Theoretical foundations of understanding “reasonable power. Zhorstka, soft and reasonable power in the US foreign policy
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It is even more difficult for political scientists to earn the trust of economists. Especially for those who are called political scientists in Russia. A fuzzy idea, a seemingly undifferentiated scenario, a mirroring, whose creation, subjective interpretation of symbolic signals. Economies sounded to the point: є empirical studies and theoretical models, є reconsiderations and conclusions, hypotheses and their verification.
Joseph Nye, professor at Harvard School sovereign government im. John F. Kennedy, all these problems do not stop. One of the most famous economists is a political scientist. Regardless of career, rich in not only economical, but also bureaucratic achievements: the United States won the Rada of National Intelligence, acting as an intercessor for the Minister of Defense and the head of the group from the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons in the National Security Council.
All these departments, it seems, need Nay buv not as a security officer, but as a spring general, but as a smart foreigner, who knows about security issues and good understanding of the game model. The stench allows officials to go beyond the limits of the authorities and start thinking about what your overseas counterparty wants, as if in this other situation.
Such a mind allows you to replace brute force with reason. France was given no less important than a contract for the supply of "Mistrals" to Russia. In the mid-1970s, guessing Nai, she announced the sale to Pakistan of a plant for the processing of nuclear materials, which could be won for military purposes. The United States tried to boost sales, but to no avail: it was a legitimate civil favour. What work?
In 1977, Nai's clerk, who was convicted of the policy of non-reconstruction, came to the administration of President Carter to allow the French to learn from secret documents about the preparation of Pakistan before the creation of a nuclear missile. The stench was celebrated in French, and the contract was negotiated. “There were no annual threats,” Nye concludes. - Not shy of the daily penny infusions. The annual gingerbread didn’t come through, no one waved the batog. The behavior of the French has changed, so that they could be beaten.” Tse i є “reasonable power” is the most important and found political defense of the 21st century. Under the power of Nay razumіє zdatnіє zdatnіst some subjects vplivat on іnshih z method otrimannya bazhany result.
Yoga can be reached by brute force. At whom the stosuvannya of brute force is rarely punished by force. It will be punished otherwise. First in 2008 (Georgia), and in 2014 (Crimea and Donbas), Russian officials for a moment felt “everything is permitted”. Shvidka zabuttya Georgian history tsyu Nadiya nachebto would confirm. Let me show you that everything is more folded: the demonstration of the victory of the military to the weak state of the country from the division of parts of the territory of the 15th-19th centuries, but not at once. The pre-stroke plan has the brutal power of the program. In the middle of the 20th century, Stalin quizzically asked how many divisions the Pope of Rome had. A decade later, the Stalinist empire collapsed, while papal rule was preserved.
It’s easy to be friends with the unprepared to aggressive susіdom, if you need to defend yourself. Russia has allowed itself the opportunity to organize post-tradyansky expanse following the principle of free clubs; a large number of young people, as if they were embracing the Russian language, are changing beyond the cordon, and the sudan lands are allowed to drink under the protection of the “competing” viysk organization. Anti-liberalism and Russian nationalism are the filth of "soft power" for both global and regional influences, Nay writes in a recent article in Gulf News. With the help of Russia, with its own hands, it is possible to implement its Eurasian project as a possible competitor to the European Union. Adzhe "soft power" is based not so on orders, primus, threats of chi podkup, but in spivrobitnitstv, which can come through perekonannya, zaluchennya merely.
Protilezhny Russian butt - China. Olympiad, world-wide expansion of Chinese culture (hundreds of Confucius institutes all over the world), graduating foreign professors and students to universities, hundreds of scientific articles about “soft power” that have reached the lexicon of Chinese politicians. Result: China's international authority grows, and Russia's rise to zero. A dictator can easily defeat a dissident or a political opponent, but if a martyr’s death was included in the plans of the rest and added to the ideas of millions of enemies, then a change in his party is not a dictator, but a dissident.
