. about 3 million people have become, about half of them - in Ukraine. Our visnovok, obviously, is not original, the shards are approximately the same as in the 80s. The twentieth century was given by historians V.P. Danilov (SRSR), S. Wheatcroft (Australia) and in.

The head transition for inclusion died from starvation in 1933. to the victims of the very political terror, which is vibrated by right-wing organizations, the formulas “piece-by-piece organization of famine with the method of viklikati mass death of people” is the situation that fiscal policy was a secondary factor, and the primary one was spontaneous. (Dry). The meta-victimization of the mass death of people was not revisited (the political science of the SRSR did not convey and did not count such negative consequences of its fiscal policy in the minds of the dry).

Until recently, the idea was actively promoted in Ukraine (among them among the scientific stakes) that the famine of 1932-1933. having become a legacy of the anti-Ukrainian policy of Moscow, there should be a genocide like Ukrainians, anyway. And just like this, the population of the Pivnichny Caucasus, the Volga region, Kazakhstan and other regions appeared, de panning hunger. There was no such thing as a selective anti-Russian, anti-Ukrainian, anti-Kazakh chi as a kind of directness. Vlasne, the Organization of the United Nations was treated like this

Severely squandered and spent from the deportation in 1941-1944. peoples - Nimtsiv, Kalmikiv, Chechens, Ingush, Karachaivtsiv, Balkartsiv, Crimean Tatars and others. The press, for example, licked the estimates, for which up to 40% of the Crimean Tatars died in the hour of transportation to the place of the hanger. The same is evident from the documents showing that 151,720 Crimean Tatars were straightened out from the grass in 1944. in the Uzbek RSR, 151529 were accepted for acts by the NKVS bodies of Uzbekistan, and 191 people (0.13%)24 died on the way.

In addition, in the first years of life in special settlements, in the process of painful adaptation, mortality significantly outweighed the nationality. From the moment of the cob universe і until 1 August 1948. 25792 and 45275 died among the hounds of the Nimtsiv (without a labor army), 28120 and 146892 among the Pivnichokavkaztsivs (Chechens, Ingush, Karachayivtsy, Balkartsy and Ing.) apparently 28120 and 146892; from Georgia (Meskhetian Turks and in.) - 2873 and 15432, among the Kalmiki - 2702 and 16594 individuals. Z 1949 their nationality has become worse than mortality25.

The exiles of other peoples from the relief of their historical fatherland, also called ethnic cleansings, are definitely included in the category of humanitarian mischief.

Before the insane victims of the Bolshevik regime, amateurs in history turn on all the people's time Hromadyan war. 3 autumn 1917 on the cob 1922 the population has shrunk by 12741.3 thousand. man26; This includes emigration, the number of which is not even at home (approximately 1.5-2 million). Only one opposing side (Chervona) is blamed for the Gromadyansky war peremptorily, and all the victims are attributed to it, including their own authorities. How many of the remaining rocks were published "vicrious" materials about "sealing the car", "approaching the bіshovikіv" too soon?! Don't worry about Chi. It was often asserted that there would be no yakbee Lenin, Trotsky and other big leaders, then there would be no revolution, Chervonogo Rukh and the Gromadyansky war , Wrangel, then th would not b white rush). The stupidity of such strongholds is entirely obvious. The most intense social vibe in the history of the world, like the future of the 1917-1920s. in Russia

in the course of history and clichés, a collapsible complex of important social, class, national, regional and other contradictions. In the light of science, it is impossible to broaden the understanding of “victims of political repressions” and include only those who were arrested and sentenced by the punitive authorities of the Radyansk government for political reasons. Tse means that the victims of political repressions are not millions of people who died from visceral, celiac and recurrent typhus and other ailments. Such are the millions of people who perished on the fronts of the Gromadyansk war in all the opposing sides, who died of hunger, cold, and so on. And as a result, it turns out that the victims of political repressions (at the fate of the red terror) are counted in not millions. The most you can talk about is about tens of thousands.

By appearance in the FSB of Russia, in 1918-1920. 62,231 people were sentenced for "counter-revolutionary wickedness", including 25,709 - up to execution27. QI VIDOMOSTI warehouse enter up to the appointed higher statistics of the KDB SRSR (3853900 people for 1918-1990). It is important to note that the statistics for the period of the civil war and inconsistency have been brought up. There, singly, not a lot of victims of lynching over the "counter-revolutionaries" are not insured. These lynchings were often not documented, and the FSB obviously only insured that amount, which is confirmed by documents. It also says sumniv that in 1918-1920. a lot of information about the number of persecutions came to Moscow. Ale to remember, looking at everything, it is important that the number of persecutions of “counter-revolutionaries” (including the victims of the “Red Terror”) in 1918-1920 was significant. it is unlikely that it exceeded 100 thousand. osib.

Our publications on the statistics of political repressions, linked by the GULAG, which rely on archival documents, “Kurkul scam” made a significant impact on foreign radiology, swaying you in the face of your own head thesis about a million happy victims. In view of the published archival statistics, zahіdnі radologists can't just look like a stray fly and zmusheni take it to respect. In preparation for the 1990s. French fahivtsy "Black Books of Communism" showed a decrease to 20 million28.

But we can’t recognize this “reduction” as a show (20 million) as acceptable. Until now, a number of reliable data, confirmed by archival documents, have been added, as well as estimated figures (rich tomillion) of demography.

The authors of the "Black Book of Communism" to the victims of political terror included those who died from hunger in 1921-1922 (Holodomor in the Volga region, crying out for the most severe dryness), which earlier .A. Medvedev, they didn’t kill a lot of other fakhivtsiv in this galuzi.

Prote the very fact of the reduction (from 50-60 million to 20 million) of the estimated scale of the victims of the Radian regime to be aware of those that lasted until the 1990s. Zahidna Sovietology recognized a significant evolution in a healthy eye, ale, schopravda, stuck pіvdorosі in this positive process.

For our pіdrakhunkami, scho suvoro spiryayutsya on documents, go no more than 2.6 million for the endowment of a broader clouding understanding of "victims of political terror and repression." Until this date, enter over 800 yew. sued to the greater world for political reasons, about 600 thousand. politically aggravated, as if they died in the places of release of freedom, and about 1.2 million died at the places of hangings (including "Kurkul's settlement"), as well as during the transport of people (deportation of people and other.). Warehouses of our rozrahunkіv vіdpіdat vіdrazu chotіry criteria, assigned by the “Black Book of Communism” to understand “victims of political terror and repression”, but to itself: “struck, raised, drowned, beaten to death”; "deportation - death under the hour of transportation"; "death at the hangings"; “death is the result of primus’s work (working, ailments, malnutrition, cold)”29.

Through the war, there are some main options for the scale of victims (those killed and killed by other methods) of political terror and repression in the SRSR: 110 million (A.I. Solzhenitsyn); 50-60 mln. 20 mln. 2.6 mln.

Can you vindicate the food: but what about the reimed-vedivsky 40 million? This figure is inconsistent with indications: there is less to be said about deaths and deaths in other ways, and the statistics of R.A. Medvedev also includes millions of people who, if they wanted to, were subjected to various repressions, but lost their lives. Tse, prote, does not say that the statistics of R.A.

