Development of business in middle Russian. Natural state of the early middle period. Change your mind about crafts in the country of the Russian state
Even in that epoch, I was promisloviste, which I overwhelmed in Russia, є farming. The development of yoga, obviously, having changed at a close connection with the soil and climate. For an hour, like a black-earth mess of pivdennoruska, it brought a wealth of stubble, even though it suffered at times like dry land, locust, earth-moving creatures, and hrobakiv toshcho. vorogiv; in the savage regions, especially in the Novgorod land, farming developed by force. In the early autumn and late spring frosts often beat bread and vibrated hungry rocks, and people from other Russian regions and foreign lands were more than welcome to the sea. At the same time, like a pivdenniy smoothie, the abundance of wild dangerous fields, due to the small population size, gave the opportunity to often grow and sow the qilina, or the novelty, tobto. nezaymany grunt, and then at the time of vysnazhennya to launch yoga for a long time the number of years, at pivnіchnіy smuzі, the earth grower is guilty of waging a baked fight against miserable soil and impenetrable forests. To get pieces of fertile earth, to clear the woods for the forest, to cut and burn the tree; the ashes that were left behind them served as kindness. A sprat of rocks such a plot gave an orderly harvest, and if the soil was vysnazhuvavsya, the dredger plundered її and deepened in the distance into the forest, clearing a new plot for the river. Such davits, which are cleared out of the forest, were called pryerebs. As a result of such over-the-top farming, the rural population has acquired its own rickety character. And at the same time, our villagers, far on all sides, expanded the word-Russian colonization and, with their own sweat, or with their suffering (important work), they secured new lands behind the Russian tribe.
Different records tell us that the cultivation of the land was carried out by the same experts and methods, which have been preserved in Russia until our time. In spring, bright bread shone, and in autumn - winter. Ale pіvdnі so the most shouted "plow", ale in pіvnochі - sohoyu, chi "ralom"; they harnessed horses to them, ale, ymovirno, got used to the plow that will; Oran cornfield, or "roll", passed through the harrow. Colossus was also known as "sickle" and "oblique". Squeezed or beveled bread, they piled it in a kopitsі, and then they took Yogo to the threshing floor and put that “table” at the “cloth” there; before threshing, yogo was dried in "barns", and threshed with "flails". The grain was threshed, or "zhito", trimals in "klіty", "zasіka" (zasіkah), but the best was hovali in the pits. Grind the grain on borosno over importantly with manual millstones; about mlyn it is more rare to think about water. They cleaned up the blue like I, like now, tobto. they mowed the grass on bows (also "synozhatah", or "stubble") and put it in haystacks. The head statue of bakery creations and folklore already became alive, as the best for the Russian soil roslin. Wheat vibrated on the pivdni; In addition, millet, oats, barley, peas, spelt, sochevitsa, hemp, lyon and hops are born; only Greek at that hour is not fastidious.
Well, before the breeding of vegetables, chi city dwellers, they are alien to ancient Russia. May I have a message about the towns that are being bred for cities and monasteries, especially here in Bologna, tobto. near the lowland town of the river. Rip, cabbage, poppy, garbuz, bean, chasnik and cibula grow from the city's groves - these are the same, yakі dosі to establish the great belonging of the Russian state. May be a vkazіvka on the basis of the same at the places and monasteries of gardens, which laid different fruits of the tree, and the head rank of an apple. Peas, berries and mushrooms, obviously, and even served to the needs of the Russian people. For foreign people, trade delivered expensive foreign vegetables, which were brought from pivdnya, from between the Byzantine Empire, especially dry grapes, or rodzinki.
