Elements of the mechanics of sucrose middles. Fundamentals of molecular physics and thermodynamics

Ridini and Gazi rich in what they are similar in their powers. The stench is fluid and swells the forms of those judges, de find. They obey the laws of Pascal and Archimedes.

When you look at the rush of the countryside, you can flail with the forces of rubbing between the balls and vvazhat them with absolutely shyness. Such an absolutely unintelligent and absolutely sly homeland is called ideal..

Rukh rіdini can be described, to show the trajectory of the motion of її parts in such a rank, so that it is dotichna at any point of the trajectory ran with the swidkost vector. Qi lines are called struma lines. It is customary to draw the lines of the struma in such a way that their density is greater there, the greater the flow of the stream (Fig. 2.11).

The value and direction of the velocity vector V can change from time to time, then the pattern of the line struma can change without interruption. Since the vectors and speeds in the skin point do not change in space, then the crossing of the border is called stationary.

A part of the river, surrounded by struma lines, is called strum pipe. Pieces of rіdini, which crumble in the middle of the strumu tube, do not melt through the walls.

We can look at one strum tube and signifi- cantly through S 1 and S 2 the area of ​​the transverse cut into it (Fig. 2.12). In one hour, through S 1 and S 2, the same connections flow through:

S 1 V 1 \u003d S 2 V 2 (2.47)

tse zastosovno to any cut of the strum tube. Also, for an ideal home, the value of SV = const for any transection of the strum tube. Tse spіvіdnoshennia is called unevenness of the jet. From the new screeches:

tobto. the width of the V stationary crossing of the streak is wrapped in proportion to the area of ​​the cross section S of the strum tube, or it can be edged with a gradient vise in the strum tube's core. The theorem about the non-expansion of the stream (2.47) is stagnant and up to real cracks (gases) when they overflow in the pipes of a different cut, so the losses are small.

Rivnyannia Bernoulli. We can see in the ideal home the tube of the strum of the changeable cut (Fig. 2.12). Through the non-striation of the stream through S 1 and S 2 in one hour, the same volumes of water flow ΔV.

The energy of the skin part of the heart is composed of kinetic energy and potential energy. Then, when passing through one section of the strum tube, to a further increase in energy, there will be:

In the ideal homeland of prosperity ∆W can do more robotic forces to change the obligation ΔV, tobto. A \u003d (P 1 -P 2) ΔV.

Rivnyuyuchi ΔW=A і quickly on ΔVі vrakhovuyuchi, shcho ( ρ -shіlnіst rіdini), otrimaєmo:

because If the span of the tube is taken enough, then for an ideal homeland, be it the line of the struma:

. (2.48)

de R- static grip on the strum pipe S strum;

Dynamic vice for this cut; V-shvidk_st prot_kannya rіdini through tsey pererіz;

ρgh- Hydrostatic vice.

Rivnyannia (2.48) is called peers of Bernoulli.

V'yazka native land. In a real homeland, when moving її balls, one can blame one strength of internal rubbish(Viscosity). Let two balls of motherland stand alone in one of them on the stand Δх і and collapse with swishes V 1 and V 2 (Fig. 2.13).

Todi the strength of internal friction between balls(Newton's Law):

, (2.49)

de η - Coefficient of dynamic viscosity of the medium:

The arithmetic mean of the mobility of molecules;

Average time for a free run of molecules;

Gradient swidkosti balls; ∆S- Area dotichnyh sharіv.

The spherical break of the middle is called laminar. With the growth of dryness, the sharuvaty character of the break breaks down, changes in the middle ground. Such a flow is called turbulent.

During laminar flow flow Q at pipes of radius R proportional to the pressure difference on a single pipe ∆P/ℓ:

Poiseuille formula. (2.51)

In real homelands and gases of the body, which are collapsing, they give support to the forces. For example, the strength of the support, which is on the bag, which equally collapses at the viscous middle, is proportional to this firmness V:

Stokes formula, (2.52)

de r- The radius of the bag.

