Section VIII. Legislative power: Parliament. The republic is a form of sovereign rule, if the chief legislator has the power to belong to the parliament, and the vikonavcha - to the order; other organs of the sovereign power are collected Form of the state
The principle of giving power to the legislator, vikonavchu and the court means that the skin is in power independently and does not interfere with the court. For yogo successively spent in life, it turns out whether it is possible to assign this chi to another by power again.
Legislative power - power in the gallery of legislation. In the powers, de maє mistse podіl vlady, legislator vlady belong to a powerful sovereign body, which is engaged in the development of legislation. The functions of legislative bodies also include approving the order, approving changes to the taxpayer, approving the budget of the country, ratifying international agreements and agreements, declaring war. The formal name for the legislator's body is parliament.
Before the legislature authorities in the Republic of Kazakhstan lie the Parliament, which consists of two chambers: the Senate and the Majilis, and the Constitutional Rada. The victorious power of the Republic of Kazakhstan is entrusted to the hands of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and like the Councils of the Republic of Kazakhstan, like the system of victorious bodies and maintaining the integrity of their activities. Before the bodies of judicial power in the Republic of Kazakhstan, there are: the Supreme Court of the Republic and the judges of the Republic, who are founded by law. The Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the representative and legislative body of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The law is respected by the praised Parliament, as more than half voted for the new one savage number deputies of both chambers. Praised by the majority of votes among the majority of deputies to the Senate, the draft becomes a law and for ten days is submitted for signature to the President of the Republic. the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the head of state, the guarantor of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the rights and freedoms of people and citizens; representing the Republic of Kazakhstan in the middle of the country and in the international regions; submit to the Parliament a proposition on the recognition of the Head of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Prosecutor General and the Head of the National Security Committee; put before the Parliament a notice about the introduction of the Order; form the order of the Republic of Kazakhstan by way of recognition for landing on the proposition of the Head of the Order of the Republic of Kazakhstan as intercessors of the Head of the Order; є The Supreme Commander of the Defense Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan appoints that superior command of the Defense Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan. For the parliamentary form of government, the legislative body is the supreme power. One of the first functions is the recognition (selection) of the president, which serves mainly as representative functions, but does not have real power.
For the presidential form of government, the president and the parliament are squashed independently one kind of one. Draft laws that have passed through parliament are approved by the head of state - the president, who has the right to dissolve parliament.
The legislator's power is assigned to us in front of the representative body of the sovereign power, and the subjects of the federation, in autonomies of a political nature - also to the local legislative bodies. The representative body of the sovereign state can be named differently, and after it the name "parliament" was established.
The term "parliament" is similar to the French "parle" - to speak.
The current parliament is the main body of popular representation, which expresses the sovereign will of the people, calls to regulate the most important suspіlnі vіdnosinі the main rank of the way of praise of the laws, which establishes control over the activities of the vikonavchoi authorities and the greater townships. Parliament needs a lot of other improvements. In the form of other organs of the state, for example, in some countries they rob the president, establish the order, appoint a constitutional court, ratify international treaties just fine.
Organi legislator power and their renewal.
The main significance of the legislative authorities (representative bodies) is legislative activity. Organs borrow from democratic powers central area at the structure of the holding. The representative bodies of the sovereign power are divided on matters and missions.
Parliaments lie before the largest organs of state power. One of the most important functions is the adoption of laws.
The system of legislative (representative) bodies in the structure of state power in the regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan is established by them in line with the foundations of the constitutional order of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The local state administration is established by the local representative bodies, the main ones for the camp of rights on the free territory.
The article was named to establish the main renewal of the legislator (representative) body of the state power - maslikhat:
- 1) confirmation of plans, economic ones social programs development of the territory, local budget that verse about their vikonannya;
- 2) the end of the day before the end of the catering of the local administrative-territorial structure;
- 3) reviewing the ranks of the ceremonies of the mistsevykh vykonavchih bodies of power, which are approved by law to the competence of the maslikhat; 4) the establishment of post-election commissions and other working bodies of the maslіkhat, the hearing of opinions about the work of the maslіkhat, the resolution of other meals related to the organization of the work of the maslіkhatu; 5) zdіysnennya is valid until the legislation of the Republic of Іnshih novovanen schodo ensuring the rights and legitimate interests of the community.