Life bread has long been baked sour. Under the hour of neurosis during the day, people sang other branches, especially the loboda. There was bread and wheat. From pshona they prepared porridge, and from vivsa they robbed sour, which is sometimes with a honey sieve. They made licorice pies with honey and milk. Oliya was beaten from hemp thallium; from milk they also beat oliya; sir. M'yasna їzha, mabut, bula is even wider in Ancient Russia zavdyaki, mizh іnhim, raznomanіtnosti game and post-ynym occupations of watering. Our ancestors were not only black grouse, hazel grouse, cranes, deer, elks, turs, wild boars, hares, but they didn’t row with wolves and squirrels, the clergy stood up against them, in front of them to the point of “foulness”, tobto. to the unclean creatures. The clergy stood up and opposed the creatures, wanting to be clean, but not infected, but strangled, respecting the rest of the "dead"; here came the grouse and other birds, which were caught by force. Under the hour of hunger, the common people, zvichayno, did not turn their respects on similar fences and їor not only lime bark, but also a dog, guts, thinner, not seeming already about horse meat, as for pagan hours vzgali got used to by Russians in a hedgehog. The main statue of the splendid meat hedgehog was delivered, sig- nificantly , by domestic birds and creatures: chickens, jocks, geese, wives, goats, pigs and horned thinness; the rest of the old hours was called "yalovicho". Until the early days of Suvora fasting, which inspired Russian Orthodoxy, in the first three centuries of our Christianity, there were only a few pious people, and, regardless of the clergy’s zusilla, rich Russian people were not yet inspired in the life of the moon in the day.
Bestiality was just as wide in Russia as an occupation, like farming, but even more old. Evidently, there was little significant development on the pivnіchnoi lіsovoї smuzі, and prospered more in the pіvdennyh lands, de bulo abundance of pastures and navіt steppe expanses. Vtіm, naskolki tsі zemlі shone with horned thinness, we can't get straight lines. There are more suggestions for the prosperity of the horse-drawn trade, and even then the prince's power. One can judge about the remembrance of the rest of the world from the lithographic record of the fact that from the Novgorod-Seversky princes, thousands of kobilis grazed on the river Rakhni (1146 r.). On the other hand, the princes were guilty of reporting especially the trouble about the Kinsk herds, even to the fact that they delivered horses not only to their squad, but to part of the zemstvo rat, which was selected in military hour. The horses of noble people sounded with a special brand, or "flame". Pivdenna Rus was also crowned by the existence of nomadic peoples and bred a great number of horses from them and the will of the way of trade; and at the time of war, the herds and herds of the stepoviks served as the head of the Russian squads; and the nomads stole Russian thinness with their blackness during raids. Particularly famous were those Hungarian horses, which the chroniclers call "headlights". Vzagali "hort" kіn highly tsіnuvavsya in Russia and becoming in the air of the Russian youth.
The order of farming and cattle breeding is an important place in people's state occupied by fishing, with a large number of fish lakes and a river. Vono from long ago vibrated with the same gear and shells, like our hour, tobto. seine, nonsense, long haul, but gloomy, and woody. The biggest extensions call fishing buv for help eza, then. partitions with stakes, stuffed across the river, with an opening in the middle, we also fenced off where the fish should go. The order of the squads of animal catchers princes were small and the squads of fish catchers; virushayuschie promisel, the stinks were called "bands", and the head of them was called "vataman". Smaller, Novgorodians gave their princes the right to send fishing bands to Pomor's Pivnichna, the Tersky coast itself; and they themselves sent their gangs to the other shores of the Pomor'ya, de, Crimean Ribi, they also caught walruses and seals. A whole class of people settled down in the regions especially in the ribal region, and they were engaged in this important business. In the wake of fenced meat, the monasteries especially valued the ribs; and to that princes and rich people tried to fill them with such waters, where fish were found. The monks themselves were engaged in fishing and paid off the rent from the bagmen, who were sitting on the monastic land. The most valuable fish in Russia is the sturgeon. Need to stock up on fish winter hour, especially for the step-by-step applications of fasting, she learned how to cook fish in reserve, tobto. v'yaliti її i salt. The Russians have already managed to cook caviar.