With an increase in windiness, the body collapses around the body, behind the body swirls are settled, then energy is additionally stained. Tse to bring up to the frontal support.

7.1. Zagalnі power rіdin and gazіv. A kinematic description of the movement of the country. Vector fields. Potik and circulation of the vector field. Stationary crossing of the ideal home. Lines and strumu tubes. Rivnyannya Rukh and Rivnovagi Rіdini. Rіvnyannja nezryvnostі for rіdini, scho does not cling

The mechanics of sucrose mediums - arrogated the mechanics, attachments of rotation and equal gases, rіdin, plasmite and deformation of solid bodies. The main reason for allowing the mechanics of the suctile middles is that the speech can be like an uninterrupted suctile middle, unstoppably molecular (atomic) budovoy, and at once to take into account the uninterrupted distribution of the middle of all її characteristics (thickness, tension, swidness of the particles).

Motherland is a heart in a condensed steel, intermediate between we solidify and gas-like. The region of the core of the homeland is bordered from the side of low temperatures by a phase transition at the hard mill (crystallization), and from the side of high temperatures - at the gas-like (vaporization). When the dominance of the suctile medium is strengthened, the medium itself appears to be particles, expanding more and more of the molecules. In this rank, the skin part includes the magnitude of the number of molecules.

To describe the rіdini, you can install the position of the skin part of the rіdini as a function of the hour. This way of describing was developed by Lagrange. Ale, you can follow not behind the particles of the rіdini, but behind the small points of space and signify the swidkіst, with which to pass through the skin point around the particles of the rіdini. Another method is called the Euler method.

You can define the pace of circulation by showing the skin points to the space the vector of mobility as a function of the hour.

The totality of vectors, given for all points of space, sets up the field of the vector of flexibility, as it can be depicted like this. Let's carry out in the same line, which collapses so that it is close to them at the skin point, zbіgla y directly with the vector (Fig. 7.1). Qi lines are called struma lines. We dare to draw the lines of the struma in such a way that the density (setting the number of lines to the value perpendicular to them maydanchik, through the stench to pass) was proportional to the value of the swidkost in this area. Then, according to the picture of the line struma, you can judge not only directly, but also about the magnitude of the vector at different points in space: there, where the flow is greater, the lines of the struma will be thicker.

The number of lines struma to pass through the site, perpendicular to the line struma, is as good as the site is oriented to the line struma, the number of lines struma is near, de-cut between the vector and the normal to the Maidanchik. Often vikoristovuyut oznachennya. The number of lines of the struma through the maidanchik of the end roses is determined by the integral: . An integral of this kind is called the flow of a vector through a Maidan.

The value of that vector changes directly from time to time, and the picture of the lines does not become permanent. If in the skin point of space the vector of swidkost is overflowing with a constant value and in a straight line, then the overrun is called fixed or stationary. With a stationary crossing, be it a part of the road to pass through the same point in space with the very values ​​of speed. The pattern of the line struma does not change in different ways, and the lines of the struma move along the trajectories of the particles.

The flow of the vector through the surface and the circulation of the vector given to the contour make it possible to judge the nature of the vector field. However, the values ​​give an average characteristic of the field in the boundaries of the volume, covered by the surface, through which the flow is shown, or in the vicinity of the contour, which is taken to be the circulation. By changing the dimensions of the surface or the contour (contracting them to a point), you can come up to values ​​that will characterize the vector field at the point.

Let us examine the field of the width vector of an incompressible non-expandable plane. The flow of the velocity vector through the deak surface is the volume of the middle, which flows through the surface in one hour. On the outskirts of the point P there will be a clearly closed surface S (Fig. 7.2). Even though in the volume V, surrounded by the surface, the motherland does not vibrate and does not know, then the flow, which vibrates the names through the surface, is equal to zero. The visibility of the flow from zero will be indicated by those that are in the middle of the surface and are drains or drains, that is, points in which the flow is located in obsyag (dzherela) or are seen from obsyagu (drains). The value of the flow determines the total tension of the drains and drains. When the drain is overdone, the flow is positive, when the drain is overdone, it is negative.