We have brought statistics of reprisals for political motives, as if they suffered innocently, so they took away their merits (police, punishers, sondercommanders and

etc.). Significance of spіvvіdshennya between them (and for the number, and for the pet vaga) will require further clarification.

For the sake of increasing nutrition, the infusion of repressions on a real scale in the Russian society encouraged us to become familiar with the visnovkas of the American historian R. Thurston, who published the scientific monograph Life and Terror in Stalin's Russia in the mid-1990s. The main ideas, according to Thurston, sound like this: the system of Stalinist terror in that way, in which it was described by the previous generations in the Radyansk Union there were no reprisals, the character was small and the majority of the Radyansk people did not come across; radian society was more supportive of the Stalinist regime, which was afraid of yoga, more people Stalinist system ensured the possibility of climbing up the hill and taking part in the life of the community.

The works of the American historian R. Thurston, which, in the light of tradition and the spirit of zahodnoy radiology, are a little blues-natured and so accepted by more radiologists, founded on documented facts and statistics. In addition, Thurston, not being an adherent of communism and Radyansk rule, prote in his pragnennі to get to the bottom of the historical truth zoom in abstraction from tired anti-communist and anti-Radyansk stereotypes and dogmas. Tse, figuratively seemingly, promin light in the dark kingdom.

NOTES

1 Zemskov V.M. The number and warehouse of special settlers camped on September 1, 1953. // Arguments and facts. 1989. No. 39; Zemskov V.M. "The Gulag Archipelago": a writer's eye and statistics // Argumenti ta facti. 1989. No. 45; Zemskov V.M. Until the food about the repatriation of the radiant hromadas. 1944-1951 rock// History of the SRSR. 1990. No. 4; Zemskov V.M. About the appearance of the NKVS special contingent in the All-Union population censuses of 1937 and 1939. // Sociological research. 1991. No. 2; Zemskov V.M. GULAG: historical and sociological aspect// Sociological research. 1991. No. 6 and 7; that in.

3 Sovereign Archives of the Russian Federation (further - GARF). F.9401. Op.1. D.4157. L.201-205.

5 Davies R., Wheatcroft S. Steven Rosefielde's "Kliukva" // Slavic Review, 39 (December 1980); Wheatcroft S. On Assessing the Size of Forced Concentration Camp Labor

in the Soviet Union. 1929-1956 // Soviet Studies, 35, no.2 (1983); Getty A. Origins of the Great Rurges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered. 1933-1938. New York, 1985; Pittersporn G. Stalinist Simplifications and Soviet Complications: Social Tensions and Political Conflicts in the USSR. 1933-1953. Philadelphia, 1991; that in.

8 Think about two Gromadyan wars: Interview with A.I. Solzhenitsyn to the Spanish television broadcaster, 1976 // Komsomolskaya schopravda. 1991. 4 worms.

9 Shatunovska O.G. Falsification // Arguments and facts. 1990. No. 22.

10 GARF. F.9414. Op.1. D.1155. L.2-3; D.1190. L.1-34; D.1390. L.1-21; D.2740. L.1, 5, 8, 14, 26, 38, 42, 48, 52, 58, 60, 70, 96-110; D.2891. L.1, 6, 11, 16, 18; F.9413. Op.1. D.11. L.1-2; Revival of hope. M., 1999. No. 8. C.3; Dugin O.M. Nevidomy GULAG: Documents and facts. M., 1999. S. 22, 35, 41, 43, 45, 49; Population of Russia in the 20th century: Historical drawings. M., 2000. T.1. S.319-320; Those same. M., 2001. V.2. P.195.

11 Population of Russia in the 20th century: Historical drawings. M., 2001. V.2. P.195.

12 GARF. F.9414. Op.1. D.2887. L.64.

13 GARF. F.9414. Op.1. D.330. L.55; D.1155. L.1-3; D.1190. L.1-34; D.1390. L.1-21; D.1398. L.1; D.1427; L.132-133, 140-141, 177-178.

15Zemske V.M. GULAG: historical and sociological aspect

// Sociological research. 1991. No. 6. P.13.

17 GARF. F.9526. Op.4a. D 1. L.62, 223-226.

19 GARF. F.9479. Op.1. D.89. L.205, 216.

20Zemskov V.M. Special settlers in the SRSR. 1930-1960: Auto-ref. dis. ... doc. ist. Sciences. M., 2005. S.34-35.

21 Churchill W. Friend light war/ Per. from English M., 1955. V.4. P.493.

22 Danilov V.P. Discussion at the foreign press about the famine of 1932-1933. that "demographic catastrophe" of the 30-40s in the USSR // Nutrition of History. 1988. No. 3. pp.116-121; Conquest R. The harvest of sorrow // Nutrition of history. 1990. No. 4. S.86; Population of Russia in the 20th century: Historical drawings. M., 2000. T.1. pp.270-271.

23 Danilov V.P. Collectivization: how it was bulo // Storinki istoriy radyanskogo suspіlstva: facts, problems, people. M., 1989. S.250.

24 GARF. F.9479. Op.1. D.179. L.241-242.

25 Ibid. D.436. L.14, 26, 65-67.

26 Polyakiv YuA. Radyansk region after the end of the Gromadyansk war: territory and population. M., 1986. S. 98, 118.

27 Luniev V.V. Maliciousness of the XX century. M., 1997. S. 180; Kudryavtsev V.M., Trusov O.I. Political justice in the SRSR. M., 2000. S.314.

28 Black Book of Communism: Evils. Terror. Reprisals/Trans. from French M., 1999. P.37.

29 Ibid. P.36.

EXTENDS OF POLITICAL REPRESSIONS IN THE USSR: AGAINST THE SPECULATIVE AND MYTHOLOGICAL CONSTRUCTIONS

Institute of Russian History, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow

According to this material, on the basis of firmly documented statistical data, the authors indicate that the real incidence of political reprisals in the USSR for a whole period of exile. The author argues with those of his colleagues, prefered base their studies no on the documents, but on the "intuitive" and "estimated" statistics, which is, as a rule, unreliable and way too exaggerated.

Key words: political representation, convicted, convicted persons, political speculation, humanitarian crime, terror, statistics, artifacts, mystification, evicted.