Strength came out in Russia from different places. First, the won was obtained from the Galician land on the pivnіchno-shіdny skhіlі of the Carpathian mountains; especially in the outskirts of Udecha, Kolomiy and Peremishl. From Galich, the salt caravans went straight to the Kievan land, either by land through the Volin, or in the channels they descended the Dnistr near the Chorne Sea, and the stars went up the Dnipro mountain. In another way, strength was obtained from the Crimean and Azov lakes. Part of the won was also transported by sea and the Dnipro, and part - by land on wagons. Earlier, having founded, perhaps, a special trade in salt vіznikіv (chumakiv), they traveled from Pivdennoi Rusі to these lakes for sіllu. Mito from salt became one of the articles of princely income; in some cases, trade in it was for sale. In Pivnіchnіy Rusі, the strength was either taken away by the way of foreign trade, or it was obtained for the help of vivaruvannya. The rest was spent on the shores of the White Sea, and in different other places, where the soil was soaked with salt falls; especially from the great kіlkost won won in Old Russia. Near Novgorod, having established a number of merchants, who were engaged in the salt industry and were called "prasols". Near the Suzdal land, with its own breweries, Soligalich, Rostov, Gorodets, etc. The brewing of salt vibrated even more simply: they dug a well and robbed it in a new rozchin; Then they poured some roses on a large frying pan ("tsren") or a cauldron ("salga") and for the help of boiling they brewed strength.
Zvichayní napoї Old-time Russia made kvass, braga, beer and honey, yakі brewed at home; and wines were taken away by the way of foreign trade from the Byzantine Empire and Pivdenno- Western Europe. The beer was brewed with boroshna іz malt and hops. Ale especially rozpovsyudzhenim we will drink honey, which served as the main subject of chastuvannya for an hour of benketiv and piatik. Wine brewed with hops and seasoned with some sort of spices. Russia, as it seems, loved to drink in joy, in grief, in fun and at the wake. Noble and wealthy people at once with wine and beer always made great deposits of honey from their liohs, which were called importantly "honey". Like great stocks of boules from the princes, we succumbed to the slaughtered courtyard of the brewery prince in Putivl, in 1146, and it dawned on me, the princes’ shards were constantly serving their retinue with honey. At that hour, when people didn’t know about zucru, honey served in Russia as a seasoning not only for drinks, but also for licorice herbs. Such a great request for a new one, having satisfied the wide-spread bjoliny promisel, or beekeeping. Bort was called a natural or species bath near an old tree hollow, in which wild bjoli were found; and a guy with such trees was called the side ugiddy, or "ishli". Bortny promisel spreads across the whole expanse of the Russian land, for different minds, the soil and the climate. The princes in their volosts, in order, saw small fish catchers and special beekeepers, as if they were engaged in beekeepers and honey brews. Some of the watchers were given to free people out of their minds to pay the prince a portion of honey. In addition, on the middle of the danin and dues at the prince's treasury, a significant part of becoming honey. The “cibula” served as a prime entry for this, or a box of lubok of a singing size (our stars are “cibulya”).
The beekeepers in Pivnіchno-Skhіdnіy Russia were also called "dart frogs": the bula required a deak of sprit and a sign of climbing trees, so like honey it was possible to get away at a significant height. Vzagali on-board promisel was even more visible, to that, cream of honey, delivering wine and whiskey, which is not only for candles for temples, and for good people, but also becoming a significant statute of permits in our trade with foreigners.
Belyaev "Kilka tales about farming in old Russia" (Hour. Zagaln. І. and іn. XXII). Wonderful TV Aristov "Promyslovist of Ancient Russia". SPb. 1866. Crimean literature about farming, animal husbandry, fishery and ship crafts are richly written in Russian Pravda, Life of Theodosius and Paterik of the Caves, as well as in contracts and letters of commendation. For example, about the ribal gang can be found in the treaties of Novgorod with the great princes (Coll. G. Gr. and Dog. I).
It is important that the state was in full swing in the Middle Ages. In the countryside, everyone worked for their own living. It appears, as if to show new achievements, yet we don’t call it so for the early middle age. Boules, obviously, high in the Alps, for example, farms, inhabitants of rock could not go down to the valley, but all the same it was a vinyatkovy sight. Call the deacons necessary to your prayers, the villager is guilty of bathing less at the city. In addition, if in the new one there was an excess of grain or shkir, it’s unlikely that in your village you will exchange them for a good crop in the state - the harvest will sound good, otherwise the whole village will have a good harvest.
Sob to spend on the Russian market, the peasant can pay in the life of the mito. Її were drawn for bіlya vorіt mіsta, іnodі - from a leather cart, іnodі - from the goods that lay on the vіzka.