The right of the legislator to initiate the legislator (representative) body of the sovereign power of the region of the Republic of Kazakhstan belongs to the deputies, the akim of the territorial-administrative unit, the representative bodies of the local self-regulation. The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the right of legislators to initiate may be given to other bodies, community associations, and to inspire the communities who live in this region of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The representative body of the local self-regulation is the elected body of the local self-regulation, which may have the right to represent the interests of the population and accept it in the name of the decision that is to be made on the territory of the administrative-territorial unit.
The renewal of the representative bodies of the local self-regulation was appointed by the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan and described above.
Structure of the Parliament The chambers of the parliament can be called differently (often - the chamber of deputies and the senate), but they are usually called the lower and the upper. The upper house can be either weak, if it can win a decision by the parliament (lower house), but not override it, the oskilki її veto - if it’s good enough with the decisions of the lower house - it can be done by the rest (UK, Poland is strong), , if її the law may be adopted (Italy, USA). The chambers of parliament are not the same for their number. Sound the lower chamber of the vdvіchі (Italy), and even more (Poland), the number for the upper one. Only the UK has more spіvvіdnoshnja: over 1100 firsts at the upper house (house of lords) and 651 members - at the chamber of communities. The trend of the remaining decades is the establishment of a fixed number of chambers. Members of the lower house of parliament are called deputies, people's representatives, members of the upper house - senators. The deputies of the lower house of the unicameral parliament are elected for 4-5 years, either as huge people, or as a way of high-level elections (China). In some countries, places are reserved for singing religions and nationalities, as well as for women.
Remembrances to the Parliament start from the moment of the opening of the first session and end with the beginning of the work of the first session of the Parliament of a new call, or they can be attached to the end of the order, transferring them to the Constitution. Organization and activity to the Parliament, legal camp many deputies are appointed by constitutional law
The Parliament is composed of two Chambers: the Senate and the Mazhilis, which operate on a permanent basis.
Member of the Parliament takes an oath to the people of Kazakhstan. Vіn not pov'yazany be-like an imperative mandate. Deputies to the Parliament goiter to take the fate of yoga robots. і Legal forms of implementation of competence to the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan є acts adopted by it, the main ones being laws. The law is characterized by a number of characteristics. Vіn is accepted only by the chambers of the Parliament and it expresses the will of the people of Kazakhstan. Law to avenge legal norms and that normative act. Vіn є obov'yazkovym for vykonanny and є legal base of all sovereign bodies that operate on the territory of the country, the bodies of the local self-regulation, the hromada organizations and the hromadas and may have the legal force of the laws of the country sovereign bodies Crime of the Constitution, such a law cannot be superchit.
Laws are accepted by the chambers of the Parliament in a special order, which is implemented by the legislative process, which is the arbitrage, for which the legislator is responsible for the parliament. In Kazakhstan, the legislative process consists of a number of stages. Briefly pererakhuєmo їх.
Internal organization of the Parliament and the Yoga Chambers. Different organs are being formed at the parliament and yoga chambers. Some may have the same competence, transferred to the constitutions (head), and other additional apparatus, calls to serve the parliament (government bodies). In addition, the parliament creates other organs, as if they are engaged in the singing sphere of activity, to build independence, and to win the mandate of the parliament, to ring before it (for example, Rakhunkov Chamber, hopes for human rights). Parliament can, at any time, build a warehouse for these bodies, adopt their members and their estates. The stinks are sometimes formed (collected, assigned) to a song term, which is a song guarantee. The meetings of the chambers and the unicameral parliament are headed by the head (speaker of the Anglo-Saxon countries) of a collective body (bureau of Spain, organizing committee of the Czech Republic). The head of a unicameral parliament, a chamber, a speaker may have one number of intercessors. The head of the parliament for the two-chamber structure and the parliament does not bvaє, є only the head of the chambers. At the hour of the sleeping session of the chambers, they sound the head of the upper chamber (senate). The first stage of the legislative process - the legislative initiative - is initiated before the draft law is submitted to the Majilis. The right to initiate such acts is called the right of legislators to initiate.
