Food at the paragraph

1. How did the anti-Radian uprisings near Poland end in 1956?

Anti-Radian uprisings near Poland, 1956 ended up with Gomulka zmіg Khrushchov's reconciliation with whom the reformers-Leninists cherish in the country and that the Poles did not need to speak from a position of strength. In the aftermath of the suffocation of the suffocating suffocation, the distance vanished.

2. What is “Prazka Spring”?

"Fair Spring" - the period of liberalization in Czechoslovakia from September to April 1968, the fate of the first secretary of the CPL Central Committee Oleksandr Dubcek and yogo reforms, directing the expansion of rights and freedoms of the people and the decentralization of power in the country.

3. What kind of rice characterizes the entire political regime of Rumunia, which was established there after the Other World War?

In the aftermath of another world war in the country, the monarchy and the vote of the socialist republic were struck, and a complex of visits was carried out, which is typical for other lands of Northern Europe: nationalization and industrialization, violence, industrialism. The leader of the Romanian communists, having dealt with political opponents like a pose, and in the middle of the party, having established a dictatorship for the zhorstok, that turned off whether or not the opposition was possible.

Question in the end of the paragraph

1. What are the main causes of the crisis of the socialist camp?

In the borderlands of the socialist bloc, an economic and social crisis was growing. The population noticed a lack of food products. In the middle of the 1980s. in the Radyansk Union, democratic reforms were gaining strength in various spheres of a suspenseful life, which they took away the name "perebudova". Under the influx of perestroika, the peoples of Central, Skhidnaya and Pivdenno-Skhidnoy ЄEurope grew stronger until the reigning regimes there. The accelerated processes of these processes were taken down by the socialist Poland, which began at the turn of the 1970-1980s.

2. Why did Poland itself become a change-maker? What is the role of the changes of Lech Walensi and Wojciech Jaruzelsky?

Why Poland itself became a “perisher” of changes, to that in Poland until 1980. an economic crisis was developing, as the growing dissatisfaction with the government on the side of the population, the formation of the oppositional trade-union movement "Solidarity" called out. The crisis called out to the military camp, which the Poles were repairing.

The role of Lech Valensi belongs to the one who became the leader of the “Solidarity” movement, choking the fight against the communist regime.

The role of U. Jaruzelsky is for the one who, having jumped from one side, strangled the Rukh, having entered the SRSR alive, but from the other side having tried to carry out economic reforms to eliminate the causes of dissatisfaction.

3. What is Balcerowicz's "shock therapy" program? What ensured її successful implementation?

The program of “shock therapy” of Balcerowicz was indicative of the Swedish transition of the Polish economy from a sovereign (planned) economy, based on sovereign power and centralized planning, to a capitalist market economy.

4. What were the internal and external rethinks of the formation of the NDR as an independent political enlightenment?

Internal reconsiderations of the liquidation of the PDR were the cause of the rise of the Nazis, as well as the authority of the great sovereign political structures NDR in the aftermath of the economic and social crisis. The outrageous reasons were the collapse of the socialist bloc, the FRN, which had broken the union, as well as the impossibility of assistance from the side of the SRSR.

5. What does the term "oxamite revolution" mean? Why did the regime change and the collapse of the Czechoslovak state went through the most civilized?

Oxamite revolution- peaceful community rebellion near Czechoslovakia near the leaf fall - chest 1989. Brought until the end of the Swedish adoption of the government of the communist party and the organized dismantling of the socialist regime of Czechoslovakia.

6. What ensured the return to power of the left (socialistic) leader in a number of lands of Northern Europe, for example in Ugorshchina?

Повернення до влади діячів лівого спрямування в ряді країн Східної Європи відбулося внаслідок різкої соціально-економічної зміни в житті людей після зміни політичного режиму: Перехід до ринку викликав спад виробництва, а також зростання безробіття (наприклад, кожен десятий угорець опинився на вулиці) та інфляції. so many people spodіvavsya, scho turn to the power of the socialists turn to the same stability in their life.