Privately, I subdivided the flow by the amount of obsyagu, from which the flow is loud, є the average pet tightness of the dzherel, laid in the volume V. . At the boundary at, then. when drawn to a point, we take away the right tension of the necks at the point P, as it is called the divergence (difference) of the vector: . Otrimane viraz rightly be a vector. The integration is carried out over a closed surface S that intersects V. Divergence is determined by the behavior of a vector function near the point P. Divergence is a scalar function of coordinates that determines the position of the point P in space.

We know the difference for divergence in the system of Cartesian coordinates. We can look at the outskirts of the point P (x, y, z) small as a parallelepiped with edges parallel to the coordinate axes (Fig. 7.3). Looking at the matter of volume (we will go down to zero), the value in the boundaries of the skin of the six faces of the parallelepiped can be taken as invariable. The flow through the entire closed surface is settled into streams, which flow through the skin from the six sides of the okremo.

We know the flow through a pair of faces perpendicular to X in Fig. 7.3 faces 1 and 2). The outward normal to face 2 goes straight along the X axis. The normal can be straight ahead, prolonging the X axis. Sumarniy potik straight X is good. Retail є increment when shifted vzdovzh axis X on . Looking back at a small increment, you can look at it. We accept it. Similarly, through a pair of faces perpendicular to the axes Y і Z flows equal і . Povniy flow through a closed surface. Dividing the virase into the known divergence of the vector at point P:

Knowing the divergence of the vector at the skin point of space, you can calculate the flow of this vector through the surface of the terminal expansions. For the largest number of volumes, surroundings with the surface S, for an infinitely large number of infinitely small elements (Fig. 7.4).

For any element, the flow of the vector through the surface of this element is good. Having summed over all the elements, we can take the flow through the surface S, which is between the volume V: , the integration is carried out by the volume V, or

Tse Ostrogradsky–Gaus theorem. Here is a single normal vector to the surface dS at a given point.

Let's turn to the flow of the squeezed home. Let's wake up the contour. It seems that we somehow froze the mittevo motherland at the whole obsyazі behind the wine arch of a thin closed channel of the permanent cut, which includes the circuit (Fig. 7.5). Fallow, according to the nature of the flow, the motherland in the canal, which, having settled, will appear either unruly, or a ruomous (circulating) vzdovzh circuit in one of the possible direct lines. Like the world of this movement, the value is chosen, equal to the increase in the stability of the middle in the channel and the contour, . This value is called the circulation of the vector along the contour (scaling the channel can be permanently overflowed and the modulus of speed does not change). At the moment of hardening of the walls near the skin part of the rіdini in the canal, the storage of dryness is extinguished, it is perpendicular to the wall and there is no more storage, which is necessary for the contour. Z tsієyu warehouse pov'yazaniy impuls, the module of which is for a piece of rіdini, laid at the top of the canal with a long road, de - shіlnіst rіdini, - pererіz channel. The homeland is ideal - there is no rub, so the wall can only be changed directly, its value will be lost forever. Interaction between the particles of the middle ground called such a re-arrangement of the impulse between them, a kind of vibrating the smoothness of all the particles. With this algebraic sum of impulses is saved, to this de - the circulation speed, - the storage capacity of the middle in volume at the moment of the hour, blowing the hardening of the walls is sufficient. Divided into, take away.