Victor Zemskov, Doctor of History, Chief Research Fellow. Email: [email protected]

In my blatant spaces of your internets, I scribbled a statute on the cicava.
For the cob zroblyu small excursus. Having justly respected the author of the text, which I plan to bring down "The anti-Stalinists want to reconsider the Stalinists, the Stalinists want the anti-Stalinists (for the butt of their idol) - reshoot. Otherwise - the details." In this polemіtsі vikoristovuyutsya all zasob and all the artillery, as only possible. So one of the idols of the Stalinists became Viktor Mikolayovich Zemskov.
Here you need to make a singing entrance.
For an hour of great change, if the reports about the repressive nature of the Radianian power ceased to be secret and cloaked, grandiose speculations about the number of repressions for the fates of the Radianian power blossomed. It's a pity - no court information was available, the archives were closed, and therefore the figures from indirect sources were taken as the basis, the rozrahunki fought on the important basis of "plus or minus bast shoes".
Viktor Mikolayovich Zemskov was admitted to the archives of the official services of the Radian Union and rozkriv, nareshti, documentary figures about the number of repressed, dead, shot.
In their publications, as a matter of fact, they can find on the side of Wikipedia, dedication to Zemskov, wines and numbers. The stench is even greater, but we don’t get along with the people, don’t start an objective analysis of indirect data in the pre-perebud period. These figures are absolutely mildly interpreted by the Stalinists as the rehabilitation of Stalin. The pardon is clear that the information of Viktor Mikolayovich, like simple gigantic numbers of reprisals, should not be underestimated by the malicious nature of the remaining and their majestic non-flows to the point of expansion.
Prote is not all right with Zemskov's figures. So, in my wanderings across the expanses of your Internets, I used the article of Leonid Isidorovich Lopatnikov, the most important representative of the scientific economic life of Russia and the Radyansky Union, for the most famous article. Yogo biography, yogo scientific authority confuses me seriously to be put up to yogo work.
L. I. Lopatnikov - born in 1923 born, disabled person of the Great Vitchiznian war, journalist and economist, translator. Author of "Economic and Mathematical Dictionary", two books on new economic history of Russia ("Economics of two families" and "Pass"), as well as low work.

Once again, I send a message to the translation of yoga regalia and practice on the Federal Global Educational Portal: http://www.ecsocman.edu.ru/db/msg/304311.html connected with history, and in life (born in 1923) with the most significant rank associated with Stalin's hours of the USSR, rose.
Now let's move on to the article itself.

Figures of the "Great Terror"
Before statistical and political discussions
Anti-Stalinists want perekonati Stalinists, Stalinists want to be anti-Stalinists (behind the butt of their idol) - reshoot. Reshta - details: Stalin, having repressed millions of innocent people, or punished only potential enemies, having become poor as a “follow the column”; Stalin is a murderer, like a shooter of millions, abo “tіlki” (like Zyuganov hanged once) 670 thousand people, Stalin is the one who instilled the world to the great Victory over the Nazi plague, or Stalin is the one who, having helped Nіmechchinі pіdleruvat lurk to revanch come to power. Nareshti, Stalin - the creator of the great Radyansk Union, the designer of the lifeless system, as it is inevitably small to fall early ... In short: Stalin - "Im'ya Russia" chi її curse.

The Stalinists themselves diverge in their thoughts, speaking about similar details: whether Stalin was a true slothful and a revolutionary, or whether he was underestimating the Leninists and revolutionaries for those who stink destroyed great Russia, becoming Stalin’s socialism in the SRSR the preparation before the war brought on this good spirit, which, having prepared the revolution of the world, otherwise, as a true patriot, he didn’t want to be victorious for the expansion of the Russian Empire.

For all these "details" there are endless discussions. The stench is all over the place. Ale, perhaps, the most famous superwomen between the Stalinists and the anti-Stalinists are considered from the statistics of the victims of the “so-called repressions”, for the terminology of the first, and the “Great Terror” or the “Stalinist genocide” - for the terminology of others. They have a long history, the stench flared up to full strength, perhaps, after the appearance of the book of the British linguist R. Conquest "The Great Terror". I would like to turn around to the point of a complex problem, that there will be a tragic share of millions of people - not only the victims themselves, but also their naschadkiv.

1. About the accuracy of numbers
The axis of the first drive is written by V.Zemskov, who was widely known, and rich, especially by the Stalinists, take up the truth in the rest of the instance. Not only that: the stink of the head zbroєyu in polemіtsі z timi, who fight against the attempts of rehabilitation of Stalin and Stalinism:

“Meta tsієї statti - show the reference statistics of those involved in the GULAG, a significant part of which has already been cited in the articles of A.N. Dugin, V.F.

Незважаючи на наявність цих публікацій, у яких називається відповідна істина та документально підтверджена кількість ув'язнених ГУЛАГу (курсив мій – Л.Л.), радянська та зарубіжна громадськість у масі своїй, як і раніше, перебуває під впливом надуманих і не відповідних історичній правді Statistical tabulations, which can be found in the works of foreign authors (R.Conquest, S.Cohen and others), and in publications of low-ranking contributors (R.A.Medvedev, V.A.Chalikova and others.). Moreover, in the robots of all of these authors, the difference from the correct statistics is not found in the case of the application, but exclusively in the case of the bagatoriasis. There is hostility that the stinks are swaying among themselves in order to impress the reader with numbers, so let's say, astronomical ones "...
In the opinion of the author, for example, after R. Conquest and S. Cohen, V.A. Moreover, “the power’s contribution to the misleading of information about the statistics of the affected GULAG was brought in by N.S. In the camps, up to 10 million people were killed. As a matter of fact, on September 1, 1953, 2,468,524 people were killed by the GULAG: 1,727,970 - in the camps and 740,554 - in the colonies (div. Table 1) "(Zemskov V. GULAG (historical and sociological aspect) // Sociological research 1991. No. 6 S.10-27; 1991. No. 7. S. 3-16).

Take, as you wish, Zemskov's creed. What is the truth in the new, what is the twisting of the truth?

If the number of victims of "so-called reprisals" is overwhelmed, then we need to fix two things before us. In the minds, if any official information was not there, everything was covered with a strong veil of secrecy, if you were able to point out any numbers - apparently, to your estimates, indirect evidence, those others are not reliable, but it’s true, dzherel. It was impossible to reconsider everything. For example, one physicist, sitting in Kharkiv overpowering camp (and in Kharkiv, by the way, in the order of Stalin's "preparation before the war", but with reprisals, the most severe institute in the country, which was engaged in the nutrition of nuclear physics!), was actually destroyed! yaznenih, yakі virushali to the tabori by stage. I don’t know exactly how it went into the mind, but, better than everything, the window of the cell looked out to the prison yard, the colonies of prisoners were deformed. At the new one, it was possible that ten hundreds of meshkans in the region passed through the “transition”. I, zvichayno, vіn extrapolyuvav tsyu figure on the edge. Weishlo, as I understand, is close to 17 million contacts. What can you call yogo from malicious nonsense?

Others looked out of demographic patterns, they predicted that the population of the region could increase in normal minds, without reprisals, and it would actually increase to some extent. Really? Ale, the census of the population of St. Stalin’s census was not satisfied with the results, and the statistics, as if they were carried out, were either shot or sent to the GULAG ...

Nareshti, the third for privatized tributes, opiyuyuchi kolishnіh in'yaznіv, z'yasovuvali "geography" GULAG - yak de roztashovuvalis camps, special settlements and yaznitsі, skіlki in them was approximately "planting places", as it changed the whole population (all the population , I repeat again, suvorim) state secrets!) ... Approximately in this way, as it seems, A. Solzhenitsyn worked.

Well, did you pick up the necessary information in such minds? I think that this is explained to us in front of a colossal rozkid (there are ten years worth of data) of data about the number of victims of the Great Terror, but we are not malicious, as we respect Zemskov, the "nonsense" of the anti-Stalinists.