7. Why, in your opinion, did the change of the political regime in Romania turn into a crooked coup?

The change of the political regime of Rumunia turned into a crooked coup over those who had split the suspense on the pribniks and opponents of M. Ceausescu. The leader of Romania himself did not dare to act in power and carry out urgent reforms. As a result, the army, which switched to the rebellion, took part in the coup by forceful methods.

8. Compile a chronological table of the breakup of the Yugoslav Federation and the creation of new lands in the Balkans. What causes were brought to mid-term wars in Yugoslavia? Chi can Bulo, in your opinion, get away with the power version of the development of the subdivision?

1. Deterioration of the economic camp. After the intervention in Czechoslovakia on 21 September 1968. in all the lands of Northern Europe, the process of strengthening totalitarianism and galvanizing economic reforms has begun. Mustaches of dissatisfaction began to be re-examined.

In the rich countries, there is a link between the “dissidents” - the defenders of law. - The rise of unfriendly internal and ovnisnopolitichnyh chinniks has made the strength of these lands stronger than the industrially developed lands of Zakhoda. In the lands of Northern Europe, minds began to form for the revolution.

2. Social problems. From the beginning of the 1970s, the lands of the socialist community began to experience negative changes in economic life. In the lands of Northern Europe, there was a growing unemployment, the road to living goods knew wages, Pogіrshila material camp of working masses. Anger and dissatisfaction of the masses were expressed differently. (At the NDR - the mass flow of the population of Zakhidnu Nimechchyna).

In Poland, the dissatisfied population wriggled around the form of protests and protests. In the process of mass dissatisfaction in the 1980s. In Poland, an independent trade union “Solidarity” settled down, enchanted by Lech Walesa (this trade union, having united all the oppositional forces of Poland, turned into a strained political current). The squadron of Poland of turmoil had a conversation with Solidarity.

Podії Polschi and іnshih kraїnah sіїlії svіvdruzhnosti bіvіdnіm vydchennyam іnshі ї krizi 'totalіtarskogo sіїlіzmu'.

3. The policy of "renewal of socialism". Massive upheavals at the borders of Northern Europe were initiated from the suffocation of political power by the “renewal of socialism”. Representatives of the new era, who came to power, disbanded the old state apparatus, introduced rich party forms of governing the state.

Democratic revolutions in Poland, Ugorshchyna, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Albania were based on their collective rice – leading to a totalitarian model of socialism, turning to ideas liberal democracy. Before the political power came new fiends young vіku: from Czechoslovakia - Vaclav Havel, from Poland - Lech Walesa, Bulgaria - Zhelyu Zhelev and іn.

In the process of free elections, the communist parties of the Ukrainian lands of Northern Europe recognized failures and gave up power to the opposition parties. .

4. The collapse of the "flying dependency". Dismantling the totalitarian regime political life zaglyublyuvavsya. This process is especially remembered in the sphere of modern politics of similar European lands. Gromads'kі grupi skhіdnoevropejskih krajn put pitannja about negajne vyvedennya radyanskih vіyskovskih za'єdnаn zі their territories. At lipni 1991 the Warsaw Pact broke out, the Rada of Economic Assistance (REV), the socialist union, ceasing to support the SRSR itself. At the fall of the leaves 1989 the Berlin wall fell - a visible symbol of the "flying curtain". It was allowed to cross over to Western Berlin.

Come to Rumunia. Paired with the other lands of Northern Europe, but in Rumunia they were amused by certain peculiarities. The President of Romania, M. Ceausescu, did not miss the annual changes, did not want to commemorate cardinal changes in the coastal regions of Northern Europe.

December 17, 1989 security services pulled up protest demonstrations near the Timishoari metro station. In Bucharest, the army units rose up. Zіtknennya between the people and the forces of security, who stood guard over the interests of M. Ceausescu, were taken all over the country. To the decisions of the military tribunal, befriending Ceausescu, as a rule in Romania 24 years, it was shot. Vlada moved to the Front of the National Order on Choli z Ion Ilієsku.