The circulation characterizes the power of the field, the averaged area with dimensions in the order of the diameter of the contour. In order to take the characteristic of the field at point P, you need to change the contour, drawing it to the point P. In this case, the characteristic of the field is taken between the circulation of the vector along the flat contour, which is drawn to the point P, to the value of the area of ​​the contour S: . The value of the value between lie not only in terms of the power of the field at point P, but also in terms of the orientation of the contour in space, as far as it can be given a direct positive normal to the area of ​​the contour (positive is taken into account by the normal, due to the direct bypass of the contour by the rule of the right screw). Viznachayuchi tsyu mezhdu for different directions, we take away the different values, moreover, for the opposite directions, the normal tsі values ​​are recognized by a sign. For something directly normal, the value between will be maximum. In this way, the value of the intervene itself is like a projection of a certain vector onto a straight line normal to the contour plane, which is taken to be circulation. The maximum value between determines the modulus of this vector, and directly the positive normal, when the maximum is reached, gives the vector directly. The target vector is called the rotor or the swirl of the vector: .

In order to know the projections of the rotor on the axis of the Cartesian coordinate system, it is necessary to assign the values ​​of the boundary for such orientations of the maidan S axes X,Y,Z. If, for example, direct along the X axis, then we know. The contour of the folds at the same slope at the plane, parallel to YZ, take the contour at the looking rectangle with the sides of that. With the value of the skin and the sides of the contour, the contour is immutable. Dilyanka 1 contour (Fig. 7.6) prolongation of the Z axis, to that on the tsіy dilanci zbіgaєtsya z on dilanci 2 on dilanci 3 on dilanci 4. For the circulation of the third circuit, the value is: . Retail є increment when the income of Y is offset by . From a glance at the deshchitsu, the growth can be imagined at a glance. Similarly, retail. Same circulation along the contour,

de - area contour. Having divided the circulation on , we know the projection of the rotor on all X: . Similarly, , . If the rotor of the vector is indicated by the virase: + ,

Knowing the rotor of the vector at the skin point of the active surface S, you can calculate the circulation of the vector behind the contour that surrounds the surface S. Circulation behind the contour, which surrounds the equal, de - Positive normal to the element. Having summed up the number of viraz on the entire surface of S and substituting the viraz for circulation, we take it. Tse Stokes theorem.

Part of the middle, surrounded by struma lines, is called the struma tube. The vector, being dotted at the skin point to the line of the struma, will be close to the surface of the struma tube, and the particles of the middle do not permeate the walls of the struma tube.

It is seen perpendicular to the straight line of the streak of the tube S (Fig. 7.8.). It is important to note that the smoothness of the parts of the rіdini is the same at all points of this cut. In an hour, through the passage of S, the mustache of the part must pass, which does not change the value of the cob moment. Later, in an hour through the peretina S we will pass a volume of radini, equal, and in one hour through the peretina S we will pass a volume of radini, equal. Let's take into account that the tube of the struma is thin, that the tightness of the particles in the skin section can be taken into account. As the motherland is incompressible (that is why the width is the same everywhere and changes), the number of motherlands between cuts and (Fig. 7.9.) will be immutable. Todі obsyagi rіdini, scho prokayut for one hour through the cuts and dues but the same:

In this manner, for the squeezed rіdini, the value in whether or not it is possible to cut one and the same pipe of the struma is the same:

This hardening is called the theorem about the non-sharpness of the jet.

Rukh іdealnoї rіdini despisânânânâ Nav'є-Stokes:

de t - hour, x, y, z - coordinates of a rare part, - projections of volumetric force, p - vice, ρ - thickness of the middle. Ts_vnyannya allows you to designate the projection of the width of a part of the middle as a function of the coordinates of that hour. In order to close the system, until Nav'e-Stokes is even, to add the level of unevenness, as a consequence of the theorem about the unevenness of the jet:

For the integration of these equals, it is necessary to install the cob (as if the ruh is not stationary) and the boundary of the mind.

7.2. Tisk at the stream home. Rivnyannia Bernoulli and the legacy of the new

Looking at the Rukh Rіdin, you can sometimes imagine that the movement of some Rіdins should be crippled by others. The motherland, which is internally rubbed (viscosity) on a daily basis, is called ideal.