Mind has changed. The robots of the same V.Zemkov appeared, which in 1989 the perebudovny circle of admissions to the archives of the Gulag (why only one historian, and V.Zemskov herself, but the admissions to these archives - it’s unbelievable. But apparently, the stink of the stench was anew " closed"). Zemskov's data were widely published. It is argued that the stench was also reconsidered by independent foreign historians, the deacons of them acted as co-authors of Zemskov's articles in foreign journals. According to Zemskov's robots, they cite various divisions of the Radian history at the lower universities to find other regions. "We are embarrassed," having recognized Conquest not long ago, "coresting with Zemskov's tributes," - however, calling them "incomprehensible." You need to be wiser, maddened through the marriage of the best.

At the same time, not all fakhivts are far away, like in Russia, so behind the cordon, suitable for V. Zemskov. Vіn often pіddaєtsya criticism - іnіdі duzhe arcuate, іnіоdі, mіlno, і unproven, аlе rеba hаvаvаt, sho scho аn іn аnу аnd admissions tо deakieh secret materialіv GULAG. In publications, I have commented on the criticism of the texts of Zemskov’s articles, but nowhere do I have any direct references to archival documents (fund, description, on the right, arcush, etc.) - I don’t see them in my eyes! (Variously published anonymous documents about reprisals, which allow evaluating their scale, although the problem of continuing the practice of illegally classifying materials about reprisals is taken away - "Polit.ru")

However, it is clear that now, if there is some official information (some people believe, others - no, and tse tezh їkhnє right) - the numbers are getting closer.

You only need one more guesswork, how often to introduce into Oman, if there is a spread of data about the number of victims of Stalin's repressions. Question: what categories of population should be considered as victims? One will say that the victims are the only ones shot for the great judges. At the woeful "Concepts for the course of the history of Russia 1900-1945" (the very same, from which the formula about a good manager was written) as they say, I quote verbatim: next clearly identify whom we can take away, talking about reprisals. It would seem that it would be correct, as if there was a formula, in which there will be included less sentenced to the stratum of that execution of individuals. Even in rozrahunok you will not see them rolled into a tortoise, they won’t be beaten “with a try in the leak”, they died of starvation, or, moreover, those who “safely” saw their terms - scorched, the number of victims in the warehouse is less than a million. It’s greedily rich, but, as one Stalinist said, “do not fight” ...

Let’s say that V.Zemskov’s statistics are the second, and say that the victims of repressions, that people, who were directly incarcerated at the GULAG’s houses, are close to a couple of millions (other words, the authors consider that this figure is absolutely underestimated). The third is to add "special settlers" - dispossessed of the kulak and infiltrated villagers, as well as a number of repressed people, a lot of people deported from the Pivnichny Caucasus, Crimea, the Baltic States and Zahidnoy Ukraine, from the Far Descent, just - and take away, maybe, million, And maybe 12-15, and more. Quarter to include up to the victims of all members of the families of persecution, especially children (insanely, they suffered in the aftermath of reprisals), - the same number can jump, maybe, up to a million twenty or thirty, and, again, it’s possible, even more. And p'yaty, pіdіyshovshi to nutrition like a demographer, i'll try to inject reprisals on the number of the population (repair the number of non-native children in the wake of the demise of the fathers, the separation of the people from the retinues). The same figures will be, as Zemskov hung out for a little more, even more “astronomical”: I don’t know, maybe, fifty, maybe a hundred million!

Sterzhuyut that the infection does not matter. Zemskov's statistics are accurate, you need to talk about it. The zemstvo considers the sum of the tribunals and the decision of the judiciary: "The whole period was condemned by the OGPU Collegium, the NKVS Trinity, the Special People's Rada, the Viysk Collegium, the courts and the Viysk Tribunals 3,777,380 cases, including 6 until morning in the camps and camps in the term from 25 years and lower - 2 369 220, for sending that hanger - 765 180 osib. Zemskov, having seen the quoted figures, confirmed them with report tables.

Shut up food? No, not done.

Є tsіkaviy document, folding back before the results of Zemskov's report.
This Dovidka, signed by the Prosecutor General of the SRSR R. Rudenko, the Minister of Internal Affairs of the SRSR S. Kruglov and the Minister of Justice of the SRSR K. Gorshenin, in the yakіy was named the number of convicts for counter-revolutionary mischief for the period from 1921. 1 February 1954 Axis її text:
Additional note
1 fierce 1954 r

Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee

Comrade Khrushchev N.S.

At the link with the signals that it is necessary to reach the Central Committee of the CPRS, in a number of cases about illegally convicted for counter-revolutionary mischief in the past years, the Collegium of the OGPU, the NKVS trikes, the Special People's Council, the Viysk Collegium, the courts and the Viysk Tribunals 3,777,380 cases were sentenced for counter-revolutionary wickedness and like ninth in camps and camps, dopovidaemo ... for the period from 1921 to the present hour, 3.777.380 cases were condemned for counter-revolutionary wickedness, including up to VMN - 642.980 morning in camps and prisons from 25 years and lower - 2.369.220, for sending that hanger - 765.180 osib.

From the total number of convicts, approximately 2,900,000 cases were sentenced by the Collegium of the OGPU, the NKVS trikes and the Special People's Council, 877,000 cases - by courts, viysk tribunals. The Special Collegium and the Viysk Collegium…”

Yak bachimo, zbіg danih Zemskov (1998) from the Note, compiled in 1954, - absolutely.
How could it get out of there? Two ways. First - the most important figures of the "Additional note" were based on the same documents, to the point of any Zemskov's assumptions. Todi, as it seems, there is no more food, everything is correct. Another: elaborating archival data, the record of arranging them to be confirmed by a high authority of figures.

It's less of an allowance. Ale, such situations were.
2. Reading...
Zemskov's pribіchniki rely on those figures confirmed by the historians Getty from the USA and Rittershpun from France. Ale tse spivautori Zemskov, not objective opponents. I will try to act as such an objective opponent to the world of my modest knowledge, strength and vitality. For whom we would like to take the volume “GULAG 1917-1960”, the visions of the International Fund “Democracy” in the series “Russia of the 20th century, Documents”. Unfortunately, the newcomer does not have so many statistics. I don’t have the quietest documents, Zemskov writes about it. What to explain - I do not know. In the collection you can find a kіlka rіznochitanі from Zemskov's tables.

For example, on p. 708 Supplementary materials "Yezhov's Notebook" (document No. 141). Singing, nadіynі danі. The other head of the NKVS is unlikely to write down bi in a notebook.