The new order changed the name of the country. The socialist Romanian Republic became known simply as Rumunia. The communist party was fenced off by a new order.

5. Podії 1989-1991 near the borders of Northern Europe.

Democratic revolutions of 1989-1991 , which slandered all the socialist lands of Pvdenny and Pvdenny-Skhidnoy Europe, liquidated the command-administrative system of the ruling parties and introduced democratic forms of management.

In rich lands, revolutionary changes passed without bloodshed. The ruling communist and robotic parties, one by one, have spent their monopoly on power. Many of them, in order to settle down in the political arena, not only looked at their programs and principles, but changed their names. Revolutionary steps near the borders of Pivdenny and Pvdenny-Skhidnoy Europe were held for the active participation of the intelligentsia. The collapse of the Soviet Socialist Republic called for low democratic revolutions in the lands of similar Europe.

In the Ugorshchyna, the subpoenas broke out from the black of 1989: as a result of a broad suspense dialogue at the “round table”, the Ugorian communes (Ugric Socialist Labor Party) managed to transfer power to the opposition party – the Democratic Forum.

1989 at the NDR. (Through the massive influx on Zakhid, the people of the NDR created the edge crisis situation) at the leaf fall of 1989. the head of the communists Yege. Honecker voluntarily entered the government, handing him over to the opposition bloc. Zhovtnevy podії 1989 NDR prepared the basis for the unification of Nimechchini.

International conflicts. The revolutions of the 1980s near the borders of Pivdenny and Pivdenno-Skhidnoy Europe gave rise to international conflicts.

At the time of the revolutionary upheaval, the Czechoslovak region saw interethnic blues, which threatened the foundation of the single state of the Czechs and Slovaks. The demarcation behind the national sign was set up at the lavas of the parties. At the fall of the leaves 1990 On the 18th century of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, the party split into two parts: the Communist Party of the Slovak Region and the Communist Party of the Czechs and Moravians.

The Slovak Parliament praised the 1992 p. Declaration on the sovereignty of the Slovak Republic. September 1, 1993 the sovereign and independent state was voted - the Czech Republic.

The visitation of the radian troops from the territory of Central and Northern Europe led to a sharp change in the political situation. Have 1989-1991 rock. before vlady mayzha in all lands of "socialistic sympathy" in the midst of the strengthening of antiradian sentiments, the opposition came. Peaceful way became so called "oxamite revolutions" in Poland, NDR, Czechoslovakia, Ugorshchina, Bulgaria, Albania. Naprikintsy born in 1989 In the wake of the popular uprising, the Ceausescu regime in Romania was overthrown. There was a change in the ceramics of Mongolia, new drawings became evident in the politics of V'etnam. The national-democratic forces that came to power acted from radical positions, oriented towards a radical change in the model of supple rozvitkov. We stink ahead of them zdiisnili privatization, held aktsionuvannya industrial enterprises and agrarian reforms. At its most important many socialist lands began to focus on Zahid.

Protyag 1989-1991 rokiv. changed as a model of the social and economic structure, and the political map of wartime Europe. So, as a result of the defeat of the communists, the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia fell apart. In the її її її її її її її її її її її її її її її її її її її їїї її її її її її її її ї її ї її її її її її її її її її їїї independent. Serbia and Chornogoriya were left at the warehouse of the federal Yugoslavia, near Bosnia and Herzegovina, a war began on the national-territorial ground. This objectively weakened all the sub'єkti of the Yugoslav federation, as in the socio-economic, and military-political relations.

