Pobut Europe. "Everyday life of Western Europe" - presentation. XV-XVI centuries of history of the lands of Western Europe
Middle Ages take your cob in the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 rubles. and end approximately XV - XVII centuries. Serednyovіchchyu pritamanni two common stereotypes. Some people think that this is the hour of noble faces and romantic stories. Others should be aware that this is an hour of illness, wandering and immorality.
History
The term “middle age” itself was introduced in 1453 p. Italian humanist Flavio Biondo. Before that, the term "dark century" was victorious, which at the present moment denotes a greater narrow time period of the middle hour (VI-VIII centuries). In general, this term was used by the professor of the University of Galle, Christopher Cellarius (Keller). What a person did the same all-world history to antiquity, the middle and the new hour.
Warto warned, saying that in this article it should be mentioned itself about the European middle class.
This period is characterized by a feudal system of land-cropping, if there is a feudal landowner and a half-deposited peasant. Also characteristic:
- ієrarchіchna system vіdnosin vіzh feudal lords, scho pogalatіl sobistіy zalezhnostі one feudal lords (vasalіv) zіnshih (seniorіv);
- the key role of the church, like in religion, and in politics (inquisition, church courts);
- Ideals of licentiousness;
- rozkvіt srednyovіchnoї arkhіtektury - gothic (there is zokrema in the art).
In the period from X to XII Art. increase in the number of the population of the European lands, which leads to changes in the social, political and other spheres of life. Starting from XII - XIII Art. in Europe, there was a sharp increase in the development of technologies. For a hundred years more wines were grown, and for a thousand years ahead. In the middle period, those rich places develop, culture develops actively.
For a vignette Similar Europe, yak recognized the invasion of the Mongols. A lot of powers of that region were plundered and captive.
Life is fucked up
People of the period of the Middle Ages were heavily stale with weather minds. For example, the great famine (1315 - 1317 pp.), which, having risen through the supernaturally cold and woody rocks, destroyed the crop. And so is the plague epidemic. The very climatic minds signified the rich way of life and the kind of activity of the middle-class people.
In the period of the early Middle Ages, most of Europe was covered with forests. Therefore, the state of the peasants, the crime of farming, was oriented richly in what and forest resources. The foxes were grazing in successions of thinness. Pigs gained fat from oak forests, eating acorns, which caused the villagers to take away guarantees for the winter of a supply of meat. The fox served as a firewood for scorching and firewood for youma was prepared by the village of vugіllya. Vіn having introduced diversity among middle-class people, because nyomu grew all sorts of berries, mushrooms, and nimu could have a look at marvelous game. Lіs dzherelom the only malt for that hour - wild bdzhil honey. From the trees you can pick up resinous speech and make torches. The zavdyaks of the watering could not only be warmed up, but they could be dressed up, the skins of the animals were victorious for sewing clothes and other butt purposes. At foxes, on galyavins, you can pick up medicinal roslini, the only medicinal product of that hour The bark of the trees was vicorified in order to make the skins of creatures, drank the burnt bushes, vicorous for the weeding of fabrics.
So the very same as the climatic mind, the landscape was the main occupation of people: in the mountainous areas, cattle breeding prevailed, and in the equal areas - farming.
Mustaches of middle-aged people (ailments, bloody wars, famine) led to the fact that the average life of life became 22 - 32 years old. Only a few survived until the 70th century.
The way of life of the middle-class people laying down richly in what they lived in, but, at one time, people at that hour were going to get mobile phones, and, one might say, they were constantly changing from Russia. Back on the heels of the great migration of peoples. Over the years, people were shoved along the road for other reasons. The villagers collapsed along the roads of Europe, one by one in groups, whispering the shortest sections; "faces" - at the jokes of the exploits of those beautiful ladies; chenci - passing from the monastery to the monastery; pilgrims and all-powerful zhebraki and vagabonds.
Less than an hour later, if the villagers acquired a song lane, and the feudal lords acquired great lands, then the growth of the place began, and at that moment (approximately the XIV century) the Europeans became "households".
Let's talk about living quarters, about houses, in which middle-class people lived, most of the houses were not few and small. People were sleeping, or preparing food in one room. It was only by chance that the city dwellers began to build a bedroom in front of the kitchens that far away.
Peasant budinki were made from a tree; Dahi buli solom'yanimi abo z ocheretu. There was little furniture. In the main screen for taking clothes and tables. We slept on lava beds. Serving as a sleepy bed, or a mattress stuffed with straw.
Budinkas were scorched with middles or fireplaces. Furnaces appeared only on the cob of the XIV century, if they were found among the pivnіchny peoples that words. They hung the life with tallow candles and olive lamps. Expensive wax candles could come only rich people.
zha
Most of the Europeans ate more modestly. If you call the girls for the day: vrantsі that evening. Everyday wheat bread, porridge, legumes, rapa, cabbage, grain yushka with a chasnik chi tsibulei. M'yasa did not survive much. Tim is bigger, that 166 days of fasting will last for rock, if m'yasnі straviїsti was defended. Significantly more in the diet of bulo ribi. Z malodoschіv buv lish honey. Zukor drank to Europe from the Skhoda at the XIII century. and more expensive.
In the middle Europe they drank a lot: on pivdnі - wine, on pivnich - beer. Instead of tea, herbs were brewed.
Utensils for the most Europeans - bowls, kitchens thinly. boules are more simple, made from clay or tin. Vyrobami іz srіbla chi gold koristuvala less nobility. There were no videlok, there were spoons at the table. Pieces of meat were cut with a knife or with their hands. The villagers їli eat one bowl with all of them. On the benquets, the nobility put one bowl and a goblet for wine for two. The brushes were thrown under the steel, and the hands were rubbed with a tablecloth.
Odyag
What is worth wearing clothes, then wine is rich in why unification. On the vіdmіnu vіd antiquity, glorified by the beauty of the human body, the church respected the sinful and attacked the fact that they covered it with a robe. Less than the 12th century the first signs of fashion began to appear.
The style of the robe was changed by the same suspile similarity. Possibility to follow fashion is more important than representatives of foreign versions.
The villager sounded wearing a lyana shirt and pants to the knee or wound up to the ankles. The upper robe was a cloak, tied on the shoulders with a clasp (fibula). The vzimka was worn either a roughly knitted sheepskin coat or a warm cloak made of thin fabric chi hutra. The clothes were made to look like the people's place at the house of the soul. Among the chosen ones, yaskravі kolori, bavovnіnі and shovkovі fabrics were used. Bidolashnist was satisfied with a dark robe made of coarse homespun cloth. Vzuttyam cholovіkіv zhіnok buli shkіryаnі gostronosі chereviki without hard soles. Vinickly headdresses from the 13th century. and from that hour they changed without interruption. Zvichni mittens came for the middle important meaning. Squeezing your hand into them was an image, and throwing a mitten to someone was a sign of anger and a call to a duel.