The villager instantly went to the market and not for his own needs, as if he were a fallow man and in the midst of his duties, vіznitsya was respected. Todi kіlka razіv on rіk, zgіdno z vichaєm or z of what is written in the letter, vin having harnessed a horse or a bikiv (and in Italy and Spain - a donkey or a mule) at the vіzok and vіz grain, which lie to the seigneur, on the market for sales. At the same time, you can take your own goods with you. Truthfully, the villager could trade for a moment with his own: the seigneur had special rights to trade; Sell your wine and grain to the señor, and then to the villagers. In royal places and lands, such a right belonged to the king, and yogo villagers stalked for cym. For example, for the sake of the Portuguese town of Koimbri, for example, as a wine grower, having broken the royal monopoly on the trade in wine, they took a fine, and the third time they chopped up the barrels to save wine.
For the most part, the villager is guilty of ruling the viznik in such a rank, so that they could turn back to their village on the same day; more far away senor have the right to yogo posilati. It’s also necessary to spend a few days at a cost, for example, when traveling to fairs, it was specially arranged and the seigneur took care of the peasants and their horses at the cost of eating.
It was especially important to become a market for a peasant in the XIV-XV centuries, if the seigneurs wrote in a new way: the replacement of natural quitrent - grain, vegetables, poultry - the stench of the peasants - the rulers of their own land - a penny fee for the whole land. This process - the conversion of in-kind payments of villagers on pennies - is called commutation of rent. If you want to collect pennies for deposit, peasant, save your crops, if you want to bring yoga with a wet bag to the market, it’s likely to sell it and turn to the village. As a result, the actual value of the rent for the peasant is generally, the lower figures are assigned in the contract.
The main occupations of similar words from the most recent hours were farming, philanthropy, fishing, picking, beekeeping. Trade played an additional role.
The agriculturism of similar words'yan in advance of the establishment of their power in the period Kievan Rus show territorial options. Іsnuvalo two farming systems:
in the pivden area, farming was the main occupation; here it is early to finish on the basis of the cross-country (leaf) system of viniklo double-pill, and subsistence-fire farming was transformed into rille; home played a great role bestiality;
at the pіvnochі order іz arable farming played the most important role watering, pickingі fishing, like and before panuvali fallowі podsichno-fire system.
Silske state of Kievan Rus. On the pіvnochі head earthworkers bula wooden plow with a metal tip, tk. there were boulders of siri taigovі pіdzolistі ґrunti with a thin ball of humus, and the earth was not turned over, but rather fluffed up. On pіvdnі the plow thawed. A wooden harrow was used to fluff up the rilli. About the proven rill of arable farming, it is worth mentioning the craftsmanship of agricultural saplings for sale: during excavations, forging maisters of the XII-XIII centuries were revealed, sickles, scythes, and ploughshares were found in them.
Like a tax of strength on the pіvnоchі vikoristovuvavsya kіn, stіyky to sting fox clods and at once as a whole building gravitate lightly with plow. On pіvdnі vikoristovuvavsya vіtrіlіshiy i silnіshy vіl.
R_znoman_tnym buv warehouse of agricultural crops. Livestock, millet, oats, wheat, buckwheat, peas, spelt, poppy, flax hung. Farther on pivnich, more areas were occupied by livestock and oats. From urban crops, there were rape, cabbage, bean, cibulya, chasnik, hop, from fruit trees - cherry and apple tree. Regardless of the progress of the increase in the strength of the agricultural industry, the harvests were low. Partial manifestations were shortages and famine, which bolstered the peasant state.
Shchodo is right on the ground, then the Grand Duke entered into the supreme order of the її. Vzagalі w u sі obroblyuvanі land character agriculture divided into two parts:
communal lands; their bula is more important - all the lands that belong to the communities, more precisely, the communities respected them with their own ale the prince could transfer the communal lands to another order;
fiefdoms- private lands that belong to the power of either the prince (princely estates), or the boyars (boyar estates); fiefdoms were transferred from the recesses (stars and names); the inhabitants of the estates paid the rulers of the land feudal rent – quitrent(Pay in kind, most of the time I give birth).
Estates of Kievan Rus. Nourishment appeared at the same time in the forms of feudal landowning in Russia - one of the most important and most important, shards of inconspicuously connected, first, from the problem of the self-sufficiency of the Russian civilization, in another way, from the nourishment of the choice of the historical past of Russia.