We can see a small overcut struma tube near the stationary stream (Fig. 7.10). Let's take a look at the volume of the rіdini, the surroundings with the walls of the strum tube and the cuts perpendicular to the line of the strum. In an hour, the volume of the strum pipe will move, and the slats will move to the position, passing the path, the slats will move to the position, passing the path. Due to the lack of clarity of the jet, the same value is shaded:

The energy of the skin particles is equal to the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of the gravity field. Due to the stationary nature of the leak, which is known for a year at a point of the unshaded part of the analyzed obsyagu (for example, point O in Fig. 7.10), there may be the same speed (and the same kinetic energy), as a small part, which was in the same points at the beginning of the hour. Therefore, the increase in the energy of the entire volume, which is seen, is more expensive than the energy of the shading obligations and.

In an ideal homeland, the strength is rubbing during the day, to that the increase in energy (7.1) is more expensive to work, which rises above the vision under the pressure of the forces. Forces on the vise on the surface of the perpendicular skin point to the direct movement of particles and work do not work. The work of the forces applied to the re-opening and recovery

Equating (7.1) and (7.2), we take

Oskіlki pererіzi were taken quite enough, it is possible to harden, that the viraz is left with the strum tube, which is permanent at the skin pererіzi of the tube, tobto. at the stationary flow of the ideal homeland, be it the line of the strum of the mind

The trust of Bernoulli. For a horizontal line, the struma is equal (7.3) to look at:

7.3. LIST OF APPROVALS

For sure, Bernoulli's zealous completion of a small opening in a wide open vessel. We can see a struma tube in the middle, the upper cut is lying on the surface of the middle, and the lower one runs behind the opening (Fig. 7.11). In the skin їх іх іх іхіріві the swidkіstі і vysota і vіdіkі vіhіdnіm іvіnіm іn vіdnіm іn vіdnіm, vise іn іх іх іхірізів аnd аs the same, the widіkіstіst movіlії vіdkritoї surfіnі vvozatememіmno zero. Todi equal (7.3) looks like:

Impulse

7.4. V'yazka motherland. Forces of internal rubbish

An ideal homeland, tobto. motherland without rubbish is abstraction. To all real homelands and gases of a greater or lesser world, viscosity is dominating, or internally rubbing.

Viscosity is manifested in the fact that it is ruh, that the vine is in the countryside or the gas, after the application of di forces, that it was called out, step by step it is attached.

Let's look at two parallel one and one plate, placed in the middle (Fig. 7.12). Linear dimensions of the plates are richer than the distance between them d. The lower plate is utrimuєtsya on the mist, the upper one is driven into the ruh by the lower one with the deak

swidkistyu. It has been experimentally proved that in order to move the upper plate with a constant swidkist, it is necessary to pour on it a whole singing, constant force behind the magnitude. The plate does not take it easy, henceforth, the force of force is equal to the magnitude of the force, as it is the force rubbing, which is applied to the plate at її rusі in the homeland. Significantly її, and part of the native land, which lies under the plane, the other part of the native land, which lies above the flat area, with force. When , are determined by formula (7.4). In this way, the formula expresses the strength between the balls of the middle, which stick together.

It has been experimentally shown that the width of the chasm of the middle changes at the straight line z, perpendicular to the plates (Fig. 7.6) according to the linear law

Particles of the rіdini, which stick in the middle with the plates, do not stick to them and may have the same smoothness, like the plates themselves. From the formula (7.5) we can take

The sign of the modulus of this formula is given for the offensive reason. If you change the direction directly, it’s good to change the sign, just as the change is more positive. Z urahuvannyam said viraz (7.4) nabuvaє look

The unit of viscosity with CI is such a viscosity, with a certain gradient of fluidity with a module, to produce an internal friction force of 1 N on 1 m of the surface of the balls. This unit is called Pascal - a second (Pa s).