At the same time, the position of the Sunset in Europe was sharply strengthened not only by the veil of the objective overrun, but also by the politics. unscheduled, Yaku zaynalo radianske kerіvnitstvo in connection with the situation in Central and Northern Europe. Beginning in 1989 Gorbachev became a great worker unilateral actions, zmіshuyuchi ideologically and strategically warehouses zovnіshnyoї politiki Most clearly tse appeared in the virіshennі nіmetskogo nutrition, like a long period of the military regulation is of little key importance. In the situation "nearly Nimechchini" of the SRSR, in the case of international law, it played a significant role, there were no other reasons for absolutely unreasonable reasons. At the fall of the leaves 1989 Christian democrats came to power in the PDR, the main voice of which was the unification of the country. Having fallen the symbol of "cold winter" - a concrete wall, which separated the Skhіdniy i Zahіdniy Berlin. Under the hour of justrichi with Chancellor Nіmechchini G. Kohl at the fierce 1990 r. Gorbachev gave him the opportunity to "take the process of unification of Germany from his own hands." The new side of the Radianian Union was shown in the fact that it was not possible to provide nutrition for the membership of the new united Germany in NATO, although both the Germans and the Americans were ready for a compromise ahead of time. The SRSR waited for the unification of Nimechchini, announcing the announcement of the sound of its war with a stretch of four fates. Natomist wine having taken away the economic aid of 10 billion marks for the obshtuvannya vedenyh vіysk and obіtsyanka, scho on the territory of the NDR will not be deployed military NATO. Zhovtni 1990. "socialist power on the German land" ceased to exist. At the same time, German loans, at the same time, were paid off quickly in various commercial structures and there was no small amount of money to be poured into the minds of the radyansky officers, their squads and children.

The development of the situation in Central and Northern Europe has led to the fact that Radyansk Union by using its traditional strategic partners. There are few negative consequences for the economic situation in the middle of the SRSR. In the wake of the inter-frosts on the basis of the arable land, the balance of trade with the similar European lands was sharply reduced. The influx of the SRSR in Europe and the world has weakened. In fact, the country has stumbled along the waterway of NATO policy. This became especially obvious when the Persian army arrived in 1990-1991, when Iraq failed to attack Kuwait. For the first time, Moscow leaned on the botsі, and she supported the yogic military operation against Iraq. Attached deliveries to Іraku radianskoї zbroї, vіdklikannya radyanskih vojskovih fahivtsіv and further fate of the SRSR in the economic embargo against Іraku little negative consequences for the economy of the SRSR.

Rethink the catastrophes of the socialist regimes in the lands of Northern Europe. In some powers, transformation was considered peaceful, and in some countries it was a violent way?

The problem of change of mind and specific historical reasons for the collapse of the totalitarian communist system in the European countries, no doubt, requires a necessary understanding. It is clear that causes and causes in this context are not the same. For example, the trival of rebuffing with the Schidníy Evropі zbroynyh groupings of the Radyansk Union "played the role of a kind of negative psychological teaser for the people of that region, became an important reason for the anti-communist revolutionary uprisings of 1989-1990".

Ale, before the indirect concrete-historical reasons for the appointment of the sub-fact of the transfer of 1989. radyansky viysk in Ugorshchina, NDR, Poland and Czechoslovakia cannot be seen. The stench perebuvali in the places of permanent deployment and did not slander themselves with actions of forceful strangulation of the people's protests against the communist government, although they did it right in the middle.

Later, between the 1980s and 1990s, profound changes took place in international trade. The collapse of the world system of socialism meant the ideological-political and military confrontation between the Skhod and the Sunset. "Cold War" has been lost to the past. The formation of a new light fret has begun. The political map of the world has changed. Europe has 14 new independent powers, which have settled in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Socialist Republic, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. All the stinks were recognized by the luminous spirit and accepted into the UN. The largest European power was united Nimechchina. Vіdbuvsya passed the spheres of the geopolitical infusion. Russia lost control over Northern Europe, like before the Soviet Socialist Republic. Її vіyska was brought out from the territory of these lands. Russia has spent the camp of "superpower".

What were the viklikanі tsі podії? On the thought of rich doslednikiv, change here has long been brewing. The system of sovereign socialism, like and in the future, gave trouble (to solve the crisis in 1956 in Ugorshchina, 1968 in Czechoslovakia, 1956, 1970 and 1980 in Poland), in many of its aspects it drew itself out: in the midst of the lands of Zakhod, the day of rightful political freedom and democracy. The population of the skhіdnoevropejskih krai zdebіlshego bazhal zmіn, podіvayuchis approaching the living standards of the razvinutih kraіn.