It is rather difficult to win and evaluate the equal strength of the krai in international foreign countries. In addition, in 1977, Nye guessed, Ray Kline, who worked in the CIA, was guilty of regularly raising political awareness about the intelligence of the US forces and the SRSR. At the fate of the cold weather, yoga dopovіdі was poured into political decisions. Klein assessed the strength behind the formula, as if protecting the population, the territory, the economy and the military force, as well as the presence at the edge of the “strategy” and “will”. The formula led Kline to the point that the SRSR is the strongest for the USA. Її filthy transferred power is deluded by itself, which until the end of strength Kline, having approached the patterns of the past century, yak not vrakhovuyut "m'yaku force". "Great Power" no longer appears like a country, it is ready to win war.
Popular and talk about the world about the world, which to heal before the sunset of the world leadership of the United States, the future of China, etc. Naya is not turbulent. The number of games wins over tim, hto vpevneniy, that at the same time, like the past, leadership is secured by control over resources - gold, naphtha, large populations, an exhausting army and fleet. At the age of information, a state with a better image can overcome the country with a strong army. The USA played the war against V'etnam, being very strong for the new one. Chi will give a singing set of resources required result, Deposit in them no more, lower in the form of a behavioral strategy and tactics. It is possible to program, languishing in the hands of the elder trump card: the use of resources does not guarantee the achievement of the result. Especially if you play kilka igor at once, even Nai: on one doshtsi in poker, and on the other at bridge. And today's international blues don't turn up until one gris.
More money, lower the transition of global power in the form of one superpower to the next, be afraid of Nay "sawing of power" and "privatization of war" - the introduction of strong non-state graves in the international arena. They show the possibilities of the beginning of globalization and the development of information technologies: the presence of cybernetic inconsistency can cost the country more expensively, and to know the victoriousness of that, you do not need to be a fortune teller. To finish a well-organized group of like-minded people. The terrorist act of 09/11/2011 killed more people near New York, lower Japan in 1941 near Pearl Harbor, probably Nai.
Viysk's power is not excluded: "soft power" is not the only warehouse of "intelligent power". The rest of Nai is like a three-river Shakhivnitsa. On one level, the country is reconciled by the strength of the military, on the other - by financial and economic power, and on the third level, the unruly gravity - corporations, NGOs, the media - is playing without state control. Here the powers of the rozporosheni and the powers do not care about private graves. Barriers for the entrance to the world politics have been reduced to the point of obscenity: a group of hackers can lead the powers of greater sbitkiv, lower sudidnya kraina. Svіt vyhodit z-pіd control kraїn.
Nareshty, the cause of more problems, from which the country is impassable to self-mutilation (changes in climate, ecology, pandemics, computer and financial mischief, terrorism). Bring home. The future will have more such problems. For the sake of the political leaders of the 21st century of new competencies based on “contextual intelligence,” write Nay: building a new mind, equipping and masterfully transforming resources - dzherela sili - to the complex of entry to achieve success.
Results more important than resources. That "strength" resources can be zastosovuvat and on the greed of "m'akoї sil", and spіvpratsyu - vikoristovuvat for the formation of military alliances. The Viysk-Morsk strategy is to talk about the achievement of the Navy for the "life of trust between the lands." Ten years later: after the tsunami near Northern Asia, the American fleet helped Indonesia, which allowed the greater world to get it to the USA.
IN to the current world the power to lay a deposit of water, it was given b, factors, that one could not hope for an unexpected future. And a grave man, who is in a hopeless state, can terrorize a partner like that, like a bankrupt, who is guilty of us gigantic sums (“If I blame you for a billion, then it’s not mine, but your problem”). To that, Pivnichna Korea is the only country in the world, for China is afraid of the door.
Nye's book is a kind handyman for future political leaders: you can't overdo the next ones, maybe. The sense of conception, yaku vіn rozpovidaє, is not in order to teach everyone the maximum buildup of political strength, hegemony and might. It is historically similar to Russia’s knowledge (to win over Napoleon, it was necessary to build Moscow), so that today’s short-sighted triumph of brute force in the waters of Russian sours can appear to short-line incomprehensible people.