Another stage of the legislative process is the review of the bill by the Senate. At this stage, the draft law may be changed by way of introduction of respect for those propositions, and at the same time, there will be amendments to the administration for additional support to the Mazhilis. The third stage is here, when the bill is praised and praised by the Senate. For some reason, the project is forced to be signed by the head of state. After signing the law, it will be adopted and published in the press.
The fact that the project has been submitted to the legislative body may have official legal significance. From this moment, the first stage of the process of lawmaking is attached - the forward formation of the sovereign will, and a new stage is initiated - the consolidation of the will at the norms of law. Jurisprudence from the drafting of the primary text of the law at that stage is drawn up, and then blamed for the new ones, tied to the review of the draft in the official order and the guilty decision.
The approval of the draft law is the central stage of the legislative process, because The very stage of consideration is given to the legal significance of the rules, as in the text of the draft law.
You can see some of the main stages of the official passage of the law: submitting the project for discussion to the legislative body, discussing the project without intermediary, adopting the law, and its public/publication/.
The stage of official introduction of the draft law to the legislative body is carried out before sending the completed draft to the legislative body.
The core body of the chambers of parliament can be adopted either by the term of their renewal, or by the period of one session. In the majority of the countries, it is important that the head of a unicameral parliament can be politically neutral, invincible. You often get membership in the party or go out of it for an hour of heading. In other countries, wines take party affiliation (in the United States, the leader of the parliamentary majority). Buvae strong that weak head. In the first place (Great Britain) win the rules of procedure, choose the method of voting, appoint the goals of the commission and in. for performances it is not surrounded.
Before internal organs party fractions lie before parliament. The stinks unite the deputies, as if they belong to one party (bloc) or a few who are close to their programs. Before fractions, deputies without party can join. Vlasne, a broader interpretation of the lawmaker's right to initiate initiatives is in line with the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The primary element of the change of legislator's initiatives is the sub'ject warehouse. It is not easy to establish the rights of the legislator's initiative. So it can be a person, a body or an organization, endowed with the right to introduce bills to the highest representative body of power and exercise the right. Vіdpovіdno to st. 61, paragraph 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan with the right of legislators to initiate deputies to the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Council of the Republic. For the barrel of the party fraud (and the Fraktsya May Perevni Perevagi - his own produced in parliament, the right to Vistyupati vid izhmeni frazi is the pose of the Chernogue Toshi) Mati singing Kilkiy, the deputies of the Partiy France). The faction is proportionally represented in the commissions of the chambers and in the joint committees of the parliament. Call the representative of the largest faction to be the head of the chamber, and the intercessors represent the other great factions. Factions divide among themselves, plant the heads of the post-commission chambers. Fractions may have kerіvnitstvo: the head. The faction makes a decision about the nature of the speeches of the members of that vote. The hour, which is seen for performances in the name of the faction, sounds to lie in the name of the number. The largest faction, as if it were in opposition, began to create its own "shadow cabinet": it saw individuals chasing after the work of the ministers and getting ready to take their place in times of victory in the elections.
It is necessary to ensure that the legislator submits the initiative to the legislator to adopt the draft proposal, moreover, at the sight, at any ideas. The implication of such a binding would be zazіhannyam on the supremacy of representative power. Ale, when vikoristanny right legislator іnіtsiativi legislator po'yazaniya z willyavlennyam subject, scho maє such a right, otzhe, may look at the project and accept any new solution. Tsim legislator's initiative is considered in the form of other types of legislative speeches.
A number of obov'azkovymi, but still dodatkovymi components like otrimannya bill, yogo registration and information about the new session, the main є obov'yazykovy review introduced to the bill or legislative proposition as a result of zdiyasnennya lawmaker's right to initiate. In this moment, the Majilis will show itself to its own decisions, we will fix it constitutionally.