The nobility loved to adorn their clothes with a variety of colors. The men and women wore rings, bracelets, belts, lancets. Most of the speeches were unique jewelry pieces. For bіdnoti it was inaccessible. Significant cats were stained by foreign women for cosmetics and perfumes, which were brought by merchants from other lands.
stereotypes
As a rule, the suspіlnіy svіdomosti vkorinenі sevnі vyavlennya pro shchos. I statement about the middle ground is not a culprit. We are in front of liquorism. For an hour there is a thought that the faces were unlit, stupid louts. Ale chi bulo tse so? Tse firmness must be more categorical. As if in full sleep, the representatives of one and the same would be able to be absolutely different people. For example, Charlemagne was in school, knowing the language of language. Richard Levin Serce, who is considered a typical representative of the public, writing in two movs. Carl the Smiliviy, whom one loves to describe in literature as such a lout-macho, miraculously knowing Latin and loving to read ancient authors. Francis I interceding Benvenuto Cellini and Leonardo da Vinci. The nobleman Henry VIII knew chotiri movi, engraved on the lute and loved the theater. Chi varto continue the list? Tse buli sovereigns, the faces of their followers. Oriented on them, inherited them, and honored those who instantly beat the enemy from the horse, and an ode to Beautiful Lady write.
Well, it’s quiet the woman, but the squads. Isnuye thought, nibis to women were put like to power. And again, I’ll lay everything down, as if it were a man. For example, Senor Etienne II de Blois, I am friends with Adele of Norman, daughter of William the Conqueror. Etienne, how it was supposed to be like Christians, virushav cross walks, And Yogo's team was left at home. It would have been given, there is nothing special for everyone, but until our hour Etienne's leaves have gone to Adele. Lower, biased, sumn. This is a witness and an indication of the fact that a middle-class person was instantly placed before his squad. You can also guess Edward I, who was attacked by the death of Yogo Kokhan's squad. Abo, for example, Louis XII, who, after the first liberation of France, pretended to be a virtuous man.
Talking about the cleanliness and the level of zabrudnennosti of the middle cities, one often overdoes it. Even before they stverdzhuyut, no matter how life of people in London were angry at the Thames, after which there was a big stream of sewage. Firstly, the Thames is not the smallest river, but in a different way, in the middle London, the number of inhabitants was close to 50 thousand. So, in a similar rank, they simply could not make a river of stench.
The hygiene of the middle-class people was not stale, as we respect. Even love to point the butt to Princess Izabella of Kastilska, as she gave the house of life not to change the whiteness until I can win. I bіdna Izabella trimala her word three fates. Ale tsey її vchinok viklikav great resonance in Europe, in honor of її was invented a new color scheme. But if you marvel at the statistics of the occurrence of love in the Middle Ages, then you can understand that the assertion about those that people did not like the fates is far from the truth. Otherwise, why would such a quantity of love be needed?
The Middle Ages did not have such a need for frequent meetings, like to the current world - dovkilla she wasn’t so catastrophically brooded like an infection ... There was no promiscuity, she was a bula without chemicals. To that, water, salts, and not all those chemicals, which are common in the organism of a modern person, were seen then as human beings.
One more stereotype, which stuck in the suspensory evidence about those who stank suffocatingly. Russian ambassadors at the French court scurried at the sheets, that the French "stink stinkly". Why was the whiskers broken, because the French did not care, they stank and tried to drown out the smell with perfume. The stench was truly corrosive with spirits. We also appreciate that it was customary for Russia to perfume strongly, while the French simply doused themselves with perfume. To that, for a Russian person, it is clear to stink with the spirits of a Frenchman, “smelly like a wild beast.”
At the end, we can say that the real Serednyovitchya was even more exhilarated in the light of the fairy tales of the lyric novels. But at the same time, the deacons are actually rich in why they have been spoofed and rebuffed. Let's face it, it's true, it's right here in the middle. Like ever, people were different and lived differently. Deyakі speeches in equal parts with modern, are defiantly wild, and yet everything was worth it, if the speakers were smaller and even the development of that suspіlstva could not afford to do more. If for the historians of the future, we are described in the role of the “middle-class people”.
Rest in the section "Istoria":
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Serednyovichny pobut
Navit if penny gospodarstvo poked far ahead, "litsar's" everyday life clearly lay behind the laws of nature and the strong state. Just like taking a face, so all the middle-class suspense lay stale in the harvest to the rural state, de pratsyuvalo 90% of the population of Litsar no longer had to fight for a moment, so that the villagers could feast on it and give birth to it. I also had to look around for the whole hour at the sіlskogospodarski consumption - i tse showed up when changing fir fate. The end of summer and the beginning of autumn was the traditional hour of battles. The days became less speculative, the roads not so dirty. Without zusil it was possible to blow the great masses of our own, but rather we would suffocate the harvest. Great personal battles with bagatma participants were mostly fought from the end of sickle to the end of spring.
Before winter, as a rule, the battles subsided, compromises were whispered. Sometime it was cold, so the roads were frozen, they were passages for important transports and leaders, the rivers covered with ice and the swamps did not serve anymore in the feast. Someone who has won a military levy, having secured his own element of raptovost. Prote wars, who hung over important faces, were not the only occupation of the population of Europe. I townspeople, and villagers led a more important one-time and gloomy life, outside work and turbot.
The protege of the life of the middle-class suspresium at the same time used to be and holy days, and we rejoice to bring for the lower levels of the population, the shards officially set an hour, appointments for practice, and an hour for roses. Today they were dedicated to the afternoon and the old evening, and today is the day of the ob'yazkovy weekly remembrance. In addition, be it an important ceremony, it was accompanied by collective celebrations that elected faces and villains, townspeople and rural meshchants.
Near Frankfurt, the juveniles spent the winter in their own way. On the right, I looked at the city itself. Having removed from the bile bathing suits, the stench carried one of their comrades on burdens, covered with straw, along the streets of Moscow. The comrade is guilty of imagining the winter that she died, and all the rest represented the funeral procession. Obіyshovshi place, stinks finished their sacred in yakomu lyokha for the kitchens of wine, they sang and danced. 
Especially vshanovuvali skrіz first day of the month. At rich places this old one folk holy attending special ceremonies. On that day the realm of flowers literally arrived. Flowers and greenery were everywhere: in churches, in budinkas, and on odyas. The youth chose their middle order of the grass saint, the so-called grass count or king. Travneviy Count chose his own girls "mine". A tree was cut down from the fox, yoga was brought to the pot of potiha, it was installed there, and on top of that “grass tree” there were endless fun, in which both the old and the small took their fate. In other places, he was called by the grassroots count, the escort had his own retinue, which immediately formed, looking out of the place in the countryside of the village. The fox cut a bunch of birch trees. Roughed them at the presence of the herbal count that yogo mail. If you see the fresh greenery from the forest, attacking the new city dwellers on the road. It doesn’t mean much that you’ve conquered it, that it’s out of their power. Immediately, the greenery was spluttered by the presence, as if it were a koshtovnist. chime in travneve svyato accompanying the shooter to the target. The guild of the shooters, wisely, having dabbled in each one's mind, will be known for glory. The prizes that lulled the most right archers were accumulated from silver spoons and other objects from the same metal. The Suspіlstvo strіltsіv rhine mіst requested іnоdі on ії svyаl svіltsіv suіdnіh great mіst.
It was the same holy day as Ivan's day - more recently holy to the glory of the Son. At this hour, after the old vіruvannâ, blessed to rush over the skin cornfield, like a blessed wind, miraculous forces wiggle at all its fullness. Nіch before this afternoon, the city dweller of the provinces for the city. When the day came, fires were planted on the midday months - “Ivan's fires”, on the high birch the rivers were littered with wooden hoops and migrated down to the water. Those who missed the nights in the city also had fun. On the squares of the city, bagats were fired, they jumped over them, they danced after them.