Zagalnі power rіdin and gazіv. Rivnyannia rіvnovagi and ruh rіdini. Hydrostatics of the squeamish home. Stationary move of an ideal home. Rivnyannia Bernoulli. Ideally spring body. Spring stress and deformation. Hooke's law. Young's module.

Relativistic mechanics.

The principle of visibility and transformation of Galileo. Experimental grounding of the special theory of water content (SRT). Postulates of Einstein's special theory of water. Lorenz transformation. The concept of one hour. Vіdnosnіst dovzhin i promizhkіv o'clock. Relativistic law of the folding of assets. Relativistic impulse. Equal to the movement of the relativistic part. Relativistic virase for kinetic energy. Vzaimozv'yazok masi that energy. Spivvіdnoshennia between the total energy and momentum of the particle. Mezhі zastosuvannya classical (Newtonian) mechanics.

Fundamentals of molecular physics and thermodynamics

Thermodynamic systems. ideal gas.

Dynamic and statistical regularities in physics. Statistical and thermodynamic methods for investigating macroscopic phenomena.

Thermal movement of molecules. Interaction between molecules. Ideal gas. Stan system. I will become thermodynamic parameters. Equally important are the processes that are depicted on thermodynamic diagrams. I will become equal to the ideal gas.

Fundamentals of molecular-kinetic theory.

The main alignment of the molecular-kinetic theory of ideal gases is the same as that of Clapeyron-Mendeliev. Average kinetic energy of molecules. Molecular-kinetic clouding of thermodynamic temperature. The number of steps in the freedom of a molecule. The law of equal distribution of energy behind the steps of freedom of molecules. Internal energy and heat capacity of an ideal gas.

Maxwell's law for the division of molecules into particles and energies of thermal circulation. Ideal gas in a force field. Boltzmann's rozpodіl molecules near the force field. Barometric formulas.

Effective diameter of molecules. Zіtknen i number Middle dozhina free passage of molecules. Transference phenomenon.

Fundamentals of thermodynamics.

Robot gas for changing yoga obyagu. The amount of warmth. The first cob of thermodynamics. Zastosuvannya first cob of thermodynamics to isoprocesses and adiabatic process of ideal gas. The heat capacity of the ideal gas in the process. Another cob of thermodynamics. Thermal engine. Circular processes. The Carnot cycle, the coefficient of the correlation of the Carnot cycle.

3 .electrostatics

Electrical field at the vacuum.

The law of conservation of electric charge. Electrical field. The main characteristics of the electric field: tension and potential. Tension as a gradient to potential. Rozrahunok electrostatic watering with a path of superposition. Potіk stress vector. The Ostrogradsky-Gaus theorem for an electrostatic field in a vacuum. Zastosuvannya theorem Ostrohradsky Gaus to razrahunku field.

Electric field in dielectrics.

Vіlnі ta pov'yazanі charge. Type dielectric. Electronic and orientational polarization. Polarization. Dielectric spontaneity of speech. Electrically usunennya. Dielectric penetration of the medium. Calculation of the field strength in a homogeneous dielectric.

Conductors at the electric field.

The field in the middle of the conductor is that white surface. Recharged the charges at the conductor. Electricity of a water-reinforced conductor. Mutual capacity of two conductors. Capacitors. Energy charging conductor, capacitor and conductor system. Energy of the electrostatic field. Volume of energy.

Permanent electric strum

Strumu power. The thickness of the struma. Wash the bottom of the struma. Outside forces. Electrodestructive force jerela struma. Ohm's law for a heterogeneous plot electric lansyug. Kirchhoff's rules. Work and tightness electric struma. Joule-Lenz law. Classical theory of electrical conductivity of metals. Problems of classical theory.

electromagnetism

Vacuum magnetic field.