Draft laws and legislative propositions are submitted to the review at once, with the obstruction of the need for their development, the development of the main provisions of the future laws and their future in the system of legislation, as well as the purification of the social and economic laws of the past. At the same time, the collectives of that individual are required, they took part in the preparation of the bill, the implementation of some kind of supplementary and other vitrates, it is added financially and economically.
A special order was transferred to the adoption of sovereign constitutional laws. In view of the particular importance of these normative acts, the Constitution passes such a law in both chambers of Parliament, and it is possible for it to be recognized as three quarters of the majority members of the Senate and not less than two-thirds of the votes of the majority of deputies.
Laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan are signed and adopted by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan for a period of 14 days. The President has the right to turn the law before the end of the appointed term into consideration. In this case, the law is signed by the President for a seven-day term after it is re-adopted by two-thirds of votes in both houses of the Parliament.
The process of making the law ends with its publication. In order to become a solemn order of the power, the legal norm can be ob'ektuvatisya in the most accessible other languages, and this process is especially important. Publication of laws - the main rethinking of their decency and juridical support of the presumption of knowledge of laws. It is impossible to understand that the people of the community can know the unpublished law and impose penalties on them for violating the rules they do not know.
An important role of parliament and її chambers is played by permanent committees and commissions. The number of committees varies widely and often: there are 9 committees in the unicameral parliament of Israel, 15 committees in the House of Communities of Great Britain, 22 committees in the US Congress. I am that in.), that are unspecialized.
The commission takes decisions at meetings. The quorum shall sound to be half of the її members.
The representative of the commission speaks from the joint pіdopovіddu at the hour of the discussion of the draft law at the plenary session, and sounds like the commission's opinion is allowed to deposit a share of the bill.
The commissions discuss the information of the ministers at their own discretion. The ministries do not bear responsibility before standing commissions, and the rest do not accept obligations for a number of members of the decision, but in rich countries the ministries are responsible for the meetings of commissions on their requests.
Moreover, as the legislative process of enshrining in the Basic Law of our state, the right of legislative initiative belongs to the deputies of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Council of the Republic and is implemented exclusively by the Mazhilis.
The President of the Republic has the right to determine the priority of reviewing draft laws, as well as vote for reviewing the draft law by terms that mean that the Parliament may review the draft for a month from the day of its introduction.
If the Parliament fails to do so, the President of the Republic may have the right to issue a decree, which may have the force of the law, which shall be until the adoption by the Parliament of a new law in the manner established by the Constitution.
Draft laws that transfer short-term state incomes and increase state widows may be introduced only for the obvious positive structure of the Council of the Republic.
Laws of the Republic to gain rank after being signed by the President of the Republic.
Amendments to the amendments to the Constitution shall be submitted by no less than three-fourths of the votes of the largest number of deputies from the Chambers.
Constitutional laws are passed on to food, transferred to the Constitution, no less than two-thirds of the votes in the majority of deputies in the skin chambers.
Legislative acts to the Parliament of both Chambers are accepted by a greater number of votes from the total number of deputies of the Chambers, as it has not been transferred to the Constitution. The procedure for distribution, filing, negotiation, ceremoniality and publication of legislative acts and other normative legal acts of the Republic is regulated by a special law and regulations of the Parliament and yogo Chambers. The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan may dissolve the Parliament in case of indulgence: by the Parliament vote of distrust to the Ordinance, by the House of Representatives, and by the Parliament, give permission for the recognition of the Prime Minister, political crisis due to the inexhaustible differences between the Chambers of the Parliament and the Parliament and other powers of the state. The Parliament cannot be dissolved during the period of the supra-official chivalry, by stretching the remaining six months of the renewal of the President, and also by stretching one year after the early dissolution. .
DERZHAVNY BUD KRAIN SVITU
The sovereign state of the skin region is characterized by the form of government and the sovereign-territorial structure. Establish two main forms of government: the republic and the monarchy.
The republican form of government has been expanded especially widely, leaving 75% of all countries to form republics. The republic is such a form of sovereign government, for which the legislator has the power to lay down the parliament, which is the elected body. The Republic of Vikonavcha has the power to keep order. The middle republics are divided into socialist (China) and bourgeois (France). The head of the republican state is treated to the population by a special electoral board.