Z winter saints the most cheerful Bulo Rіzdvo. The townspeople climbed in, gave children, ruled the processes. Dressed up as devils, they merrily roamed the streets, moreover, the skin was small for their best man's gang. One city was glad to take a penny outpost from such best men, as if it disappeared in that fall, as if it were NATO, who had seen off that other best man, robbed like excesses, entering the church or on the tsvintar.
The most beloved rose in the middle ages was danced, although they were not marveled at them, like a spiritual person, so please me. If the hour of such unpretentiousness had passed, the rulers of the city began to give permission for the establishment of special dancing places. Some dances were in power in the halls of the city hall, far away, at the same time, not in the usual places. The dances were divided into sprats of sight, but all the stench can be joined up to two: one kind, rising from the stribanny, winding up, so move, greater latitude, zazyatistyu; the other one went near the quiet ones, growing up to a full and smooth circle. Vlasne dance called another kind. They danced to the music, but sometimes without it. At such a time, they went to sleep, and, moreover, having slept alone, or all present in chorus. Expanding step by step, sound the dance with the games. As if the dances were performed at will, after the end they were played at the ball.
Most of the roses were sleepy for all social categories: walks and species (theater, jugglers, creatures), music and songs, dances, ale, it’s safe to say that the middle-class middle-class merchants are in love - all gambling and home games. Prote іsnuvali rozvagi, the authorities are less than aristocracy.
Tournaments served as the main branch of the faces. Greater peace, lower war - de real battles were rare, - stench became the basis of military life and the best way to gain glory and camp. The middle form of the nabula was widened on the territory between the Loire and the Maas in the other half of the 11th century. In the meantime, during the XII and XIII century, the church sued empty chives for grey into battle, which often caused death, gave rise to hatred and weakened the forces of Christian licentiousness, the only turbot that can be defended by the Holy Land. However, these fences did not bring significant results. Indeed, in the other half of the 12th century, France itself, її pіvnіchna and zahіdna parts, were truly a heavenly place for lovers of tournaments.
At the tournaments, the fate of the most importantly young, unfriendly faces, like small feudal lords, those who, having united with the nevgamov bandy, violated the jokes of good fortune and rich spadkoєmits, took the fate. The truth tournament can be called a sport. Navit team sport, oskolki kіnnih fights, fought vіch-on-vіch, did not dawn until the beginning of the XIV century. And the tournament of the 12th century - tse standing against no other warriors, ale kіlkoh, wanting to be right before the beginning of the battle, it was swiftly transformed on a deserted castle, de, as if on a right battlefield, they fought in small groups, actively victorious with this variety of roznavalny Greater for everything, tournaments themselves, and not wars, became in the XII century main cause expanding the coats of arms among the representatives of the nobility Professionals were founded in this Galusia, as they sold the services of the authorities to these groups of participants, as they propagated the newest price. Deyakі from them, having united twice and three times, they specialized in the same kind of singing fight. And here the stench was especially valued. In addition, the tournament, perhaps, the greater world, lower war, serving as the guardian of the wealthy knights, who took the fate of the new one. The enemy was chomped in full, they took away a horse, a horse. The impersonal favor of that mutual obitsyanok was like in the heat of battle, and after that it was over. Whom the statues fought for. Numerical wounded, killed - not uncommon, moreover, the church often encouraged him to become a Christian. Vikoristannya "courtly" armor with blunt winds and forests and navіt rozroblennoy from a tree already quite widened. Until the middle of the 13th century, the opposition of the participants in the tournaments did not take place in the event of an opposition war.
However, even though tournaments predicted war, the stench was not her. The tournaments took on like a radiant podium. In the Crimean period of Great Lent, they ruled from the fierce fall of the skin for fifteen days on the territory of their provinces, not at great places, but at lonely forts, between two princedoms and feudal lords. They didn’t carry out neither on the silsky square, nor on the steps to the castle, but they chose a flat field, a landi and a meadow, and an expanse of no surroundings. The tournament itself was overdue by serious preparation. The seigneur, who took upon himself the organization of yoga, voted for the sprat of tizhniv mav in all the surroundings of the hour of the celebration. So you should have sent guilders to the state provinces, to provide life for the participants (and some hundreds of thousands of them) those who accompanied them, stock up on food, prepare the tribunes, designate, stay, and light the roses of the roses for the people. Having become a saint, the skin of the tournament, as it were, took the impersonal people. And if only the aristocrats took the part in the battle itself, then it was allowed to “bolt” for them those from any social faith. It sacredly served, moreover, as a fair, for the sake of which the whole nation of artists, conjurers, cooks, merchants, zhebrakiv and evil-doers were founded.
Tournament three times a day, sound three. The battles began at the svitanka, immediately after the wound, and ended with nothing more than evening, before the church service. Dekilka taborіv - created for geographic or feudal signs - fought one by one, hand in hand, then at once. On the floor, there was such a rogue that the heralds, special heralds, had a chance to conduct their own report for the prying eyes: describe the main military feats and vigukuvat the names of the quiet, hto їх zdіysniv. Evenings were dedicated to the dressing of wounds, benquets, music, dances, love affairs. On the onset of the wound, everything started anew. Evenings of the rest of the day, if the leather had boosted her income, the noblest lady handed over to the face, who had distinguished himself in battle with special valor and courtesy, symbolic of the wine city.
Poluvannyam, on vіdmіnu vіd vіyn іnіnіrіv, occupied at all times rock. In the greatness, the won was transformed into a boundless addiction, and for her sake, rich faces were forced to endure, be it indignantly, that most unsafe. Vtіm, zayyattya polyuvannyam dictated not only addicted, but also necessary. Aje tsiliy rіk stіl señor next to take care of the great and friable game, the shards were eating with great clarity. Sometimes it was a slaughter of some husky animals (foxes, wolfs, vedmedievs), which threatened the birth, svіyskіy birds, and sometimes the villagers. Itself in such vipadkas, the wild, unsafe, that gambling nature of the watering was all over the world. 
A special place to see the falcon's watering, which appeared at the Sunset on the cob of the XI century and already became one of the favorite roses of the aristocratic society. The occupation is truly superbly noble, zhorstoke and beautiful at the same time, which the women did not care about. A similar watering was a more foldable mysticism, and the future face had to devote more than one year to you. Vіn is guilty of the nobility, as if to spite the bird, as to yearn and look after it, as to teach її to hear gestures and whistle, to recognize the victim and to fall on it. Tsіy subtle science, as it was respected by the naivishukanіshoy in the courtly weaving, assigned to numerical treatises, most of them were stored in Sicily, and deyakі were saved to this day.
Greater peace, lower dogs and horses, the falcon itself had the honor of becoming a beloved creature of faces. Villans were harrowed by Volodya and this wine-like noble bird. Until then, for the purchase of a single falcon, a significant sum was required, and a similar gift was reckoned as a truly princely one. The death of a falcon became a waste of money for the ruler. Not vipadkovo treatises, dedicated to the training of these birds, avenged impersonal joys, how to continue one’s life, wanting to see the description of the technique of learning the stench, they are insufficiently serious and often super to say one to one.
In the midst of the numerous home holidays, brushes were the most popular. In that era, the stench was of the same significance, as if the cards were to come up in a year. Representatives of all social categories in huts, castles, taverns and navit monasteries were greeted with this evil passion, as if they were sued by sovereigns and prelates-reformers. Here pennies, clothes, horses and that life were played. Although the gravures were creased, the shahrai’s folds were often serrated, especially through the broken brushes: some were slightly magnetized on the surface; As a result, they blamed the number of people who sometimes outgrew the private war.