The processes that were experienced by the Radyansk Union, like the 1980s, bumped into each other like the Soviet Socialist Republic itself, and at the other end of the world, like in Europe, and in Asia. Thoughtless is the policy of the radyansk government on the territory of Gorbachev, like the 1980s. led to the fact that the lands of Skhidnoy and Central Europe began one by one to emerge from the warehouse of the socialist camp. Rich someone, as it happened with Czechoslovakia, appeared peacefully, ale buli and so, like, for example, Yugoslavia, de vidmova in the socialist system turned around hromada war and great sacrifices. About the collapse of the world's socialist system, there is a lot to learn.

Prehistory

In the 1950s and 1960s. in some countries, the socialist tabor had a connection with the dissatisfied policies of the ranks, there were confusions, as if they were oppressed (divine lesson). At one time, social and economic problems, as well as dissatisfaction with the policy pursued by the Communist Party, accumulated in these lands.

Podії

Poland

1980- Created profspilku "Solidarnist". Massive speeches of workers against economic policy order.

1981- supply of the countryside of the Viysk camp.

1989- Discussing projects of political reforms for the participation of the opposition.

1989- Parliamentary elections. "Solidarity" wins (takes 99 months out of 100). The first non-communist order will come to power near Poland, which will realize the transition to the market economy.

1990- Lech Walesa won the presidential election.

Ugorshchina

1989- The Communist Party of the Ugorshchyna (Ugorsk Socialist Robotic Party) transforms into a party of social-democratic orientation (Ugorsk Socialist Party). New parties are emerging from the marvelous country, and a rich party system is beginning to take shape.

1990- at the elections, the opposition (Ugric Democratic Forum) wins, the communist party knows the blows. A new order is being formed on the island of Y. Antalom.

Czechoslovakia

1989- Thousands of students take part in the demonstration near Prazі. After their brutal beating by the police, a series of protests sweep across the country.

1989- President Vaclav Havel. Czechoslovakia becomes the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic.

1993- blamed two great powers - the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

PDR

1989- E. Honnecker in the view of the architecture of the country. Beginning to form a new order for the fate of the main political forces of the country (Christian Democratic Union, Liberal Democratic Party, National Democratic Party).

1989- The Berlin Wall, which supports the city of Zahidny Berlin from Skhidny, is wrought.

Spring 1990- an agreement on the residual adjustment of the order of Nimechchini. The lands - the mistresses of the Other world war were spared the rights and the viability of the city of Nimechchini. The agreement also determined the boundaries of the ob'єdnanoї Nіmechchini and the term for the introduction of Nіmechchini radianskih vіysk.

Zhovten 1990- Association of Nimechchini. An agreement was signed on the entry of NDR lands to the FRN warehouse.

Romania

1989- Protest all over the country. The power of the country to pass to the sake of the Front of National Order (FTS).

1990- The President is Ion Ilієsku.

1991- the leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus at the metro station Bilovezka signed an agreement about the creation of the Friendship of Independent Powers (SND).

1991- the leaders of the numerous Radianian republics signed a declaration about the admission of the SRSR and the admission to the SND.

Participants

At the leaf fall-breast of 1989, the population of the PDR, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Ugorshchina, Bulgaria, after some communist party and official state power zmusheni buli drink at the post office. But not everyone went to the office safely. The President of Romania (Fig. 2) was sentenced to death at once from the retinue. These corpses were shown on the central Romanian TV station.

Rice. 2. Nicholas Ceausescu ()

Nastіlki Shvidka razzlechenuvannya socialist camp of Europe was pov'yazane z nevtruchannyam Moscow. Gorbachev was circled around the finger by his friends. Heaps and ranks, which hobbled on the new outskirts of the Western world, allowed you to “not commemorate” the catastrophe. 1990 Rock Gorbachev was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Truly the bula of the city to the Radian leader for the task of all the positions of the SRSR in the whole world, and in the European Union.