In the 21st century, having shown strength, the influx of powers is less and less similar to those that victorious those other lands in the 20th century earlier. "Classic" wars of great scale from zastosuvannyam different types step by step move into the background. In the meantime, tools of “soft” and “reasonable” power (divine works of Joseph Nye, Suzanne Nossle, Michael Harvey and others) have come, which include the mechanisms of cultural, institutional, economic impact with a wide crowd of informational instruments. If so, “reasonable power” (smart power) - tse vmіle poddnannya “m'yakoї” that “zhorstkoї force” (strength perekonannya that power primus) to reach the singing goals.
Modern Nіmechchina as a successful example of the implementation of the policy of "soft" and "reasonable" power
At the concept of the modern policy of the modern Nimechchini on February 8, 2012. a great role was played by unsettled organizations and cultural and educational programs. Here you can see the global scholarship programs of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), the program of the Federal Chancellor for potential leaders of the line to the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, the internship in the Bundestag for young leaders from different countries), the IPS program (the IPS program). Goethe in the whole world and other initiatives. Graduates of these programs are often today and tomorrow representatives of the scientific, economic and political elite in different countries. After returning to the Batkivshchyna, many of them continue their careers in political institutions, carrying in their own, and sometimes spreading the “Germanophile virus”.
For all due respect, the activities of the unique German political funds in their kind are meritorious. Unique to the fact that in any other country of the world, perhaps, there are no such active and globally vibrant funds that are close to another political party.
The FRN has six of the largest funds: Friedrich Ebert Foundation (Social Democratic Party of Germany), Konrad Adenauer Foundation (Christian Democratic Union), Heinrich Böll Foundation (Green Party/Union 90), Friedrich Naumann Foundation (Vilna Liberal Party), Seidel Foundation (Christian-Social Union), Rosie Luxembourg Foundation (Partia levih). The Kozhen Fund has branches in other parts of the world, which, as I understand, is impossible for a political party. Formally, whether the Fund is not to lie in the party (in our legal documents and statutes it is clearly stated that the Fund is a non-party and independent body). FINANSUVENNA TAZHOV NOT IDE NEWPERED WID PARTY (and in the main VID of the federal mіnіstropeism of the Ekonichchini Speed Distribution (BMZ), R_Desh MSS Nіmetchini), Ale Proportalzіino to serve VID TE, Schilki Deputy Mandatіv at Tієїi Іnschoi partії's results. For this reason, two great Funds can have the largest budgets - the Ebert Foundation and the Adenauer Foundation. IN stay rocky watch out for the trend of rapprochement between the foundations and the parties: the parties win the resources of the foundation for the realization of their goals, transforming them into their own think tanks. Great Fondi Majut Filії at Bіlshosti Korotna Svitu (Adenaer Foundation in 120 kra, Foundation Ebrorta at Bіlsh Nіzh 100 Circuits Svіti), conducting Spіlnі projects from Mishtsemi NKO Tom Genz Schodo Soviet Suskiy Suspity, M_Inzovny Spev_tetniktva Tu Polіtika Chekuko. .
The second "medal" of the policy of "reasonable" power, as it was assigned earlier, is also hard power, which includes incl. international supply of ozbroєn and military equipment. Nіmechchina exports a variety of goods, including military recognition, in different places of the world. Matteo Scianna from Columbia University in respect of exporting weapons, ammunition and other viysk technique in the Arab lands (for us, Saudi Arabia and Algeria), as well as to Turkey and Indonesia, Nimechchina, there is an economic, and at the same time political influx on the elite of these lands. For the rest of the 10 years, the FRN exported to Saudi Arabia that important equipment (mostly Leopard class tanks) worth about 39 million euros.
Nіmechchina is building up its vag in the arena of the world, which is not reflected in the rest of the line in the pragmatic field of the permanent member for the sake of security of the UN. On the website of the MZS FRN, there is a column where the report describes the policy of the United Nations. It was appointed there that Nimechchina should carry out an active UN policy practically in all areas. In addition, the FRN has 25 UN organizations, of which 18 are distributed in Bonn, the so-called UN campus (VN-Campus). Here, it is also important that on 31 March 2012 the President of the FRN at the appointment of Horst Köhler was appointed by the current UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon as one of the 27 members of the Commission for Future Nutrition of Global Goals Development. What group of politicians high level will advise the UN Secretary-General after 2015 for the development of new global goals.