The monarchical form of government may be the least wide. Monarchy is a form of government, if the supreme sovereign power belongs to the monarch. He can be a king, emperor, prince, sultan, emir, shah. In monarchical powers, power is transferred from the recesses.
Between the monarchy, the powers with an absolute monarchy are distinguished, and the powers with a constitutional monarchy. Under the absolute understanding of such a kind of monarchy, if the power of the autocrat may be circumscribed. But such lands on the current political map have lost even a little. As a rule, in the lands of an absolute monarchy, the head of the state will legislate and vikonavchu power, being at the same time prime minister, supreme judge, commander-in-chief of the country’s armed forces and spiritual ruler. The order is formed more importantly from the members of the royal family. Before absolute monarchies, the following lands lie: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Brunei, Bahrain, Qatar and others.
Under the constitutional understanding of such a kind of monarchy, if the supreme power of the ruler is surrounded by a constitution. Real legislator vlada belongs to the parliament, and vikonavcha to the order. Therefore, the monarch actually "reigns, but not to rule." In the lands, from similar state structures, the monarchical way is preserved as a tradition, as if guessing about the greatness of the “crown”.
Constitutional monarchies in the world of the widest, lowest absolute (Belgium, Great Britain, Spain, Denmark, Norway, Morocco, Japan and others.).
Great Britain is the oldest constitutional monarchy in the world. The king (nine Queen Elizabeth II) is honored as the head of state, and inspire the beloved Great Britain of Friendship. In 15 countries of Spivdruzhnosti, the queen is respected by the head of state formally, the shards are represented by the governor-general. There are so many dominions of Great Britain like Canada, Australia, New Zealand.
Japan is practically the only empire of the world. The emperor of the country is a symbol of the state and the unity of the nation, wanting all the legislator and vikonavcha power to belong to the parliament and the cabinet of ministers. Before the constitution of 1947 was praised, Japan was an absolute monarchy; In 1947, the absolute monarchy here was settled.
Another kind of monarchy is theocratic, if the monarch is the head of the church. An example of a theocratic monarchy is the Vatican.
The main forms of the state-territorial structure (rozpodіlu) are the unitary form and the federal one. Unitary (Lat. unitas - unity) power - such a form of sovereign arrangement, for which territory it cannot have its own warehouse of self-made houses. Such a state has a single constitution, a single system of organs of sovereign power. There are administrative loneliness here to vykonavchu power, but not a legislator. Greater Powers daylightє unitary. Before them one can see, for example, France, Japan, Ukraine, Italy, Ireland, the Netherlands, Portugal, China, Mongolia, Indonesia, Turkey, Syria, Algeria and others.
Federative (from Lat. foederatio - union) power - a form of sovereign organization, under the rule of law with single laws and authorities to establish other territorial units. The stink mayut nevnu politichnu samostіynіnіst, hoch i enter one allied power. Such federal units (republics, states, lands, provinces, etc.), as a rule, may rule the legislators, judges and judicial authorities, as well as the constitution. Before the federal powers, Russia, Belgium, India, de federative measures are put in line with the ethnic principle. In other countries, for example, the FRN and the USA, they have historical and geographical features.
Such a form of state-territorial organization, like a confederation, rarely develops. Vaughn, ring out, settling down for the achievement of other foreign goals (military, foreign political ones, and some others).
The Republican Monarchic Republic is a form of sovereign rule, if the legislator has the power to lie with the parliament, and the vikonavcha - with the order. The Batkivshchyna of the republican organization is Europe. Monarchy is a form of government, if the emperor, king, duke, prince, sultan is the head of state. Tsya supreme power is transferred from the recesses.
To be found near Pvdenniy Evropi, otochene territory of Italy. The heads of the state are two captains-regents, who are appointed by the Great General Rada. The stench is used by the term 6 months. The area of the territory of the state becomes 60.57 km. The country stands on the pivdenno-zahidny schily of the three-headed mountain massif of Monte Titano (738 m above the sea level), which rises above the humpy plain of the front of the Apennines.