In the XIX - on the cob of the XX century. Historians have misrepresented feudalism in Old Russia as such. Chastkovo ce bulo was associated with the narrow roses of feudalism only as a social way, which is characterized by strength and vassalism, but by the main rank about those that the very problems of the social and economic development of historians have praised little. And the “fact” itself was victorious in the process of stimulating some speculative models of historical development. Through the war in the days of feudalism in Old Russia, the words 'yanophiles' called the middle of the root powers of Russia in Europe, and the zakhіdniki spoofed this fact from the old steel of Russia, which confirmed their idea of the need for the country to collapse. N.P. Pavlov-Silvansky dovіv nayavnіst feudal vіdnosiny vіdnosiny vіdnosiny vіdnosinі іn Old Rusі (on the materials of the XV-XVI st., Retrospectively showing feudalism and in the greater early period), thereby confirming the Marxist theory with Russian tributes. Radyanskі іstoriki vdarit in іnshu kraynіst - bazhayuchi the piece zbliziti tendentsії rozvitku Russie that Єvropi (prinagіdno udrevnili not duzhe longtime rosіysku іstorіyu), stink znahodili feodalnі vіdnosini in Starodavnіy Rusі of її zasnuvannya, posilayuchis to "Rosіysku truth" nayavnіst estates that INSHI oposeredkovanі svіdchennya.
The patrimonies of Kievan Rus are just a feudal form of land use, the stench reveals clear analogies with the feudal lords of the Western European hour. However: 1) patrimonies in Russia did not appear earlier than the 11th century, for Volodymyr, possibly for Yaroslav, and there were princely patrimonies; the boyars' private lands vinekled earlier than the other half of the 11th century; at this hour feudalism in Europe has the least p'yatikov history; 2) there were few patrimonial lands in Russia, and the stench was small; 3) like patrimonies in Kievan Rus, places, shepherds are formed, on which the princely herds graze, but we don’t know anything about the patrimony rilli; 4) estates in Russia - mabut, persha after an hour, a form of feudal landowning, then come allod vine in the wake of a tribal development of beneficial farming. In other words, feudalism in Kievan Rus, ymovirno, all the same buv, ale tse feudalism was special, and it was not system-creating and navit as a characteristic factor of the social and economic structure.
In a whole ninth old Russian farming is characterized natural character(worn in the state production in the new and slowed down) that extensive development(Increased cultivation of cultivation reached the larger cultivation areas). Designated features were manifestations of whether national rice and technological strength, and were dictated by geographical minds - the presence of free lands, great expanses, low yields.
Blaming the princely government in the minds of the still insufficiently blamed, natural government at the same time with the unrelenting security of the stepoviks, the Varangians and other susidis became the reason for the formation of the m centers of crafts and trade, and yak Viysk-administrative centers. Even so, despite the great number of Russian settlements near Kievan Rus (in Pivnichny Europe, Rus was called Gardarikoy - the edge of the city), the craft here, bred with Europe, was insufficiently developed. To the main features of the Russian craft, zarakhuvati weak specialization, the presence of handicraft corporations, the development of crafts with other occupations. The greatest craft was found in the places that stand on trade routes - Kiev, Novgorod, Smolensk, Polotsk.
Craft in Kievan Rus. Russian artisans XI-XII cent. viroblyali over 150 types of steel and steel virobiv. Old Russian jewelers knew the art of carving color metals. At the gallery of the artistic craft, the Russian masters have mastered the folding technique grain(vibration of visorunkiv from fine grains of metal), scan(vibration of visorunkiv from a thin dart), figured casting, black(preparation of a black background for black silver plates) and partition of frequent enamel. The collections of Russian jewelers and forgings were valued by all of Europe. Significant development of the nabula was found in the old Russian places of pottery, shkiryan, woodworking, stone-cutting crafts. In a flash, historians have three more than 60 specialties in Kievan Rus (in one Paris of the same period - close to 300). Suspіlny rozpodіl pratsі kraїny buv weak. The products of a few rural artisans expanded for about 10-30 km, and the products of the local artisans rarely penetrated to the village.