The dark national-socialistic past of the country and the policy of repentance advancing behind it and the correction of pardons served as a postal service, even if it didn’t want to, to create mechanisms to improve the image of the country as a middle ground, and so for its borders. Navіt іz thіѕ past kraїna thаt thе element οf m'akої sіlії, nοt forgetting yogo, аnvpak, regularly remembering zhahіttya natsіonal-sotsіalіzmu, pіdtremuyuchi іnіtsiаtivi, po'yazanі z z zv. “politics of memory” (Erinnerungspolitik), crying out and dosі compensation sіm'yam, yakі suffered for the hour of the Holocaust.
A new round of this development is expected among the mass migrants from the Close Descent and the borders of Pivnichnoy Africa to the borders of Europe, more importantly to Nіmechchini, especially after the request from the side of the Ninіshny pani of Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel. Possibly, the present generation of nіmtsіv, swearing, not accepting such a solution (crime, maybe, left and “green” ruhіv), but at the same time, the “policy of memory” and the low other factors prompted Merkel to take a more important decision, political. fasting at the upcoming elections until the FRN. Hundreds of thousands of residents of the Close Descent of Africa are now dreaming about Nіmechchina like about the country “with milk rivers and jelly banks” and are ready to richly move there and become huge people of the country. From the look of the policy of "m'yakoї" and "reasonable" power - the price of the success of the modern Nimechchini. In the case of head food, insanely, the problem of integration is overwhelmed;
Without a doubt, in the economic plan, especially in the European Union (but not only!) Germany plays the role of a locomotive (at once from France), if you talk about the economic order of Greece, Cyprus, Spain and other countries of Europe. Zmіtsnіla economically and politically for the capital city of Nіmechchina vdchuvaє vіdpovіdalіnіst іn solving local i global problems and accept, zagal, others like a power, a building of that. For the implementation of the “intelligent power” of the FRN, various initiatives are actively developed on regional and international platforms: in the EU, OSCE, Radio Europe, NATO, outside the borders of BRICS, UN, G8 and G20. At the same time, on the side of its MZS, Nimechchina played an important role in the creation of the G20 format, which in 1999 was the forum of ministers of finance and capital banks. for discussion of the Asian crisis of the 1990s.
Becoming "soft" and "reasonable" power in modern Russia
In Russia, the remaining fates have seen the importance of “soft” and “reasonable” power (divine pracci T. Shaklenoy, Z. Kortunova, Do. Kosachov, U. Nikonov and others), especially in the international arena. At the same time, for tradition, foreign knowledge and best practices were respectfully introduced. Institutionally, for Russia, there are no taman political funds, like the Nimechchina has a solid parliamentary tradition. Such institutions for the implementation of "soft" power have become more likely to be foreign national initiatives and analytical centers, as they were in the United States and other countries. It is worth noting that the United States at this stage is the leader in the implementation of the policy of "soft" and "reasonable" power for the number of global NGOs, think tanks, scholarship programs and other initiatives. It is important that the Commission on International Defense and Public Diplomacy of the Community Chamber, established in 2008, has become the Russian analogue of the American Intelligence Commission, created by the Center for Strategic and International Affairs in Washington. The Russian Rada for International Affairs (RIAC) repeated richly why the structure of this series of programs is directly American for the sake of international relations (CFR), and the Russian Light Foundation was created for the sake of improving the British cause (as well as the Goethe Institute).
At that very hour, the plans of global education and scholarship programs in Russia are only beginning to increase their strength. A lot of graduates of the Radiansk VNZs, like before, represent the elites of the ranks and the academic kіl krajins of the SND, low African and Latin American powers. But today Russia has already reached a lot of success with whom directly. Looking back at the Nine, we do not see painless reorganization of the entire system higher enlightenment, and navit science institutes, this process with specific results may be delayed for a long time. W іnshogo side, Osvita in CPCP elіti blizkoskhіdnih, afrikanskih i latinoamerikanskih kraїn prodovzhuyut pіdtrimuvati phone reception іz Suchasnyj Rosієyu within specific proektіv, napriklad, kupuyuchi for svoїh kraїn i transnatsіonalnih kompanіy ozbroєnnya that amunіtsіyu rosіyskogo virobnitstva and takozh in ryadі energetichnih that resursodobuvnih programs . Tsya side of the “reasonable” power of Russia dosi maє wide drink in the rich lands of the world, rich in what, zavdyaks of the Radiant past.