Constitutional Absolute - monarchy, de real legislator power to belong to parliament, and vikonavcha - in order, like the monarch himself, panuє, but to rule, for example, Great Britain, Japan. - the power of the monarch may be fenced off, there are only a few such lands, most importantly near the region of the Persian Stream, so Saudi Arabia. Theocratic - the monarch is simultaneously the sovereign of the world, and the head of the church.
The king, none other than Queen Elizabeth, is respected by the head of the state, and also by the Great Britain Spivdruzhnost, members of which are more than 50 countries, as before they were part of the warehouse of the British Empire. Great Britain has no constitution as a single document. Great Britain can have a parliamentary order, foundations on the Westminster system.
Until the constitution of 1947 was praised, Japan was an absolute monarchy, the laws that endowed the emperor with unrestricted power, they attributed to you the divine nature. The greatest body of state power and the only legislative body in Japan is the parliament. Vin is composed of two chambers: the chamber of representatives and the chamber of radnikov. The Chamber of Representatives is made up of 480 deputies, which are counted for 4 years, and the Chamber of Representatives is made up of 242 deputies, which are counted for 6 years.
The head of the state (the king) is the legislator and vikonavcha power, being at the same time the prime minister, the commander-in-chief evil forces and the supreme judge, and inspire the spiritual ruler. The order is formed from the members of the royal family. The first king of Saudi Arabia was Abdel Aziz Ibn Saud, who ruled the country from 1932 to 1953. As you know, Ibn Saud had 17 official squads, five of them had the title of “first squad”. None of the royal family is close to 5 thousand. osіb cholovіchoї statі. different level nativeness, and between them, the subordination of all state posts.
An absolute theocratic monarchy, cherished by the Holy See. Sovereign of the Holy See, in the hands of someone who holds an absolute legislator, vikonavchu that judicial authority, is the Pope of Rome, who is used by cardinals in a daughter's term. After the death of Papi, and the hour of the conclave right up to the inauguration of the new Papi yogo of the binding of the camerlengo.
Unitary Federative - the state has such a form of administrative-territorial structure, for which in the country there is a single legislator and vikonavcha power, such as Japan, Sweden, France and the greater country of the world. - the power may have such a form of administrative-territorial structure, for which order with single laws and authorities, establish okrem self-regulated units, which may be the power of legislators, vikonavchi and court authority, such as Russia, USA, India and other.
Until recently Belgium belonged to the unitary powers. Prote zastrennya natsionalnyh protirich mizh Walloons and Flemings, which її inhabit, led to the fact that in 1993 p. Parliament by a special law in this country has a federal administrative-territorial system. The head of the state is the king, the head of the order is the prime minister. The order is appointed by the king; half of the ministers may be representatives of the Dutch conscience, half - of the French conscience.
In our days, the problem of the administrative-territorial structure in rich lands is becoming the most important political problem. We are in front of a lot of federative powers such as Russia, India, PAR, Canada. Spodіvaєmosya, scho tsі problems vyrіshuvatimutsya peaceful ways yaknaishvidshe.
Legislative power in Great Britain belongs to parliament, but after the exact change of the British constitution, parliament is a trinity of institutions: it includes the head of state (monarch), the house of lords (historically - the house of nobility and the greater clergy) and the chamber of communities (historically - the house of commoners). In truth, there are only two chambers before the parliament, and the lower one, as the legislator's functions, and the upper one, for the most important vocabulary. Hocha the head of the state according to the constitutional doctrine warehouse parliament, with a glance of the concept, the vlady vlady should lie down all the same to the vikonavcho vlady.
Chamber of Communities consists of 651 members. Obiraetsya for single-member electoral districts for the majority system of voting power. Vaughn gets five rokiv. deputies(in Great Britain they are usually called members of parliament) may have indemnity and immunity, moreover, only for the first hour of the session, as well as 40 days before the beginning and after the completion of the session. The stink of three mourned by the power of pomіchnіv. Їm v_dshkoduyutsya transport, stationery and postal vitrati. At weekends, meetings are organized with elections. The deputies accept their applications for transfers to the Parliament only. speaker by the meetings of the chamber and by the attendants. May three intercessors, yak, zokrema, guard the meetings, as if the chamber is turning itself into a committee of the house. The speaker collects the whole term of the new chamber and goes out of the warehouse of his party (to be non-partisan), because. I am guilty of buti invincible appearances (I don’t have the right to navitt obidati at once from the deputies, so that they didn’t repair it on the new one). The speaker is impromptu to vote, he casts a high voice more than that, as if the votes of the members of the chamber were divided equally. Vin does not have the right to comment on the speeches of the members of the Chamber and to speak on his own. At the chamber of communities, posts and timchas settle down committees.