The “marelle” was greeted with a lot of neshkіdlivіshoy, not stіlki gambler, skіlki vymagala razdumіv: vvazhavsya the first one who put the geometric figure from perpendicular or frail lines for the help of three (inodі p'yati) pіshakіv. However, the best home game, if any author is simply unfulfilled, is tse checks. In France, the stench appeared at the XI century, but we know not for the hours of Charlemagne, as they stverdzhuyut. Nezabar stench became a favorite of the hour spent by the aristocratic society. Vminnya grati in checks was worth one warehouse parts vihovannya young face. Shakhova doshka made of chi metal wood was considered a luxury item. The Vlasnik, demonstrating his unchanging pride, navіt as if he himself did not fawn over her. Vaughn fought great roses and often served as the upper part of a richly embellished screen, in the middle of which there was a tablet, and on the protilazhny botsi - gauze. Until the end of the 12th century, the shakhivnytsia was monophonic (sound white), and the lines were divided into 64 cleats. Modern looking- drawing black and white clitins - the doshka gave less on the cob the rule of Philip Augustus. It didn’t change the rules of the game - and today you can play at the checks on a one-barn doshtsi - it made it easier for you to change the moves. Themselves walked a bit arrogantly, the shards of the post were small enough to change the character of that rule of dressing. Nasampered "queen" (from the Persian word, which meant vizira) collapsed not at all lines, but only diagonally and no more, lower by one cell per turn. The strength of the figure on the shakhivnitsa was not great. So it’s “alfen”, which replaced the current elephant, protruding diagonally on two cleats through two (and in a moment, reattached through other figures). Then the king, the tour, the throw (at once from the faces on the back) and the pishaks walked the same way, as if in a modern grit, so as not to take some insignificant authorities to respect. For example, the king and the tour could castling in any situation, and pishak on the cob of gris was allowed to transfer only one cell, it was not allowed to take it on the aisle. Meta gri, like today, - put matyuki to the opponent's king, and just like that, like today, they said "shah", like youma was threatened without middle trouble.
Nowhere social vіdminnostі did not show up in the middle-aged susceptibility as much as in eating. In the early middle class, if the nobility lived near the villages close to them, you can sort out the life of the nobility from the life of the villagers at the food outlets. Zha bula was the most important attribute of the status - the aristocracy and the other population were significantly less excited in the clothes of the dwelling, lower in the zhy.
Like a simple face, leaning back at the table of the pan, then it’s already a moment to take wine for yourself, to wind up like a bula every day, and not holy. Yakshcho a simple face at 14 hours 15 tbsp. Volodya vlasnym castle, youmu far away strongly produtsya social gatherings. Behind the leftovers in the castles of the tribal nobility, archaeologists were able to reconstruct: they naturally ate meat, but also pork and yalovichina. Pig and cow yalina and villagers, alya yalovichina were zhorstkoy and looked like their old draft animals. In order to take away all the food the value of meat, the villagers and people cooked yoga. The wild game played a less important role. In such a rite, one does not have to talk about the suttivi yakіsnі vіdmіnnosti in the eating of faces and villagers. Another picture is visible, as if we were looking at the country's nationality. Based on the results of the study of food stalks in the middle-aged Auvergne, we know that the peasants lived on average 26 kg of meat per person per river, and the nobles had about 100 kg - more, less peasants.
Fresher m'yaso vzimku was redkistyu. Shards of fodder for the winter did not stick, thinness was slaughtered in autumn. The meat was salted and taken from clay vessels. The most important warehouse ration of the average middle-aged was, however, not meat, but grain products, like bread, porridge or beer, more like rolls, cakes, pies, gingerbread, pretzels. At a normal hour, the difference between a person and a villager here was not too big and it turned more sharply like: the richest house of the houses, the lighter bread - from the black bread of the peasants to white wheat bread. Grain products covered the needs of even a representative of the nobility and perhaps even a peasant. Neurozhay and the rise in prices that followed him, without a hitch on the lower balls and robbed us of the obvious invisibility, it was killing us: the position on the social drabini during the period of wretchedness of food was the beginning, who should live and who should die. Poured from the grain of the grist of products, add meat, or more seasoning, whose spiving prote spoke about the quality of life and її trivality: grain could cover more than the basic requirement in calories, but not in vitamins. We were next to guess about the vegetables, which became the Daedals of the rіznomanіnіshimi and vibrated in the leather castle.
Fruit in the early middle bulo was delivered to us in front of wild varieties, from 11-12 st. - remove onions from those planted with fruit trees. Apples and pears were often boiled, grapes were often turned into wine, ocet, mint, fruits were turned into jelly, jam, syrup. The fox gave berries, herbs, elderberry, acorns, chestnuts, peas. Everything in the early and mid-century was more accessible to the villagers, but with increasing population density, it was more and more regulated. Significantly greater role, lower today was played by riba, classic zha fasting. Serednyovichchya knew 70 days of fasting, pious Christians fasted the same way on Fridays and Saturdays, and especially sacred Wednesday. At this day, meat, poultry and dairy products were taboo, moreover, the replacement of two main priyomіv їzhі was left alone.
The bula is especially fond of the seasoned zha. All versions of the population, theoretically accepted, were available to all medical spices in all latitudes that are not ours - often as a replacement for expensive salt. Otherwise, it was filled with spices that come from the Mediterranean basin, Western Africa and the Far Descent. A small jar of saffron koshtuvala, like a cow, pound nutmeg pea not less than 7 bikiv, for pepper, ginger or cinnamon they gave qini that bite. For those who want to demonstrate wealth, there was a wide field, on which they didn’t spare, they peppered wine.
If you want to get drunk, then the social difference was based on the quality of the products, and not on their assortment. Both the nobles and the common people drank for themselves one and the same homeland: with wine that would make the drink of the Middle Europe.
Beer took root in more than two regions: Flanders, Artois, Champagne, Pivnichnoy and Central England. There, de yogo was not vibrated, it was little appreciated. In Anjou, Saintonge, Burgundy, and to drink beer near Paris meant those who brought repentance. The shards of beer rottenly saved and did not see the transport, they tried to drink it immediately after preparation. In the meantime, the beer drank more like a woman’s drink, the people drank yoga less in that moment, if the wine was drunk. For the production of beer, not only barley was converted into malt, but wheat, oats and spelt. Up until the 15th century, beer was not flavored with hops, and it was more suggestive of barley beer, as it vibrated in antiquity (they didn’t save its name), and not the same drink that we drink at once. Beer was brewed in various varieties: slabk, mint, sweet honey, spicy and minty.
Cider was drunk by a poor person at a booth of a person with a normal income, having become drunk with a share of the most important peasants of Western France. The pear bula is the most wide, less sour to the point of relish; in the greater strength, they diluted it with water and called it childish drink. Until seven or eight years old, children also drank milk, which was accepted by mature people as a sign of extreme relaxation, or without a head. I filled up the honey with a large breadth, sho leaning like a meal; yogo was drunk clean or mixed with wine, and also actively victorious in the kitchen for the preparation of spices. Some wild fruits (mulberries, blackthorns, peas) were prepared by German, strongly flavored wines, which were borrowed, especially from the villagers, in the field of modern liqueurs. The fruit burner was not yet seen at home, they knew only grain alcohol (mainly barley), ale wine often serving as faces, or as an accompaniment to a meal. Nareshti, before going to bed they drank infusions from herbs (vervain, mint, rosemary) with additional spices or honey.