For the time being, it’s easy to work on the first few facts about the effectiveness of the instruments of the policy of “soft” and “reasonable” power modern Russia, especially in the information field. Most often, in the krains, the quasi-powerful mechanisms of Russia are taken skeptically, calling them the “hand of the Kremlin” and especially trusting their projects. Before the speech, it’s worth talking about ZMI, for example, the TV channel “Russia Today” is openly called “Kremlin propaganda” by some skeptics in Europe and the USA.
At zv'yazku z tsm slid zvernuti respect for the increase in the number of joint projects abroad with local partner organizations, as a way to rob, for example, German political funds. From the above-named organizations, perhaps, the RIAC called for the greatest degree of trust beyond the borders of Russia and can be seen behind the current and truly solid projects, for example, "Russia and Euro-Atlantic Spivtovaristvo". This fact, insanely, is not in line with the specialty, active duty and balanced position of the President of the RIAC Igor S. Ivanov.
Visnovok
The policy of "soft" and "reasonable" forces in modern Germany and Russia may differ in nature, and at the link with the cim їx cіkavo zastaviti. Yakschko NІMECHINA Nepoloshuu on the scholarships of Svittnіkh Toshtiki Program, and the robot to the robot of the Pol_tichnyh Fondiva is the spruce of the exercise of its products, Rosіya often Vikristovuє Kolichnіi SRSR SRSR, Rodi, SPIVPRATSYUKY W Elіti Latin's Blizzard, Pіvnіchi Africa, Ta Latin America, Yaki established in the Radyansk Union and, like before, loyal to Russia, why go about the energy spivpratsyu or about the interaction in the gallery of the supply of fire. Vrahovyuchi different head of history and political realities of Russia and Nimacheni, it is unlikely that one country will take a butt from another global sensation, but mutual support of both lands on this and other fields is such a real problem. Before that, there was more than 1000 years of history between the two lands, as they went through “fire, water and the middle trumpet”, as well as dark sides, richly taught by the politician that bulk of Germany and Russia for a further partnership for the sake of peace.
For the help of the privacy of your ideas and tools of soft power, you can irritate people to fight and know consensus in a peaceful way. At all times, people were occupied with the problem of choosing a management resource, which is necessary to spire to the military force and to be corrupted by my strength. The first concept of intelligent power can be found in the practice of philanthropists of old, and in the practice of Lao-chi and Al-Farabi.
Lao-chi wrote to the one who “created water to make the hardest stone”. Tse was discussed in the yoga taborі oum.ru. At once you can guess that the thinker of the maw is on the verge of a manifestation of m'akoї strength, however, not everything can be achieved by force, in certain situations it is necessary to show spiritual agility, so that it is easier and better to be curt. Al-Farabi, philosopher of the tenth century of Damascus, having created the concept of an ideal state. The rulers became the ideal ruler - philosophers, like leading people after themselves for the help of reasonable thoughts and moral humiliation, and not by military methods.
The state's army victorious is less likely to happen in extreme situations. IN extraordinary life vlada zdіysnyuєtsya less at looking soft resources. Summing up, one can say that reasonable power is a more reasonable system of communications in diplomacy, defense, development of other means of solid and soft power. The deep power potential of the state after the appearance of such an understanding, like a reasonable power, is invested like a sum of soft power. The Chinese authorities have gone far and have introduced a new formula for the petty sovereign power. The stench propagated to rozrakhovuvati її like vitvir m'yakoї that zhorstkoї forces. If only one of the species of power is equal to zero, then the whole world of power is equal to zero. We vvazhaemo, scho is also a possible negative tvir, which spits bi negatively.