Behind short strings in Poland, Ugorshchina, Bulgaria, Rumunia, Czechoslovakia, proselytized orders came to power. In the 1990s-2000s. tsі krajina entered before the European Union and became members of NATO.

Particularly complex processes were observed in the NDR. Tsya republic, which was in the socialist labor, was a real trophy of the SRSR, we take away for the majestic sacrifice of the Great Vytchiznyanoi war. On the territory of the NDR, a bagatomilyonne military grouping was hosted, be ready to be like a mit, as if to start a war from Sunset, to enter and in 4-6 days to reach the Atlantic. AT 1989 roku the link with the catastrophe of the socialist system was taken down Berlin wall, and in 1990 the fate of the union of Nimechchini, for the non-intermediate participation of the leader of the SRSR Gorbachov, after the birth of the most intense grouping of the Radian (Russian) troops from the territory of Nimechi. Ale tse vyvedennya viysk shvidshe is similar to vіdstup.

In 1990, t.sv. "Oksamitov revolution" (Mal. 3). Two new independent powers appeared on the map of Europe for a generous fortune - Czech Republic and Slovakia. The peoples of these lands have shown the power to be independent powers.

Rice. 3. "Oksamitov revolution" ()

In 1991, as a result of rich party elections, pro-government regimes came to power in Albania and Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia began to fall apart on the cob of the 1990s. Gostrі teritorial, interethnic and religious superchicks brought to war in Croatia, mass genocide of Serbs in Croatia and Kosovo. Until 1999, the fate of Yugoslavia was in ruins, hundreds of thousands of families were impoverished, national witchcraft and hatred were fierce. Yugoslavia became less than two republics - Serbia and Chornogoria, the rest of them were recreated in 2006 (Fig. 4). Have 1999-2000 rock. aviation of the country of NATO led bombing strikes on peaceful and military objects, zmushuyuchi ceremonial president - S. Milosevic- drink at a vіdstavku.

Rice. 4. The collapse of Yugoslavia ()

At the edges of Africa and Asia on the cob of the 1990s. so began to prostzhuvatis vіdtsentrovі processes. Rich lands began to take shape in the socialist system and develop their own way.

8 breast 1991 rock u Bіlovezskiy Pushcha The leaders of the three allied republics of Belarus - Yeltsin (RRFSR), Kravchuk (Ukraine) and Shushkevich (Belarus) - signed the "Pleasure for the creation of Friendship of the Independent Powers" (SND) (Fig. 5). In fact, this favor put a spot in the history of the SRSR. The weakness of the President of the SRSR Gorbachev manifested itself here. Vіn nothing could be done. On December 26, 1991, the SRSR officially pinned its grounds.

The stretch of the 1990s. Practically all the lands of Skhidnoy, Pivdennoy and Central Europe joined the EU, and many of them became a member of NATO. In the post-traditional expanse, 15 independent lands were established, some of them (Crimea of ​​the three Baltic republics), although they were listed in the SND, but conducted their own independent foreign policy. The stretch of the 1990s. Yeltsin course foreign policy there is still a trace of surpluses of a great deal of power and infusion of the SRSR in the world.

Rice. 5. Good luck ()

1. Aleksashkina L.M. Zagalna istoriya. XX - the beginning of the XXI century. – M.: Mnemozina, 2011.

2. Zagladin N.V. Zagalnaya istoriya. XX century. Handyman for 11 classes. - M: Russian word, 2009.

3. Plenkov O.Yu., Andriivska T.P., Shevchenko S.V. Zagalnaya istoriya. Grade 11 / Ed. M'yasnikova V.S. - M., 2011.

2. Virtual world of the mythical Jahu! ().

1. Read Chapter 18 pp. 209-212 assistant to Aleksashkina L.M. Zagalnaya istoriya. XX - the beginning of the XXI century and give feedback on the supply 5-6 on p. 213.

2. Can you take away the socialist tabir from Europe and the world? Why?

3. Describe the main stages of war in Yugoslavia.