Russia appeared on trade routes (“the path from the Varangians from the Greeks”, the Volz path, the Don path), naturally, trade played a significant role in the structure of the economy of the Old Russian state. Kiev and Novgorod - the main trading places of Russia - for the number of population, for the estimates of historians, they overturned the largest cities of Pivnichnaya and Western Europe. However, Russian trade has few specific characteristics. First, trade was transit, Russian rivers are of little importance in transit for trade between Pivnichnaya Europe, the Arab Skhod and Byzantium. The great obsyags of trade were reached by the resale in Russia of foreign goods to foreign merchants. Therefore, Russian trade has an ethnic specificity: merchants ( guests) were represented, as a rule, by Varangians, Arabs, Jews, Virmens, but not words. Flax, shkira, smart, whisker, honey, rabi were imported. Imported items of luxury, clothing, spices, textiles. Trade served the needs of social elite. Most of the population was drawn into trade - the state was overrun with natural products, and the superfluous product became like a tributary power.
Through the weak breadth of the commodity exchange, like pennies, thinness was won (the princess was called the treasury livestock), khutra, Arabic dirhemi and Byzantine denarii. Only for Volodymyr Svyatoslavich, with the development of commodity vіdnosin, the carving of the best Russian coins began. spools. For Yaroslav the Wise, Russian silver coins were carved. scribblers. І spools, і sribni, mali are more than a short walk, and it is unlikely that they can get into Russian currency at that hour. Nabagato wider walk mali hryvnia- Shmatki srіbla.
The system of penny units of Kievan Rus. Hryvnias are raised at the “Russian Pravda”, kuni, nails, rіzanі. Numismatists declared that a kuna, a leg and a cut was equal to a fractional hryvnia: For a vaga, one hryvnia cost 20 legs, 25 kuns, or 50 cuts. Prote the hryvnia itself is not small, clearly defined vaga.
It is important that the other half of the X century. two penny-vago systems were formed: pivnichna and pivdenna. In the pivnіchnіy system, a great role was played by zahіdnі coins; Pvdenna system was tied to the Byzantine legend liters. A light liter added 163.728 g of weight. Pivdennorosiyskaya hryvnia cost 68.22 g, kuna - 2.73 r, nogata - 3.41 g, rizana - 1.36 r.
Taxes in Russia were collected from the rural communities natural products, s mist - srіblom. Danina was taken from the mass, and not from the skin bag, was counted from "dima"(That's the state). Mista (mіskі hromada), calling for everything, paid a large sum of money (as seen on the butt of Novgorod). Danina climbed for the first princes polyuddy- the prince from the retinue himself choosing a danina, ob'zhdzhayuchi podvladne yoma of the population. After driving in 945 rubles. Іgor's hour was the hour of the people of yoga, the widow Olga, like cherubing Russia for her young son Svyatoslav, raised lessons(lately the number of danini was voiced) and introduced poviz- now tributaries were small enough to independently bring the danina to the tsvintar (trading places, villages, where the danina could be exchanged). Prote povіz, mabut, vikoristovuvavsya only in the territories close to Kiev. On the outskirts of the state, children continued to live. Danin of the Kiev princes was paid less than the bagmen of communal lands, the inhabitants of the estates (both cities and rural areas) did not pay tribute.
Henceforth, the state of Kievan Rus was based on agriculture, which had a natural character. Craft, like a vzagalі commodities vіdnosiny, smoldering was rozvinene vіdnosno weakly, and trade was more importantly transitive. Prote, already in the period in Russia feudal blues are born.
Naturally, the statehood relentlessly panned in Europe's first century of the Middle Ages. At the village, the peasant family itself viroblyat silskogospodarskie produktiv i temisnichi virobi, satisfying like the power of consumption, and weeping tsim quitrent
chalu. characteristic rice the natural state of the boulo podednannya silskoi pratsі z promyslovim. The mothers of the great feudal lords had only a small number of artisans, they didn’t deal with it, or they didn’t deal with the strong government. Innumerable boules and peasant craftsmen who lived in the village and were specially engaged in some sort of rural state, be it a kind of craft. The exchange of products is more importantly led to the trade in such rare, but important items for the state, which could be obtained only in poor places: gold, tin, copper, strong thin. Luxurious items were also brought here, although they were not vibrated in Europe, and they were brought in immediately: expensive jewelry sets, zbroya, seam fabrics, spices and thin. This exchange was carried out by mandriving merchants (Byzantine, Arabic, Syrian and other). The selection of products listed for sale may not be identified. In exchange for commodities, merchants took off only an insignificant part of the products of agriculture.