Postiyni, with their own calling, are divided into 3 types: committee of all chambers; non-specialized and specialized.
Committee of Usієї Chamberє entire її warehouse. Vіn is called for discussion of constitutional and financial bills, as well as propositions about nationalization and denationalization (in the rest of the year - for the order). At the meetings of the committee of all chambers, the defenders of the riverman head in hand.
Before the reform of the 1970s, the chamber had less non-specialized committees. The stinks are small letter numbering - A, B, C, then. Such committees are established at a time (up to 50 osib). Now created specialized committees- from the defense, inner right, the strong state that іn їх is close to 15, but the stink is less for the number. Offending committees in advance discuss bills, control the activities of the administration, engage in parliamentary investigations, and the main activity of the specialization committees is to control the administration, over the work of the ministries.
Sered timchasovyh Of particular importance are the sessional committees of the chamber of communities. The stench is called so, the shards are founded on the cob of the skin session. The main sphere of their activity is the functioning of the chamber itself. Prior to the sessions, committees should lie: for the nutrition of the procedure; privileges; petitions directed to the Chamber of Communities; serving deputies.
House of Lords, the warehouse that number is changing, it is formed mainly for the recession mark.
Nearly 2/3 of the chamber - peri (persons and women, yak declined a title of nobility no lower than a baron), close 1/3 - dovіchni peri (the title is assigned by the king for the recommendation of the prime minister for outstanding merits and is not transferred from the fall). In addition, the warehouse of the chamber includes: 26 spiritual lords (archbishops and bishops) of the Anglican Church, 20 previously recognized by the king (for the pleasure of the prime minister) “lords for appeal” (appeal committee - in fact, on the right), a few dozens of people, like the Scottish and Irish lords. At the head of the chamber is the Lord Chancellor. The quorum at the chamber is 3 lords, meetings are held on the basis of self-regulation.
At the parliament party factions(Now 4 factions can be found at the House of Lords). He is a very leader, who ensures the appearance of members of the faction for voting at the chamber. At the lower house of the parliament, there is party discipline, but the deputy also has to lie down and support the elections, the lower organizations of the party, as they can mother another thought, lower її kerіvnitstvo. The organization of the work of the parliament, the clerks of the chamber, who can support a small apparatus, are responsible for the deeds of these activists.
For example, in the 60s, a settlement of a parliamentary trustee (ombudsman) was created at the right of the administration. It is appointed by the order until the age of 65 years to conduct investigations of the right-handed activity of the bodies of victorious power.
legislative process. In order to become a law, to pass a hearing at the skin chamber, the main details are carefully discussed. In this way, if a draft law (bill) can be submitted to any chamber, in practice the bill is first considered by the House of Communities and then it is only then transferred to the House of Lords. The monarch may legislate the initiative, and in his name, the bills represent the ministries.
Most important bills are praised for their initiatives in a row. The bill is being considered by three readers. At the first reader, the clerk of the chamber will read out the heading, at the other, the main provisions of the draft law are discussed, after which the votes are transferred to one, and sometimes to a number of summіzhnyh parliamentary committees, de article is discussed with amendments and votes. After returning from the Committee to another, readings in the chamber are continued, amendments may be made, if they are accepted by a vote. The third reading is in the middle of a discussion about the project with propositions for accepting it against. Often the speaker simply puts the project to the vote (“for” and “against”). For discussions, the project needs the presence of 40 members of the chamber, otherwise the law will need more votes of the total number of members of the chamber.
Once the draft is accepted, the wine is transferred to the House of Lords, and a similar procedure is followed.