Ale, the best drink for all vipadkіv and for whether you get it, for sure, wine. It was respected, that it was the core of health, to bring misfortune for the life of the people and it was a gift of nature, which deserves little non-religious honor. Therefore, grapes were grown everywhere. Starting from 1000 times, vineyards grow up in a river, on the outskirts of towns, near monasteries and castles. Often this process vyklikav sevnі problems, to that shkoda eagle lands, and not tіy, that was lost under a couple; even if all, from the richest to the greatest, the mothers of the vlas vineyard jumped, and the leather, having taken their wine to the best. These vineyards were founded far beyond the borders of modern climatic cordons, right up to Friesland and Scandinavia.
Most of the territories have small their specialization. Light white wines vibrated on the pivnoch, at Burgundy - red, thick and thick. Right up to the middle of the 12th century, white wine was drunk at the aristocratic table. Pіznіshe, pіdnіshe, pіd pіd influx of passions of the townsfolk, tastes have changed, and there have been more tables of wine from Beaune and licorice - from Languedoc, Catalonia, or from the Gone. The social sphere was added to the geographical difference. The church, princes and wealthy city dwellers gave respect to the quality of the grapes to be grown, and the villagers - to their number.
Wine, like beer, was taken badly. Yogo next was to be lived in for a stretch of one or, perhaps more, two years. The technique of viticulture was once again abandoned to the low level, and the methods of viticulture were even more perfected (without changes, the stench was saved right up to the 19th century). Wanting the old wine for an hour, literally turned into must, they drank yoga rich, like wine, infused with herbs, seasoned with pepper, honey and aromatic speeches. Pevne, the taste of natural wine is unsatisfactory. The wine was diluted with water only by women, ailments and children.
Irrespective of the periodic neuropathic hunger, people of the XII-XIII centuries or not a little style, but a rotten one: the peasant hedgehog had a marriage of proteins and too much furry products, and the aristocratic style was served over ryasna and over spicy zha. Therefore, the practice of peace (svіdomogo chіnі) vikonuval neperechechnu dієtichnu function. 
Indeed, the church punished the faithful until the end of the number of days. After the Gregorian reforms, the number of people grew up: at the main hour they fasted two days for a week (Wednesday and Friday), at the hour of the New Year fast - three (one and a half) days for a week; at Veliky Pist - us days, crim weeks; so do not wait before the day of all the great saints. Before the canonical fasts, more or less frequent reconciliation was added, which is imposed on wine-colored vipadkas by the bishop. Indeed, on the right, it often turned out differently, and moreover, the frequent repetition of posts was accompanied by too great powers. Aje fasting is similar to that, schob їsti more than once for production, after the evening service, and also to take in wine, meat, bacon, game, eggs, licorice and all creaturely products, fish cream. Kozhen finished fasting at his own expense: most of them ate water, bread and vegetables; naybagatshі koristuvalis tsim hour, schob to get enough of salmon, eel, pike, syrah (the only acceptable dairy product), and zrіdka - fruit. However, one thing was not respected enough in hedgehogs. Before the new one, water was given to the water; the need to save money; mindfulness in thoughts and prayers; alms from cats, blessed on benquets and malts.
Obviously, most of the exchanges were left only in theory. To scrupulously scrutinize the inscriptions of the church, it is necessary for the mother of St. Louis' honor. Truly posting leather in your own way. Zdebіlshoy was slandered by the uniqueness of the supermundane.
Sounds and sounds like a meal in a shorter, lower menu, even if it’s not enough. The rest of the decade of the 12th century and the first decade of the 13th century cannot be called either an hour of Vishukan cuisine or an hour of correct etiquette. In France, change in this galusi, like in fashion for clothes, there were no more fates of the reign of Philip II (1270-1280). However, we already call not that rude era to the beginning of feudalism; Courtly novels show a significantly greater voluptuousness in manners, although, perhaps, somehow, they exaggerate the action.
Having received a guest, having gone through the same ceremony until one and the same: the master of the castle took the guest’s check in his volodinnya, helping him to hurry up, ordering him to take his armor and fight about the horse; one of the daughters threw a cloak over Yogo's shoulders. Then the servant trumpeted at the rig, calling companions; the guest was asked to leave his hands under the washbasin, or in the garni basin, which was brought to the great hall; they stretched out a towel, so that they wiped their hands for a moment. They sat at the table, covered with a blindly-white tablecloth and made crockery made of gold and srіbla; the gentleman, having asked the guest to sit in order with him, eat from one strait and drink from one goblet. Numerical strains were served, rich and vishukan, and miraculous wines. Reading, sights and songs helped to forget about the trivality of the meal. Nareshti, with the same shorts and in a cheerful mood, everyone rose from the table; the servants tidied up and took away the tablecloths, then the gentlemen's hands were anew, and they dispersed to the rooms, or went straight for a walk in the garden.
There were no forks, no spoons, often served one to two. Servants poured some and similar strains at the stray with ears, so ring out for two, and the judges on the table sorbali according to their hearts. Riba, meat and hard meat were served on wide skeins of bread, soaked with chi juice sauce. With a knife they cut them into pieces, and then with their hands they straightened them to the mouth. They drank wine from a cup, it was poured in front of even a rozrahunka on a sprat of susides, or from individual goblets, which might remind me of cupbearers for the first time. Straws from the kitchen were brought covered with a towel, and they only took them at the time of filing. Tsej zvichay literary texts razzinyuyut as a way to save їzhu hot, and yak zasіb zabіgti be-yaku tasting otruennya. In novels, it is also told about special servants, like they tried to write, and also describes a miraculous preventive method of revealing a horn of a unicorn or a tooth of a serpent for help.
Skіlki time spent zastіllya, so it's unbearable. The stinks were really old, you can say that the stinks did not last for five, six or six years, as if to tell about those epic sayings. Nayimovіrnіshe, an insult to the middle three is close to the second year, and supper is close to two and a half. The evening meal really dragged on longer, lower; at the same time, in the evenings, the jugglers performed magic tricks, the trouveurs read the verses, the pilgrims spoke about the distant mandri.
European 16th-18th centuries - the whole people of the era of Renaissance and Enlightenment. In the meantime, the cultural renewal of the world is unlikely to have bumped into yoga, as if it were an average statistical European. Vin, better for everything, not able to read, not to write in the light of my name and put a cross for the signature. Already the majority of the population now live in the worldly, lower religious, like in the Middle Ages, life, and the culture has already become worldly, and not religious. Ale, a simple person is alive, like before, for the principles of the middle class, for a deep religious faith.
The population of Europe in that period, like the middle ages, was distributed in the countryside. Most live in the villages. An average woman at that time had ten to fifteen children in her life. Ale vizhivaєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєє єх at the shortest timesі half, and then the third.
Life near the cities
The places of the epoch of Resurrection and Enlightenment are predicting the places of the middle: they may not change anything. As before, the place is sharpened with middle stone fortification walls and ramparts, and in the center of the place, on the bottom, there is a castle of a nobleman, a feudal lord. Like before, like in the middle ages, the power of the feudal lord over the inhabitants of the place is even stronger.