That is just one of the forces
accepts a negative value, then the blatant opinion of the stosuvannya of the force will be negative. It is already impossible to experience life without mobile devices and the Internet. The current most accessible and most effective tool for control. For the help of SMS messages, the Mexicans of Egypt were asked to vote for the right candidate in 2014. After the public self-burning of the Tunisian seller Mohamed Bouazizi, the conflict of untwisting social measures Facebook, and behind the cim came the blight of the Arab Spring. The butt of a positive victorious reasonable power is Singapore, which has invested enough in its military resources, so that it does not look like easy gain in the eyes of its susіdіv, such wines want to be defeated in the attack. Information technologies, as one of the soft power tools, allow to control political process. For example, dosi one of the main tools of communication is TV broadcasting.
TV broadcasting gives a picture and tse smut, so that a person receives close to 70% of all obsyagu information is good. The most comfortable way to deliver information. If you want to convey the order to the people, put the whole family in front of them about the 9-10th anniversary of the evening, after the work, at the TV, de same at the same time, loudly, not casually, show the news in the world. One thing can be said about new technologies: everything is not vivacious, victorious in the cunning aims of replacing hegemonic positions on the light maidan. Most people do not suspect that the stench is under control. GLONASS, radioelectronic technologies, gps, google glass and a lot of other developments we already know, ale about deaks, so PSYOP and HAARP do not tell us.
EditorialThe attack on the landing of US President Barack Obama gave rise to the succession of the United States, and for their intervals, a wave of euphoria, tied with hopes for a change in the political course of a leading world power, for a change in the climate of the global political climate on the planet. Ale stumbled with objective difficulties, Obama's policy begins to receive harsh criticism both in America and beyond.What can you use to describe Obama's policy with the phrase "Reasonable Politics"? What is the warehouse of "reasonable power" in the hands of the administration of Obama? How similar is Obama's style to Bush's?On the basis of the supply of the Russian Journal, the Americanpolitical scientist, author of the concept of "soft power" Joseph Youngest.
RJ:What do you care about the description of the policy of the administration of Barack Obama, can the term "reasonable power" be stagnant? How much of Obama's policy can be called "strong" and how much "wise"?
Joseph Nye:“Reasonable power” is the value of building together in different contexts and soft resources of power in a successful strategy. Hillary Clinton voted "reasonable power" in the manner of the Obama administration's oval policy. On this day, we have changed our minds, that the administration will again be naked on the role of “m'akoї force” - for example, about tse note Obama's step in Kahiri. Ale and I didn’t see the “zhorstkoy force” vіdmovi. On the basis of the program to increase the military contingent of the United States in Afghanistan, as well as the program to impose sanctions against Iran.
RJ:Why is "reasonable politics" not doomed?
D.N.:І so і ні. Zmіshuvannya zhorstkoї and m'yakої forces always lie in the context. To this I dedicate a whole lot of my books " The Powers to lead» what I call "contextual intelligence".
RJ:What are we preparing for American society before adopting a "reasonable policy", a policy of "reasonable power"? What, in your opinion, can the ideology of the American state policy, what kind of installations can be turned around by the foreigners, especially among the galuzi of the old and economic policies?
D.N.: I think that the idea of "reasonable power", like the strength of the strong and the soft, befits the American bulk, if you want to, who underestimate the soft warehouse. I think that the Successful States are responsible for their national interests more broadly. It followed that the interests of other lands were insured, and not more powerful. Tse transferring the security of such svіtovyh suspіlnyh benefits, like stability, vodkrita international economy, coping with the problem of climate change too.
RJ:How can you blame the situation if the folded international problems lead to victoriousness in American politics "Bush style" rather than "Obame style"?
D.N.: It’s too much to lie down like that, which is on the verge of the “Bush style”. Acting analysts know more authority between the first and the other term of George W. Bush's obedience, lower than between the other term of Bush and the Obama administration. If the hour of the first term of Bush was pidkhіd zhorstkoї force buv pardon, we will glance over the first and the next term priklyuchiv to the principle of diplomacy. Prote one-sided or rich-sided principle - the whole spectrum is diy, and the administration does not throw itself over its head to implement that third principle at the expense of others. In this way, we can recognize some of the actions that Obama behaves in a similar way to Bush, although the patterns of his behavior will be different. I doubt Obama will be the next Bush. As a leader, I can win a different temperament and style. More than that, behind some blaming, like Robert Gates, Obama's key advisors are called others. Vice President Biden is already looking at Dick Cheyne.