“The presence of aggravated (among thousands) camp on the fierce 1938 fate

1. Tabori 1157.4

2. Mіstsya yaznennya 901.4

3. 10th week 121.2

4. When militia, bullpen 50.0

5. Labor colonies of children 12.5

6. Labor union 4.5

7. Adopted children 12.5

At once 2259.5 "

We marvel at Zemskov's table. In nіy nіy nіynіst v'yaznenih sіchen 1938 r. – 1881570. Tobto may be 400 thousand less. Schopravda, sіchen - not fierce, and є ranks, yakі obviously do not vrakhovuyutsya Zemskov - before the GULAG stench vіdnoshennia can not be: for example, bullpen. Still, rows 1-3 should be given for 300,000 more people in the sum, and lower for Zemskov.
Or, let's say, Dopovіd of the head of the GULAG V.G. Nasedkin about the work at the rocky viyni (No. 71, p. 274):

“Before the beginning of the war, the number of aggravated, like in the ITL and colonies, was 2,300,000 people (of which 27% were for counter-revolutionary and other especially unsafe evil - L.L.).” Zemskov has 1930 thousand. Retail - mayzhe 400 thousand.
Є y іnshі dzherela. For example, at the Central State Archives popular government(TsGANKh) SRSR at the fund of the People's Commissariat - the Ministry of Finance of the SRSR saved documents (finance), as if to give an opportunity to put together a record of the number of statements about the number of people who were killed and those who were killed in the cities of education in the front lines. V. Tsaplin took one river - 1939, and calculated that (on the 1st day of that year) camps, colonies, camps and other places had 2103 yew. osib. Zemskov has a number of citations for the tsyu date - for pіvmiliona mensha: 1672 yew. osib.

A similar difference is observed for the data for the month of 1937: for the appearance in the census of the population of the NKVS SRSR, the statistical service showed that there were 263,466 cases for the “A” contingent, and 2,389,570 cases for the “B” and “C” contingents SRSR, fund 1562, op.329, file 142, arc.

Tsaplin did the work for the archival documents of the working force of the Dalstroy NKVS. Vin write: “On the cob 1938. at the Dalstroy camps there were 83,855 afflicted ... In 1938, 73,368 passengers were transported by ships from Vladivostok, and more importantly afflicted were transported to Dalstroy. Yakscho the contingent of the aggravated popovnivshis on 73 yew. osіb, then at the end of the year it was 157 thousand, but in fact it was 117 630 osib. There was a decline of 39,370 osib, or more lower by 25%. Where did these people go?.. Naprikintsy, 1938. at Dalstroi, 117,630 were taken into account. Have 1939 r. 70,953 specimens were imported and “actually bred” (so in the document. - V.Ts.) 26,176 rats. As a result, the number of afflicted people is small, but it could increase by 45 thousand. and fold approximately 162,630 osib. However, in fact, the average number of those recognized by Dalstroy in 1939 is 121,915 cases. Vіdtak, vibulo mayzha 41 yew. aggravated, so that over 25% of the possible savage quantity is needed. And according to V. Zemskov’s “accurate information”, in 1939, 50.5 thousand people died in all the camps of the USSR in 1939. osib. How do the numbers fit?
A large number of Kolimsk citizens told me about the so-called Garanian shootings (on behalf of the most important head of the Sevvostlag), as they took the lives of dozens of thousands of people. Adzhe buli and іnshі, not “garaninsky”, and in Kolimі, and in other regions ... As you might guess, Zemskov’s statistics didn’t show the strata (stinks were carried out not for “viroks of judges”, but in camps, camp guards)

And a number of similar examples, moreover, most of them, paraphrasing the words of Zemskov himself (said from another source), “you don’t have to go to the change…”. I say "greater", more, for the sake of justice, it is required to be recognized: є th okremi vipadki broken rule. Ale and stink to talk about those that Zemskov’s self-proclaimed statements about the “accuracy” of yoga data are the least poorly primed.

On the basis of the data collection of the "GULAG" with the data of Zemskov, I was able to analyze the statistics of reprisals - political repressions, as they do not succumb to politics (for example, criminal records). However, it wasn't here. Chomus seemed to be those who logically related the data to themselves hung down, did not submit to the statement, reversal, analysis. Axis apply:

First. Add Deputy Chief GULAG Lepilov in the name of Beriya and others. (No. 142, p. 726)

Behind the camp 1 birch 1940 the infamous contingent of the aggravated “appears for the tribute of the centralized image” of 1668200 people. Of these, 28.7% were sued for KRD.” At Zemskov, it is also indicated that the number of CRDs, only others: 33.1% - a little more from the labor camps, and it is impossible to equalize the total amount of money.

Other. In this document it is read: “The GULAG card file was centralized to give the necessary data to 8 million people, like individuals, like people, they went through isolation past fates (tobto. until 1939 inclusive, the documents of dating 1940 rock - L.L.). ), so for the recent events in the areas of isolation. At Zemskov, it is also possible to recover a total number of convicts for the same years - and even more so for the articles for the KRD - 2552973.

I saw fragments of Zemskov’s table “The number of convicts in the GULAG” (1) and “The number of convicts for counter-revolutionary activity” (2)”, for five years, to match them with Colonel Pavlov’s table “Report on the number of convicts from the right organizations NKVS for 1937- 38 mm”, written by hand in a single copy (for all the rules of conspiracy) and presented at exhibitions by the Sovereign Archival Administration, as well as by the GULAG collection.

1. Number of people involved in the GULAG
(stay for 1 sichnya of skin rock) (Zemskov)

Rocky	At the Vipravno-Labor Camps (ITL)	Of them condemned for counter-revolutionary atrocities	Those same at vіdsotkah	In corrective labor colonies (ITK)	Usyogo
1934	510307	135190	26,5	-	510307
1935	725483	118256	16,3	240259	965742
1936	839406	105849	12,6	457088	1296494
1937	820881	104826	12,8	375488	1196369
1938	996367	185324	18,6	885203	1881570

It is worth noting that most of the litigation for the KRD here is given only for the camps (third step), but there are no obvious figures for the colonies. I tse allow you to carry out the understanding of the match.

2. The number of convicts for counter-revolutionary and other especially unsafe state evils (Zemskov)

Rocky	vishcha world	camps, colonies that in'yaznitsi	sent that hanger	other come in	of all sued for KRD
1934	2056	59451	5994	11498	78999
1935	1229	185846	33601	46400	267076
1936	1118	219418	23719	30415	274670
1937	353074	429311	1366	6914	790665
1938	328618	205509	16842	3289	554258

3. The number of arrests, convicts, executions (confirmation of Colonel Pavlov)

Rocky	Usyogo arrested	Usoy condemned	VMN
1937	936850	790645	358074
1938	638509	554268	328618
Together	1575259	1344925	651692
Usyogo 1921-38	4835957	2944879	745220

Figures, as a sign of statistics, "dance". Kudi, for example, repeated hundreds of thousands of arrests, but not condemned in 1937? Say, they simply did not get sued, they were postponed to 1938. Ale, the food is overflowing, for the three-time period, the retail has already accumulated 2 million! Vishche) stverzhuє, scho for the entire period of 1921-1953 was sentenced to CMN (for political reasons) less than 700 thousand osіb? How do the numbers fit? Adzhe, judging by the exact number of pokazniki in 1937 and 1938, “totally convicted” in Pavlov’s table and “totally condemned for KRD” in Zemskov’s table, it should be taken into account that all the data in the first of them are considered to be “political articles”. However, it also appears that Zemskov's tables have a total underestimation of the number of executions, and the number of convictions for KRD. I don’t say about those who have no ostentatious number of prisoners for KRD - but there may be 5 million people. Tsya colossal figure is already close to the data of opponents, which are already proudly criticized by Zemskov.