Places are brudni, little streets are vuzki and most of all are weak, and the inhabitants wriggle with help right into the street, roaring at the crossroads. Vipadkovy mandrivnik, beware! At the boards on the street, you can fall into the kaluzha, into the pit with the ford and get stuck there. Pigs walk along the streets, smoke and geese of the local inhabitants.
The city dweller of that hour is crying before us, why should I appear in the city as a sewerage system, how do I declare my city of power?
Vlashtuvannya booth and pobutu
At the house of the middle European 16-18 century mustaches of the household їdat іz zagalny utensils and sleep at the same sleeping room at home. If it’s just a peasant’s village house, then there’s no way for a new one to get by with a snare on a bed. Painted garni screen є tіlki in the booth bagatіїv. The Europeans at that hour seldom mourn, and they don’t like to wear clothes, but then they fawn with a novelty of technology - a flea. Z її help to guide the lice who wear suits.
Tsikavo, ale todі all other stravi, krіm supіv that yushka, for example, lubricated meat, Or less with your hands. The first vineyards of the forks from two tines were used as a suspense for smіkh yak divaki. The women especially wiggled their hands after they were harsh, and the reshta - about clothes or about their unshorn hair. The nobles rubbed their greasy fingers on the hair of their servants. The rules of the garnier tone at the same time suvoro hung up the nachkhati in a plate with a hedgehog.
As a result of the investigation, it was established that 87 peoples live on the territory of modern Europe at the same time, of which 33 are the main nation for their powers, 54 are an ethnic minority in the lands, they live, and they can become 106 possible.
Nearly 827 million people live in Europe, and the number is steadily growing for the income of emigrants from the countries of the Near Gathering and is quiet, who comes here to work that great number of people from the rest of our planet. Naybіlsh numerical єvropeyskimi peoples vvazhayutsya rosіyska natsіya (130 mіlyonіv osіb) nіmetska (82 mіlyoni) frantsuzka (65 mіlyonіv) britanska (58 mіlyonіv) іtalіyska (59 mіlyonіv) іspanska (46 mіlyonіv) polska (47 mіlyonіv) ukraїnska . (45 million). Also, the inhabitants of Europe and Jewish groups like Kara, Ashkenazi, Rominioti, Mizrahim, Sephardi, Zagalna, their number is about 2 million people, Gypsies - 5 million people,
Irrespective of those that the lands of Europe may have a strict ethnic warehouse, we can say that in principle they went through the same path of historical development, and both traditions and sounds were formed in a single cultural space. Most of the country was created on the streets of the Great Roman Empire, which was against the Volodin of the German tribes at the entrance, to the cordons at the gathering, where the Gauls lived, from the coast of Britain at the beer night and the cordon of the German tribes at the Pivnoch of Africa.
Culture and traditions of the peoples of Pivnichnoy Europe
Zgіdno with UN tribute, to the krajn Pivnіchnії їvropi lie such powers as Great Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Denmark, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Norway, Finland, Sweden. The largest number of peoples that live on the territory of these lands and become over 90% of the population are English, Irish, Danes, Swedes, Norwegians and Finns. Among its greater peoples of Pivnichnoy Europe are brewery group European race. All the people with a light skin and hair, their eyes are mostly blue and blue. Religion - Protestantism. Residents of the Pivnichno-European region belong to two different groups: Indo-European and Ural (Finno-Ugric and German groups)
(English schoolchildren of the cob classes)
The English live near the country under the name of Great Britain, or else they call Foggy Albion, their culture and traditions may have a rich history. It is customary to respect the trio of manners, streaks and cold-blooded, in fact, the stench is more kind and accommodating, just the stink is more worthy of its special expanse and for them the unpleasant kisses and volumes are, for example, among the French. They even respect sports (football, golf, cricket, tennis), piously chant “five about clock” (five or six years in the evening - the hour to drink traditional English tea, bagan with milk), on budinok is my fortress” is about such “roaring” houses, like stinks and є. The English are much more conservative and no longer hovering around, so it is a great honor to be placed before the ruling Queen Elizabeth II and other members of the royal family.
(Irishman with his toy)
Irish people in a wide tan have a hair and beard color, emerald green national color, St. Patrick's Day holidays, believe in the mythical dwarf Leprechaun, who is a victorious bajan, flamboyant character and bewitching beauty of Irish folk dances, celebrate.
(Prince Federik and Princess Mary, Denmark)
The dances are reminiscent of a special hospitality and fidelity to old-fashioned sounds and traditions. The main peculiarity of their mentality is to stand aside in the face of the outrageous problems and turbot and to get into a homely calm and calmness. In other pіvnіchnyh narodіv, scho think calm and melancholy vdacha, their temperament is great. Stink like nobody else value freedom and special rights. One of the most popular saints is the Day of St. Hans (we have Ivan-Kupala), on the island of Zeeland it is common to host the popular Viking Festival.
(Swedish style for National Day)
Behind the character of the Swedes, it is more important to be strimani, movchaznі people, more law-hearing, modest, sympathetic and closed people. Even more stinks to love nature, to breathe in hospitality and tolerance. The greater number of stars are tied to the viper feast of rock, the stink of the stench sings Holy Lucy, the ink is marked in the bosom of nature by Midsommar (the tongue is sacred to the sun).
(Representative of the native Saami in Norway)
The ancestors of the Norwegians were horobri and proud Vikings, the life of such people was dedicated to the fight for survival for the good minds of the brewery climate and other wild tribes. To this very fact, the culture of Norwegians is sprinkled with the spirit healthy way life, the stinks of sports in nature, value pracity, honesty, simplicity in the pursuit of orderliness in human women. Your love is holy - Christmas Day, St. Kanut's Day, Summer Solstice Day.
(Fіni ta їhnya pride - deer)
Fіni are even more conservative in their views and more deeply rooted in their traditions and sounds, they are respected even more streaming, more relaxed emotions and even more comfortable, and for them, modernity and gruntovnіst are a sign of aristocratism and garnish relish. The stinks are even more important, they value punctuality correctly, love nature and dogs, fishing, lick and soar in Finnish saunas, de stinks inspire physical and moral strength.
Culture and traditions of the peoples of Western Europe
The lands of Western Europe have the largest number of nationalities that live here, including the Germans, the French, the Italians and the Spanish.
(At the French cafe)
The French are irritated by strimanity and vvіchlivim beasts, the stench is already twisted and the rules of etiquette are not an empty sound for them. For them, zapіznyuvatisya is the norm of life, the French are great gourmets and connoisseurs of garnih wines, like they drink children there.
(Nіmtsі at holy festivals)
They are especially punctual, accurate and pedantic, stench rarely burkhly express emotions in public, but in the depths of the soul even sentimental and romantic. Most of the Nazis are zealous Catholics and celebrate Holy First Communion, as it may be of great importance to them. Nіmechchina is known for its beer festivals, for example, such as the Munich Oktouberfest, at every corner tourists sip millions of gallons of the famous beer drink and drink thousands of smeared sausages.
Italian and strimanity - two absurd understandings, stinks of emotions, fun and vіdkrit, stinks of loving belligerent love passions, sticks of litter, serenades for viknams and pishnі vesіlnі urochistі (Italian matrimonio). The Italians profess Catholicism, may the skin village that village may have its own holy patron saint, at the booths there is a rozp'yattya.