Magnetic interaction of post-stream streams. Magnetic field. Magnetic induction vector. Ampere's law. The magnetic field of the strum. Law of Biot-Savart-Laplace and yogo zastosuvannya to the expansion of the magnetic field of a rectilinear conductor with a strum. The magnetic field of a circular strum. Law new strumu(circulation of the magnetic induction vector) for the magnetic field in the vacuum and stagnation of the magnetic field of the toroid and the long solenoid. Magnetic potik. Theorem of Ostrogradsky Gaus for magnetic field. The vortex nature of the magnetic field Diya magnetic field on the charge that collapses. Lorentz force. Rukh charged particles in a magnetic field. Wrapping the contour with a strum at the magnetic field. The robot moves the conductor to the circuit with a strum at the magnetic field.

Electromagnetic induction.

The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction (according to Faraday). Lenz's rule. The law of electromagnetic induction and її derivation from the law of conservation of energy. The manifestation of self-induction. Inductance. Strumi at a zamikanny that rozmikanny elektrichnogo lansyug, scho to revenge inductance. Energy of a cat with a strum. The volume of the energy of the magnetic field.

The magnetic field near the speech.

Magnetic moment of atoms. Types of magnets. Magnetization. Micro and macrostrums. Elementary theory of dia-paramagnetism. The law of total strum for the magnetic field near speech. Magnetic field strength. Magnetic penetration of the medium. Feromagnets. Magnetic hysteresis. Krapka Curie. Spin nature of feromagnetism.

Rivnyanna Maxwell.

Faradievska and Maxwellian interpretation of the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. Strum zsuvu. Maxwell's equalization system in integral form.

Kolyvalny Rukh

Understanding about coliving processes. The only pidhіd to the colivans of different physical nature.

Amplitude, frequency, phase of harmonies. Folding harmonium chimes. Vector diagrams.

Pendulum, vantage on a spring, kolyvalny contour. Vilni zagasayuchi kolyvannya. Extinguishing coefficient, logarithmic decrement, quality factor.

Vimushenі colivannya with sinusoidal diarrhoea. Amplitude of that phase in the case of fluctuations. Resonance curves. Vimusheni kolyvannya elektrichnyh lancers.

Hvili

Mekhanizm utvochennya hvil have springy middle. Late and cross-sectional winds. Flat sinusoidal wave. Tі, scho bіzhat and standing whilі. Phase shvidkіst, dozhina hvili, hvilov number. Odnovimirne Khvilyove Rivnyannia. Group shvidkіst and dispersion hvil. Energy savings. Vector mind. Flat electromagnetic coils. Polarization hvil. Energy savings. Pointing vector. Viprominyuvannya dipole. straightness diagram

8 . Khvilov optics

light interference.

Coherence and monochromaticity of light flakes. Razrahunok interference pattern from two coherent roots. Dosvid Jung. The interference of light in thin plіvkah. Interferometry.

Light diffraction.

Huygens-Fresnel principle. Method of Fresnel zones. Straight-width light. Fresnel diffraction on a round aperture. Fraunhofer diffraction with one line. Diffraction Grati as a Spectral Attachment. Understanding the holographic method of capturing and reimagining an image.

Polarization of light.

Naturally, that polarized light. Polarization during display. Brewster Law. Analysis of linearly polarized light. Malus' law. Move on promenade. Piece optical anisotropy. Electro-optical and magneto-optical effects.

The dispersion of light.

Areas of normal and anomalous dispersion. Electronic theory of dispersion of light.

Quantum nature of viprominuvannya

Teplove viprominyuvannya.

Characteristics of thermal viprominyuvannya Poglinal building. Black body. Kirchhoff's law for thermal expansion. Stefan-Boltzmann law. Rose the energy in the spectrum of an absolutely black body. The law of usunennya Vina. Quantum hypothesis and Planck's formula.

The quantum nature of light.

Zovnishhnіy photoeffect and yogo law. Einstein's Rivalry for a Perfect Photo Effect. Photony. Mass and momentum of a photon. Tick ​​light. Follow Lebedev. Quantum and hvilyov's explanation of the vice of light. Corpuscular-hvilovy dualism of light.