One more note: in Zemskov's tables polіtv'yaznі everywhere to become from 12 to 20-30 vіdsotkіv, reshta - can be seen up to karni zlochintsіv. But if you turn back to Pavlov's tables, then it appears that not 20% - 30%, but over 80% of the total amount of arrests was taken for the KRD! Aleto dani Zemskov, as if it were easier to say, shouted out a serious sumn.
In order to revise the data in the table, it would have been easier to use the tables of the total number of arraignments from the total number of sueds, or, on the contrary, the total number of arraignments for the articles of the CRD and the total number of sueds for the articles themselves. Ale, it’s not here: Zemskov’s tables don’t stick! In one, there are a number of convicts for KRD, in the other, there is a large number of convicted, in fact, without seeing the category (that is, it is seen, but not in slander, but only for VTT). In addition, there are a lot of number of people who have been wounded in the ranks, at the stages it’s thin. (And judging from Yezhov's note, at the camps in those other places, there were about stilki and skіlki in the camps).

In Zemskov's tables, it is important to analyze the content, which characterizes the number of aggravated persons, as in that year. For example, for the sake of 1937, such a picture comes out. As a rule, they didn’t give less than 5 years for counter-revolutionary malice, then, they were in 1937 less than ALL convicted in 1932 - 1936 years (the Crimea died in the camps and camps, but it’s important, it’s a remarkably small figure). It is necessary to add up: 141919 + 239644 + 78999 + 267066 + 274670, also + 790665 for 1937, to enter - 1792963, that is 1.8 million people. And for the front rocks? Let them not all, but a significant number of years they spent until the 1937 fate, they also need to be added. We don't know what kind of vіdsotok. Ale, let's say, 50%, or more than 30%. Maybe, you need to see the shooters. TODIS IN THE TODIO, SO VSOO on the COMA 1938 in the Gulagi Sidili Two Milioni Lyoni Tilki for counter -revolutionary і іnshі illegitimate sovereignty, but Zovsim is not ... Vin Ma, the number of numbers - 1.88 million people. for KRD, and other wickedness. Come out, what part is more for the goal? Ale don't do that.

And now, it’s easier to just one additional stoupchik, which Zemskov doesn’t have: about those who were formally sued for any other evils, but really “for politics”, how її the Stalinist satraps wised up. Bagato who buv reprisals for attributions to him
"a wild way of life", for "love call from
a foreigner", "for the destruction of technology", that little could be invented, to choose
an apartment that was worthy of a bad luck, or take the place of a beloved boss, about how dream a young careerist? Such was the situation in the country in the mountains - those who are young, in my opinion, do not understand at all.

All these people did not consume Zemskov's table (the table of the number of convicts for the KRD is squandered). They didn’t eat and were simply beaten by the NKVS / KDB spivrobitniks by people who were objectionable to the leaders (recently I read that three officers of the KDB, they charged Mikhoels with a direct order from Stalin, were awarded ... "Order votchiznyana war"! What is the image for all those who truly fought ...). it was repressed without trial that investigation, so that the stench was not included in the statistics of the "convicted" - the villagers, enrolled in the "kulaks" and sent to Siberia, the so-called displacement of peoples, individuals, deported from the Baltic States, Moldova, Western Ukraine and Western Belarus and those other regions. Most of them have Zemskov's statistics, maybe not.

To store everything is re-arranged - and you will understand, the stars are coming from "millions of victims of repressions", against whom the Stalinists will recount so.

Now V.Zemskov needed to publish data, if they are not comfortable with each other and that does not lend itself to analysis, to say it is important.

Great article by the historian Viktor Zemskov about the real numbers of repressions in the SRSR. Viktor Mikolayovich was born for a while, taking care of these uneasy meals at the special archives. The past fate of the vіn pіshov іz life. Light to the memory of an honest historical historian.

Human life is priceless. The killing of innocent people cannot be true - it’s one person, it’s millions. But the doslidnik is not able to be separated by a moral assessment of historical tales and phenomena. Yogo obov'yazok - resurrection of the right look of our past. Tim more if these other aspects become an object of political speculation. The whole world is put before the problem of statistics (scale) of political repressions in the SRSR. In this article, a test was made to objectively expand into any hospital and sick food.

До кінця 1980-х років історична наука опинилася перед гострою необхідністю доступу до секретних фондів силових відомств (колишнім і сьогоденням), оскільки в літературі, по радіо та телебаченню постійно називалися різні оцінні, віртуальні цифри репресій, нічим не підтверджені, і яких нам, професійним historians, it was not possible to introduce scientific obih into science without strong documentary evidence.

In the friendly 1980s, Rockivas at Yakiykh stabbed to be stabbed to be a paradoxical situation, if the fence of the fence in Publikatzi Robit I Matteriyv on the Topi was a nortimony of the non-School of Jerelle, the Basydni Arkhivni Fonda, the Yaki Ran, for the premium. За своїм стилем і тональністю основна маса публікацій періоду горбачовської «перебудови» (та й пізніше теж) носила, як правило, різко викривальний характер, перебуваючи в руслі розгорнутої тоді пропагандистської антисталінської кампанії (ми маємо насамперед численні публіцистичні статті та замітки в газетах , журналі « Vognik "toscho). The wretchedness of the concrete historical material in these publications was too much distorted by the bagatora-like “self-contained statistics” of the victims of repressions, which enraged the readership with its gigantism.

At the beginning of 1989, by the decision of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the SRSR, a commission was created for the Institution of History of the Academy of Sciences of the SRSR in cooperation with a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences, Yu.A. Being in the fares of the fed, the Medials of the Personed Istrikiv detonated access to the statistical OGPU-NKVS-MVS-MDB, the wounds did not see the dosliders, who were organized by the sovereign manager of the SRSR, and the religious Zbeneral (TsDAOR SRSR), renamed to the Sovereign Archives of the Russian Federation (GARF).

The commission on the history of history was similar to the 80s - on the cob of the 90s, and at the same time, we published a series of articles on the statistics of repressions, aggravated, special settlers, and displacement of people. We gave up and until the present hour we continued this work.

Already on the cob of 1954, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the SRSR had put together a statement on the name of N.S. . (The document was signed by three individuals - the Prosecutor General of the SRSR R.A. Rudenko, the Minister of Internal Affairs of the SRSR S.N. Kruglov and the Minister of Justice of the SRSR K.P. Gorshenin).

The documents stated that, for the tributes announced in the MVS SRSR, for the period from 1921 to the present hour, then until the beginning of 1954, the Collegium of the OGPU, the troikas of the NKVS, the Special People's Council, the Viysk Collegium, and the courts of that chol., In that number, until the rest of the world, punishment - 642980 (div.: Sovereign archives of the Russian Federation (GARF). F. 9401. Op. 2. D. 450).

For example, in 1953 the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Socialist Republic prepared one more update. On the basis of the statistical significance of the 1st Special Viddilu of the MVS SRSR, the number of arraignments for counter-revolutionary and other especially unsafe state mischiefs for the period from 1 September 1921 to 1 March 1953 was cited - 4,060,306 October 15 Shevchenko). M. Malenkova and N.S. Khrushchov were sent a sheet signed by S.N.