(Spanish street buffet)
Corinthians of the Spaniards move loudly and swiftly, gesticulate and show boisterous emotions. The stinks of a hot temperament, their screeching "rich", the stench of the galasli, good-natured and open for intercourse. Our culture is permeated with feelings and emotions, dances and music are biased and feelings. The Spaniards love to take a walk, like the hour of the summer biennial sitting, cheer for the bullfighters on the bullfights, stock up on tomatoes at the tomato battle on St. Tomatina. The Spaniards are religious and sacred, they pass through each other pompously.
Culture and traditions of peoples of Northern Europe
On the territory of Northern Europe live the ancestors of similar words, the largest ethnic groups - Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians.
The Russian people are inspired by the breadth and depth of the soul, generosity, hospitality and honor to the native culture, which has a rich root. Yogo is holy, zvichaї that tradition is closely connected both with Orthodoxy, and with paganism. Yogo head of the holy Rіzdvo, Khreshchennya, Maslyana, Great day, Trinity, Ivan Kupala, Pokrova thinly.
(Ukrainian lad from a girl)
Ukrainians rise in price family values, cherish and respect the traditions of their ancestors, like a barista and yaskra, believe in the value of the power of amulets (specially prepared objects that protect against evil spirits) and win them over in various areas of your life. This is a pracial people with a self-sufficient culture, among those who know Zmishane Orthodoxy and paganism, so to rob them even tsikavimi and barvistimi.
Belarus is a living room and a national nation that loves its unique nature and respects its traditions; In the traditions and sounds of Belarusians, as in all native words, the summation of Orthodoxy and Christianity is embodied, the most common of them are Kalyadi, Didi, Dozhinki, Gukanni spring.
Culture and traditions of the peoples of Central Europe
Before the peoples who live on the territory of Central Europe, there are Poles, Czechs, Ugrian, Slovaks, Moldavians, Romanians, Serbs, Croatians.
(Poles on the national sanctuary)
The Poles are religiously and conservatively, at the same time they are open for sharing that hotel. The stench is rejoicing with a cheerful vdacha, welcoming and making their point of view on be-yak food. All the centuries of the category of Poles today see the church and over all the shrine of the Virgin Mary. Religious saints are marked by a special scope and urochististu.
(Holy P'yatypelyustkovy Trojandy in the Czech Republic)
Czech guests are kind, the stench is cozy, the smile is great, they cherish their traditions and sound, they choose to love folklore, to love national dances and music. The national Czech drink is beer, which is dedicated to many traditions and rituals.
(Ugorian dances)
The character of the Ugrian people is distinguished by a significant frequent practicality and life-lovingness, which go along with deep spirituality and romantic whims. You should already love dances and music, rule the national holy days and fairs with rich souvenir products, keep your traditions, calling that holy day (Feast, Great Day, St. Stephen's Day and the Day of the Ugorian Revolution).
The peoples of Europe are one of the most important and controversial topics in the history and cultural studies. Understanding the peculiarities of their development, pobut, traditions, and culture allows you to better understand the modern spirits, as they are experienced in this part of the world in various spheres of life.
Zagalna characteristic
With all the different populations that live on the territory of the European powers, one can say that, in principle, all of them went through one single path of development. The greatness of the country was formed by the great Roman Empire, which avenged great expanses, from the German lands at the entrance to the Gallic regions of the Skhod, from Britain to the pivnich from the pivnіch Africa Pivdnі. That is why we can talk about those that all the lands, for all their dissimilarity, were formed in a single cultural space.
Way of development in the early Middle Ages
The peoples of Europe, as a nationality, began to take shape in the wake of the great migration of tribes, which engulfed the mainland in the IV-V centuries. In the wake of the mass migration flows, a radical transformation was made social structure, which was the basis of the stretch of a century in the period of a long history, it took shape new ethnic sleeping habits. In addition, having plunged into the light of nationalities and fell asleep on the lands of the vast Roman Empire, their so-called barbarian powers. Within that framework, the peoples of Europe rallied around that, looking like a stink at the stage. Prote process of the residual national formalization fell on the period of the mature Middle Ages.
Further folding powers
In the XII-XIII centuries, in the rich regions of the mainland, the process of forming national self-confidence began. Tse buv hour, if they formed a change of mind in order for the meshkans of the powers to begin to identify and position themselves as a single national unity. The back of the head appeared in the language of culture. The peoples of Europe began to develop national literary movies, as if they signified their belonging to that ethnic group. In England, for example, this process began too early: already in the XII century, the writer D. Chaucer, having created his famous Canterbury Announcement, laid the foundation for the national english movie.
XV-XVI centuries of history of the lands of Western Europe
The period of the late Middle Ages and the new hour played a vital role in the formation of the country. This is just the period of the formation of the monarchy, the formation of the main governing bodies, the formation of the ways of development, and, more importantly, the specifics of the cultural outlook were formed. In connection with the appointed furnishings, the traditions of the peoples of Europe were even more varied. The stench was signified by the entire overrun of the front rosette. The geographic factor became known to us, as well as the peculiarities of the composition of the national powers, which took shape in the last epoch.
new hour
XVII-XVIII centuries - the hour of turbulent shocks for the Western European lands, which have survived to endure a folding period in their history at the link with the transformation of the supra-political, social and cultural environment. It can be boldly said that the traditions of the peoples of Europe have been tested in the century of the peoples of Europe every now and then, and in revolutions. At the center of the capital, the powers fought for hegemony on the mainland with great success. The 16th century passed under the sign of the panuvannya of the Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs, the century is coming - under the obvious leadership of France, which, having accepted the fact of the establishment of absolutism here. The 18th century stole our camp richly in what through the revolution, wars, and also the internal political crisis.
Expansion of spheres infusion
The coming two centuries were marked by serious changes in the geopolitical situation in Europe. Ce Bulo z tim, deyakі provіdnі powers have become on the way to colonialism. The people who live in Europe have mastered new territories, in front of the pivnichno-, pivdennoamericansky and other lands. The whole point has spilled over into the cultural outlook of the European powers. Great Britain deserves to be honored, as it created the whole colonial empire, which shoveled mayzhe pivstu. This led to the fact that the very English language and English diplomacy began to flow into the European development.
Another podia was strongly marked on the geopolitical map of the mainland - two world wars. The people, who are loitering in Europe, leaned on the borders of the land of the desert, as if they were in charge of the fighting. Zrozumilo, everything was marked by the fact that the very Western European powers have put on the cob of the process of globalization and the creation of the world's most important bodies and the foundation of conflicts.
Modern mill
The culture of the peoples of Europe in our days is rich in what is due to the process of erasing national borders. p align="justify"> Computing of the Suspіlstva, turbulent development of the Internet, as well as wide migration flows have posed the problem of erasing national self-made rice. Before ten years of our century passed under the sign of the improvement of the nutrition of the traditional cultural outlook of ethnic groups and nationalities. In the rest of the hour, with the expanded process of globalization, there will be a tendency to preserve the national self-sufficiency of the country.
cultural development
Pobut peoples in Europe are marked by their history, mentality and religion. With all the diversity of the ways in the cultural outlook of the country, one can see one general rice development in these powers: the dynamism, practicality, purposefulness of processes, which took an hour before science, art, politics, economics, and prosperity took off. Stay alone characteristic feature vkazuvav v_domy philosopher O. Spengler.