In the period of the early Middle Ages, there were places that were saved in antiquity. New places were like administrative centers, fortified points, or church centers (residences of archbishops, bishops only). Ale, in the descriptions of the minds of the city, could not have earned the craft and trade. Vinyatok became less of a place of the early middle age, de Vzhe in VIII - IX Art. buli markets and developed remіsniche panuvannya. Zagal did not change the picture.
Before X - XI Art. important changes were made to the state life of Europe. Technique developed, craftsmen of craftsmanship developed, crafts became more advanced: weaving and processing of metals, forging and cutting on the right, weaving of fabrics, processing of stakes. It was the production of perfect clay slabs from the casting of a potter's stake. Budіvelna was developing, mlinova was thin on the right. We need a bula further specialization of a craftsman. Ale, it was not crazy to become a peasant, who was all independent in his own state and worked at once to a farmer, and like a craftsman. There was a need for the transformation of the craft from the auxiliary production during the cultivation of the land to the independent galuz of the state.
Vіdomy progressed in the development of agriculture and animal husbandry, and also prepared the development of crafts in the country of the rural state.
1 about the state. Significant increase in productivity
having become a powerful zavdyak in the rural state, it is a good way to work the soil. The width of the fairing plow, double and triple, especially caught it. The reason for this in the agricultural state has increased the quantity and variety of agricultural products. The hour of their warfare, the increase in the supplementary product, the attraction of the feudal lords and landowners, was soon over. Part of the product began to be lost in the hands of the peasants, which made it possible to exchange part of the goods the strong state on the choice of remіsnikіv. Establish evidence between dates and evidence of the suspenseful life of ancient Russia
8-9 Art.
9-10 at
10-11 Art.
11-12 at
A) the appearance of the Susidsky community
B) the foundation of the tribal community
C) appearance of the class of landowners
D) rozkvіt Mіsskogo samovryaduvannya near Novgorodі
E) molding the pomіsnoї system in Old Russia
levolodinnya and drіbnogo zemlekoristuvannya
4) high tempo economic development
1. Stash in chronological order:A) the rise of Ukraine from Russia;
B) the departure of the False Dmitry to Moscow;
C) a decree on "scheduled fates", an ear of rozshuk of the villagers.
2. At Versnі 1610 Moscow was occupied by Polish troops under the wire:
A) Z. Zholkevsky;
B) Sigismund III;
C) False Dmitry I.
3. Determine the cause of the church split:
A) the policy of Catholicism, which is carried out by False Dmitry I;
B) the need to correct religious books;
C) the hardship of the villagers.
4. State the name of the land explorer, which he discovered in 1648. duct that crosses Asia and America:
A) Semyon Dezhnev;
B) Erofei Khabarov;
C) Simon Ushakov.
5. Lineless rozshuk vt_kachiv bi legalizations:
A) in 1592;
B) 1649 rubles;
6. The first plant in Russia, which prompted the reign of kings:
A) Vasyl Shuisky;
B) Mikhail Fedorovich;
U) Oleksiy Mikhailovich.
7. Identify the boundary that characterizes economical development Russia in the 17th century:
a) outside the panuvannya of natural domination;
B) a combination of manufactories;
C) a wide extension of the subsistence-fire system of farming.
8. In 1687 and 1689 Russian warriors took part in two campaigns against the Crimean Khanate under ceramics:
A) D. Pozharsky;
B) B. Khmelnitsky;
B) V. Golitsyn.
9. A bright illustration of the Narishka baroque church:
A) Protection at Filiah near Moscow;
B) the Church of the Prophet Illi near Yaroslavl;
C) the Church of the Rizdva Bogoroditsi near Putinkah near Moscow.
10. About whom to go. Kolishnіy serf of Prince Telyatevskiy vtіk on the Don i
becoming a free person. In one of the Cossack campaigns, having consumed a full
to the Turks, who came to Italy, lives near Venice. In 1606 p. turning back to Russia.
Calling himself a voivode "by the miraculous rank of Tsarevich Dmitr, that he was lying."