This figure consisted of 3,777,380 arraignments for counter-revolutionary mischief and 282,926 for other especially unsafe state mischief. The rest were sued not for the 58th, but for other articles equal to it; us ahead of paragraphs. 2 and 3 art. 59 (especially not safe banditry) and Art. 193-24 (military spying). For example, part of the Basmachi was sentenced not for the 58th, but for the 59th article. (Div. table No. 1).

The number of convictions for counter-revolutionary
and other especially unsafe sovereign evils
in 1921-1953 rocky

Rocky	Usyogo convict (Chol.)		Including
			Naive visit	camps, colonies and v'aznits		posilannya that visilannya		come in else
1921	35 829		9 701		21 724	1 817	2 587
1922	6 003		1 962		2 656	166	1 219
1923	4 794		414		2 336	2 044	—
1924	12 425		2 550		4 151	5 724	—
1925	15 995		2 433		6 851	6 274	437
1926	17 804		990		7 547	8 571	696
1927	26 036		2 363		12 267	11 235	171
1928	33 757		869		16 211	15 640	1 037
1929	56 220		2 109		25 853	24 517	3 741
1930	208 069		20 201		114 443	58 816	14 609
1931	180 696		10 651		105 683	63 269	1 093
1932	141 919		2 728		73 946	36 017	29 228
1933	239 664		2 154		138 903	54 262	44 345
1934	78 999		2 056		59 451	5 994	11 498
1935	267 076		1 229		185 846	33 601	46 400
1936	274 670		1 118		219 418	23 719	30 415
1937	790 665		353 074		429 311	1 366	6 914
1938	554 258		328 618		205 509	16 842	3 289
1939	63 889		2 552		54 666	3 783	2 888
1940	71 806		1 649		65 727	2 142	2 288
1941	75 411		8 011		65 000	1 200	1 210
1942	124 406		23 278		88 809	7 070	5 249
1943	78 441		3 579		68 887	4 787	1 188
1944	75 109		3 029		70 610	649	821
1945		123 248	4 252		116 681	1 647	668
1946		123 294	2 896		117 943	1 498	957
1947		78 810	1 105		76 581	666	458
1948		73 269	—		72 552	419	298
1949		75 125	—		64 509	10 316	300
1950		60 641	475		54 466	5 225	475
1951		54 775	1 609		49 142	3 425	599
1952		28 800	1 612		25 824	773	591
1953 (1st April)		8 403	198		7 894	38	273
Together		4 060 306	799 455		2 634 397	413 512	215 942

Note: In the period from chervnya 1947 to sichnya 1950, the death penalty was imposed in the SRSR. This explains the reality of deaths in 1948–1949. Under the other calls, the early warning was about the hour of the night, the hour of rebuking under the varta, the primus splendour, and the hanging of the foreign lands.

Follow the memory that the understanding of "arrested" and "convicted" is the same. The total number of convicts does not include arrests, as if the hour of the previous investigation, then before the trial, they died, they were fired.

Right up to the end of the 1980s, the Soviet Socialist Republic had this information as a sovereign secret. Previously, reference statistics on those convicted of counter-revolutionary mischief (3,777,380 for 1921-1953) were published in the spring of 1989 in the article by V.F. Nekrasov in Komsomolsk Pravda. Later on, this information was given in the articles of A.N. In other publications by V.N. Zemskov and A.N. Dugin. The number of convicts for counter-revolutionary and other especially unsafe state mischief (4060306 for 1921-1953) was first publicized in 1990 in one of the articles of A.M. Yakovlev, a member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee, in the Izvestia newspaper. Report on statistics (I special report of the MVS), with the dynamics behind the rocks, published in 1992 by V.P.Popov in the journal "Vitchiznyany archives".

We specially attach respect to these publications, for the stink itself can take care of the statistics of political repressions. For example, the 1980s - on the cob of the 1990s, the stench of the boules, figuratively seeming, dribbled into the sea, intermingled with numerical publications of a different kind, in which inaccurate figures were called, as a rule, bagatoriously overblown.

The reaction of the public to the publication of reference statistics of political repressions was ambiguous. Often there were signs that it was a fake. The publicist A.V.Antonov-Ovsienko, focusing on the fact that these documents were signed by such individuals, such as Rudenko, Kruglov and Gorshenin, instilling in 1991 the readers of the Literary Gazette: For Khrushchov tezh ... Otzhe, for 32 years - less than chotiriokh milliononiv. Who needs such malicious proofs, zrozumilo "(Antonov-Ovsienko A.V. Protistoyannya // Literaturna gazeta, April 3, 1991, p. 3). Regardless of A.V.Antonov-Ovsienka’s guilt, that statistics is disinformation, we are allowed to be merciful, that we will be merciful. These are reference statistics, compiled by the way of summation for 1921-1953, the dates of the latest data, which are in the 1st special department. Tsej spetsvіddіl, scho entering at different times the structure of the OGPU, NKVS, MDB (since 1953 p. i dosi - MVS), taking up the selection of new information about the number of convicts from political motives from all judicial and judicial bodies. I spetsvіddіl - the whole body is not disinformation, but the selection of all-season objective information.

Following A.V. Antonov-Ovsienko with sharp criticism of our address, speaking in 1992, another publicist, L.E. 1992. No. 8. S. 13-14). The sensation of accusing Antonov-Ovsienka and Rozgon was brought to the point where, having said, V.N. Rozgin pulled on those who Zemskov was responsible for the preparation of these false documents. With all the stench, they couldn’t give similar soundings of scalable evidence. My comments on the criticism of Antonov-Ovsienka and Rozgon to our address were published in 1991-1992 in the academic journals "History of the SRSR" and "Sociological Research" (div.: History of the RSR. 1991. No. 5. P. 151-152; Dosledzhennya. 1992. No. 6. S. 155-156).

The sharp disapproval of Antonov-Ovsienkom and the dispersal of our publications, which are based on archival documents, also called out to their pragnias to “lie” their “self-made statistics”, which was not confirmed by the current documents and was no more than the fruit of their own fantasy. Thus, in 1980, Antonov-Ovsienko published the English language book “Portrait of a Tyrant” in the United States, naming the number of those imprisoned for political reasons for the period 1935-1940 - 18.8 million copies (div.: Antonov-Ovseenko A 1980 212). Our publications, based on archival documents, directly spoofed this “statistics” as pure charlatanism. The stars looked like Antonova-Ovsienko and Rozgona, ungrably try to show on the right that these “statistics” are correct, and Zemskov is not a falsifier and publishes fabricated statistics.