The history of the peoples of Europe is characterized by early penetration of the culture of secular elements. Tse vyznachilo burhlivy razvitok painting, sculpture, architecture and literature. The practice of rationalism was attracted by the wise European philanthropists and scholars, who were amazed by the growling pace of the growth of technical achievements. Zagalom, the development of culture on the mainland was attributed to the early penetration of secular knowledge and rationalism.
Spiritual life
The religions of the peoples of Europe can be called two great groups: Catholicism, Protestantism and Orthodoxy. The first one is one of the widest not only on the mainland, but also in the whole world. On the back of the head was panivnoy in the Western European lands, but then, after the Reformation, which the 16th century saw, Protestantism was blamed. Remaining May of the Church: Calvinism, Lutheranism, Puritanism, the Anglican Church and others. From the beginning of the year, the basis of the vineyard is closed type. Orthodoxy is wider at the borders of Northern Europe. It was more distant from the dry Byzantium, the stars penetrated into Russia.
Linguistics
Movies of the peoples of Europe can be mentally divided into great groups: Romance, German and Slovyansk. To lie before the first: France, Spain, Italy and others. These peculiarities are those that stench was formed under the influx of similar peoples. In the Middle Ages, the territories were recognized by the invasion of the Arabs and the Turks, which, no doubt, appeared in the composition of their current features. Tsі movі vіznyayutsya gnuchkіstyu, zvnіstyu and svіvuchіstyu. It is not for nothing that most operas were written by the same Italian mother, and vzagali, the same wine is considered one of the most musical in the world. Tsі movi dosit lung for spriynyatta that navchannya; vtіm, the grammar of that wim's french language can be very difficult.
The German group includes the movies of the pivnichnyh, Scandinavian lands. Tsya mova rejoices at the firmness of the voice and against the different sounds. The stench is foldable for the spriynyattya that training. For example, German language is respected by one of the most common European language. Scandinavian language is also characterized by foldedness and encouragement to complete the speech with important grammar.
The Slovyansk group can also be folded for mastering. Russian language is also considered one of the most popular for learning. At the same time, this is a thought, a thought that is rich beyond its lexical warehouse, that sensible virazes. It is important that you have all the necessary steps and the right transfer rates for the transfer of the necessary ideas. Let us show the fact that the very European movies at different times of that century were respected by the lights. For example, on the back of the head were Latin and Greek, which was tied up with this furnishing, that Western European powers, as it was already said above, were formed on the territory of the Roman Empire, de insults were in the course. This year, Spain expanded greatly in connection with this, that in the 16th century Spain became a proving colonial power, and the language expanded to other continents, ahead of Pivdennu America. From the other side, it was because of this that the Austro-Spanish Habsburgs were leaders on the mainland.
A year later, France occupied a leading position, as it also entered the path of colonialism. Therefore, the French language has expanded to other continents, forward to Pivnіchnu America and Pivnіchnu Africa. But already in the 19th century it became a colonial power, which marked the main role of the English language in the whole world, which is saved in ours. In addition, the language is already easy and simple when combined, its grammatical structure is not so coherent, like, for example, in French, and in the connection with the turbulent development of the Internet in the rest of the world, English has become much simpler and has become more rosy. For example, rich English words the Russian soundings have become more popular in our country.
Mentality and svіdomіst
The peculiarities of the peoples of Europe should be considered in the context of the current parity with the population of the Skhod. This analysis was carried out in another decade by the culturologist O. Spengler. Vіn zaznav, scho for all European peoples is typical as zumovil burkhlivy development in the different century of technology, technology and craftsmanship. The very rest of the furnishing signified, on one thought, the fact that the stench already quickly became on the path of a progressive development, began to actively explore new lands, improve the virobnizstvo meagerly. Practical pidkhіd became a guarantee that tsі people have achieved great results in the right modernization as an economic, and th supple-political life.
The mentality and knowledge of Europeans, following the words of the same scientist, were spokonviku boulevard for those who would not only learn and know the nature of that extraneous intelligence, but also actively seek the results of their attainment in practice. Therefore, the thoughts of the Europeans were always aimed not only at taking away knowledge from a pure looker, but also at those who would conquer them from the transformed nature for their own needs and improve the minds of the butt. Zrozumilo, the higher meanings of the way to the development of letters are typical for other regions of the world, however, in Western Europe, wines appear with the greatest diversity and variety. Deyakі doslidniki pov'yazuyut such a businesslike svіdomіst and practical directing the mentality of Europeans with the peculiarities of the geographic minds of their living. Even more small beyond the world, and to reach the progress of the people who inhabit Europe, they went through the exchange. natural resources began to develop and master various technologies for the production of wheat.
Characteristics of the country's rice
The voices of the peoples of Europe are also shown for the understanding of their mentality and knowledge. The stench reflects those priorities. It's a pity, because often the image of another nation is formed in the mass society behind purely ordinary attributes. In this rank, labels are imposed on that other country. For example, England is often associated with mannerism, practicality and vinyatkovoy diyalnistyu. The French are often taken as a cheerful worldly and open people, undisturbed by the splurge. Italians or, for example, the Spaniards are an emotional nation with a boisterous temperament.
Prote the people who inhabit Europe, may have a lot of rich history, as if they laid a deep wind on their life traditions, they will be beaten. For example, the fact that the English are vvazhayutsya domosidami (stars and sent the order "my budinok - my fortress"), no doubt, may be more historically root. If in the country there were baked inter-house wars, perhaps, there was a statement about those who fortified the castle of such a feudal lord as a nadiya zakhist. Among the English, for example, there is one more cicavi sound, which is also reminiscent of the era of the Middle Ages: at the process of parliamentary elections, the candidate can literally fight his way to his own place, so that his forces will be saved for that hour, if the parliament is baked. So dosі zberіgsya sound sіdіti sіdіti tіshku z vnuyu, oskіlі sії teksіlіnі promyslіvіst gave poshtovkh to the boisterous development of capitalism of the 16th century.
The French have preserved the tradition to the point of death in a particularly striking way to signify their national belonging. It is connected with the current turbulent history, especially the 18th century, since the country survived the revolution, the Napoleonic wars. Among these people, the people are especially keenly aware of their national identity. Viraz of pride in one's fatherland is also the old sound of the French, which is manifested, for example, by the viscon "La Marseillaise" in our days.
Population
Food about those who are the peoples inhabiting Europe, we can even put it together, especially through the turbulent migration process in the late afternoon. To this, in this given place, it was possible to settle down only with a small glance qiu topic. When describing current groups, it was said that ethnic groups inhabited the mainland. Here it is necessary to signify a sprinkling of special features. Europe has become an arena for the early middle class. That is why the ethnic warehouse is її over the top of the line. In addition, the Arabs and the Turks were panting in their hour on the її part, as if they had imposed their widbitok. All the same, it is necessary to enter the list of peoples of Europe from entering the skhid (at this row less than the largest nations are overprotected): Spaniards, Portuguese, French, Italians, Romanians, Germans, Scandinavian ethnic groups, Slavs (Belarus, Ukrainians, Poles, Croatians, Serbs, Slovenes, Czechs, Slovaks, Bulgarians, Russians and others). At this hour, it is especially important to pay for food about migration processes, as they threaten to change the ethnic map of Europe. In addition, the processes of modern globalization and the emergence of cordons threaten the expansion of ethnic territories. Tse nutrition at once is one of the leading ones in the world politics, to that in the lower countries there was a tendency to preserve the national and cultural water of the Kremlin.