Kіlka razіv zdobuv won over the orderly troops. Boove breaks
under the oblogi of Moscow in 1606. In 1607 p. bіla Tuli zmusheniy buv zdatisya
let's arrange the troops. In 1608 p. it was hit.
11. Give the appointment - manufactory, black-sowed villagers, beadlo.
1. Dates 862, 882 related to:A) the key foundations of the establishment of the Old Russian state:
B) the struggle of Old Russia with the Polovtsians
C) treaties of Old Russia with Byzantium
D) the campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav
2. Two centers of enlightenment of the Old Russian state were:
A) Volodymyr and Kiev B) Pskov and Ladoga
B) Kiev and Novgorod D) Ryazan and Chernigiv
3. Russia adopted Orthodoxy s:
A) Lithuania B) Byzantium
B) Poland D) Livonian Order
4. Novgorod princes in the XII century. vikonuvali:
A) turn on service functions
B) dії їх were uncontrollable
C) there is little opportunity to buy land from Novgorod
D) otrimuvali unobliged income from appointees for the service of Volodin
5. The biggest and strongest of the princedoms of fragmented Russia was:
A) Ryazan B) Volodymyr-Suzdal
B) Tverske D) Galicia
6. The letter "On the great princedom of Volodymyrsk", which is accepted by the Russian princes from the Tatars, was called:
A) Nuker B) Nion C) yarlik D) Tanga
7. The Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia was trival:
A) 1237-1380; C) 1243-1480.
B) 1240-1480 r) 1247-1496
8. Statement "Let Kiev be mother to Russian places by 882 prince:
A) Rurik B) Askold C) Dir D) Oleg
9. What happened before:
A) prince Volodymyr Monomakh near Kiev B) rebellion of the Drevlyans
B) the christening of Russia D) the driving in of Boris and Glib
10. Family land volodinnya boyars - tse:
A) settlement B) patrimony C) decline D) maєtok
11. Do not lie before the legacy of feudal fragmentation:
A) an influx of population from the pivdenny near the pivnichni districts Similar Europe
B) accelerate the development of natural domination
C) weakening the defense of the region
D) the growth of the city of that їх vіdokremlennya in the vlady of the grand duke
12. Pitomy period of the history of Russia (XII-XIV centuries) was blown:
A) the Kremlin of Pivdenno-Zakhidnoi Rus B) princely strife
B) the invasion of Batia in Russia D) attack the faces-chrest-bearers
13. The period of feudal fragmentation XII-cob XIII Art. buv for Rusi hour:
A) the power of the prince of Kiev B) economic and cultural promotion
B) zanepadu culture D) gospodarskogo zanepadu
14. One of the results of the duty of Princess Olga was:
A) installed exact size tribute to the place її collection
B) respect for the character of the danini
C) laying down a viable trade agreement with Byzantium
D) the power of the prince of Kiev
15. At the Russian centers of the Old Russian state, the most important food is virishuvav (o):
A) prince B) vice C) verv D) elder
16. Land volodinnya, which is transmitted from the recesses, for a yak, it was necessary to carry military service:
A) panshchina B) quitrent C) feud D) tithe
17. I didn’t have a dream in the Middle Ages:
A) villagers B) hired workers C) feudal lords D) clergy
18. Kim was promoted to baron and viscont:
A) vassals B) servants C) seniors
19. Robots of the villagers in the state of the feudal lord - t…
A) panshchina B) quitrent C) tithe D) month
20. The split of the Christian church into the Orthodox and the Catholic ones, standing at:
A) 1099 p. B) 962 rubles C) 1054 p. D) 1204 r.
21. What is the fate of Charlemagne as emperor?
A) 800 roci B) 500 roci C) 395 roci D) 732 roci
22. . Whose cultural reach did Byzantium decline?
A) the ancient world and the country Immediately
B) ancient Romans and gunivs
C) words'yan and skіfіv
23. A special letter about the forgiveness of sins, which is sold by the church, was called:
A) forgiveness B) freedom C) indulgence D) inquisition
24. People were called heretics, they acted
A) for church rites B) against jealousy at the main
B) against the dogmas of the official church; D) go for the cross.
25. Select representatives of the camps of the movement in France are called:
A) Parliament B) States General D) Great Charter