On the side of L.E. Behind the words of Razgon, “at the beginning of 1940, the head of the financial department of the NKVS, who urged me on one s peresilan, to ask: “Have you planted skils?” - Thinking and thinking: I know that on the 1st day of 1939 in prisons and camps there were close to 9 million living prisoners "(Rozgon L. E. Lies under the eye of statistics: About one publication in the journal "Sociological Research" / / Capital. 192 ). No. 8. P. 14). We, professional historians, are miraculously aware of how vaguely similar information is, and how unsafely it is introduced into scientific obigr without retelno reverification and re-verification. The NKVS produced a detailed listing of the current and star statisti- cal ranks, as if it were necessary to vouch for the designated “certificate” before asking for it – in fact, on the cob of 1939, in camps, colonies and camps, there were about 217,000,000 of them. yew. in camps (div.: GARF. F. 9413. Op. 1. D. 6. L. 7-8; F. 9414. Op. 1. D. 1154. F. 2-4; D. 1155. L. B. 14.1.2, 20-22).

It is noteworthy that the number of people affected in all places of free will (camps, colonies, camps) on singing dates rarely exceeded 2.5 million. million. .: GAR: 4). Op. 1. D. 330. L. 55; D. 1155. L. 1-3; D. 1190. L. 1-34; D. 1390. L. 1-21; D. 1398. L. 1; D. 1426. L. 39; D. 1427. L. 132-133, 140-141, 177-178).

It is impossible to take seriously, for example, the firmness of the same A.V. Antonov-Ovsienka, who after the war in the camps and colonies of the GULAG, 16 million were killed (div.: Antonov-Ovsienko A.V. Protistoyannya // Literaturna Gazeta , April 3, 1991, p. 3). It is necessary to understand that on that date, as far as Antonov-Ovsienko (1946) was born, not 16 million, but 1.6 million were killed in the camps and colonies of the GULAG. After all, pay respect to anyone between numbers.

A.V.Antonov-Ovsienko and L.E.Razgon was powerless to prevent the mass introduction of archival documents into science, including the statistics of repressions, hated by them. It has become necessary for historical science to rush directly to the documentary archival base (and not only in our country, but also beyond the cordon). At the link with the cym in 1999 A.V. Antonov-Ovsienko, like and earlier, perebuvayuchi in a deep pardon, which was published by Zemskov, the statistics are false, and yoga, Antonova-Ovsienko, "power statistics" are not really correct (truly twisted). , again with regret stating: “The service of disinformation was on high for all hours. Chi is alive and out of our days, otherwise how to explain the “sensational” opinion of V.M. Zemskov? Unfortunately, the statistics are obviously false (for the archive) and have spread around a lot of other sights and have known among scientists among scientists "(Antonov-Ovsienko A.V. Black Advocates // Revival of Hope. - M., 1999. No. 8. P. 3). This “cry of the soul” is no more low in the voice of a voluptuary in the desert, marvelous and hopeless (for Antonov-Ovsienka). The idea of "clearly false (for the archives) statistics" has long been accepted in the scientific world as a rіdkіst senseless and absurd; similar assessments do not call for other reactions, but for the sake of irony.

Such a natural result of the essence of the essence of professionalism and dilettantism - adzhe, zreshtoyu, professionalism of goiter overcoming. “Criticism” of Antonov-Ovsienka and Rozgona to our address rebuffed the same in the infamous channel of the current warlike dilettantism with the method of pіdim'yati pіd to yourself historical science, impose your own rules and accept a scientific (virnishe - pseudoscientific) investigation, from a professional point of view, it is absolutely unacceptable.

N.S. Khrushchov, who wrote in his memoirs: “... When Stalin died, up to 10 million people lived in the camps” (Mikita Sergiyovich Khrushchev’s Memoirs // Nutrition of History. 199 3. S. 82). To understand the term "tabori" widely, including in the new colonies and camps, then looking at the price of an ear of 1953, there were close to 2.6 million infections (div.: Population of Russia in the XX century: historical drawings . - M.). , 2001. V. 2. S. 183). The Sovereign Archives of the Russian Federation (GARF) keeps copies of additional notes of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Socialist Republic named after N.S. Later, N.S. Khrushchev, miraculously informed about the correct number of afflicted people and having overwhelmed її maybe four times over.

The publication of R.A. Medvedev in Moscow News (leaf fall, 1988) about the statistics of victims of Stalinism (div.: Medvedev R.A. Our call to Stalin // Moskovskiye novini, 27th leaf fall, 1988) made a great resonance with the society. For yoga pіdrakhunkami, for the period 1927-1953 rіv was persecuted about 40 million. In 1989-1991, the rocky figure was one of the most popular in the propaganda of the evils of Stalinism, it gradually increased to a massive mass.

Indeed, such a quantity (40 million) cannot be called for by the widest clouding of the understanding of "victims of repression." Qi 40 million R.A. Medvedev, including 10 million kulaks in 1929-1933 (actually, there were close to 4 million), maybe 2 million hangings in 1939-1940, the Poles (actually, about 380 thousand). ), and in such a spirit, absolutely behind all warehouses, from which an astronomical figure was formed.

However, 40 million suddenly ceased to be satisfied with the "growing needs" of the singing political forces in the normal votchiznyany history of the Radian period. At the end of the day, there were “continuations” of American and other foreign radiologists, 50-60 million people perished in the wake of terrorism and repressions in the SRSR. Like in R. A. Medvedev, all warehouses of similar rozrakhunkivs were supervised; the difference is 10-20 million. Tim explained that R.A. Medvedev started in 1927, and the foreign radiologists - in 1917. As R.A. physically blamed and died in the wake of terror, repression, hunger, collectivization and others. In a word, they overcame the conspiracies of the politicians and the special services of their lands by discrediting the science-like form of their opponent from the “cold war”, without fabricating a direct hardening.

This, of course, does not mean that foreign radiology did not have any success stories, but that they objectively surmised that cumulatively radiant history. Great vcheni, fakhіvtsі z radianskoї іstorії A.Getti (USA), S.Whitcroft (Australia), R.Davis (England), G.Rittershporn (France) and other deacons criticized the record of the great number of radiologists and argued that, in fact, the number of victims of repressions collectivization, the famine in the Soviet Socialist Republic was significantly less.

The protégés of most of these foreign scholars with their inconspicuously greater objective assessment of the scale of repressions in the country were silent. In the masses, svіdomіst actively provodzhuvalos only those who avenged the inaccuracies, bagatorazovo perebіlshenu statistics of repressions. І mythical 50-60 million nevdovzі eclipsed 40 million people from the mass svіdomostі roymedvedіvska.

To that, if the head of the KDB SRSR V.A. Kryuchkov, in his speeches on television, cited the statistics of political repressions (when repeatedly invoking data on the appearance in the KDB SRSR for 1930-1953 - 3,778,234 political convicts, of which 786 0 were shot) (div.: Pravda, February 14, 1990), then there are many who in the literal sensi do not believe their vuha, vvazhayuchi that they felt. Journalist O. Milchakov in 1990 shared his fate with the readers of “Vechirnyoї Moskva” with his opposition to the speech of V.A. I don't know what wine I've made known. But I know the rest of the wide-ranging achievements, as I believe, and I ask the readers of “Vechirnyoї Moskva” to respectfully read A.I. . Vinogradov. Vin gives the figure of 50-60 million people. I would like to show respect and respect for the results of the American pedologists, as they confirm this figure. I am in deep trouble” (Vechirnya Moscow, April 14, 1990).