Effektivne viprominyuvannya. Viprominyuvannya effective nutrition. Atmospheric fall

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The earth is that atmosphere, like and be-like іnshe іlo, viprominyuyut energy. Oskilki in the same temperature as the Sun. The temperature of the Earth and the atmosphere is small, then the energy that is produced by them falls on the invisible infrachervo line of the spectrum. It means that neither the earth's surface nor the atmosphere can be seen as an absolutely black body. However, the study of the spectra of long-term radiation of different surfaces showed that with sufficient accuracy, the earth's surface can be taken into account with the earth's surface. Tse means that the change of the earth's surface with all the dozhins, the wind is growing on the same multiplier of the change of the absolute black body, which has a temperature that is the same as the temperature of the earth's surface. In this way, the formula for the flow of the earth's surface change can be written on the basis of Kirchhoff's law in such a way:

de T 0 - The temperature of the earth's surface, - the visual coefficient of the improvement or claying. The values for different surfaces, for the sake of victory, vary from 0.85 to 0.99. The flow of vibration of the earth's surface is significantly less than the flow of vibration of the Sun (B c<< B 0), но B 0 оказывается вполне сравнимым с величиной потока солнечной радиации F?, поступающего на поверхность Земли. Приведём значения потока излучения абсолютно черного тела при разных температурах: t 0 -40 -20 0 20 40 B кал/см 2 *мин0,24 0,34 0,46 0,61 0,79 Из этих данных следует, что B 0 имеет тот же порядок величины, что и F?. Поток излучения земной поверхности зависит от ее температуры, с увеличением которой он возрастает. Этот поток наблюдается днем и ночью и непосредственно не зависит от того, каков поток солнечной радиации. В каждой фиксированный момент времени земная поверхность, поглощающая коротковолновую радиацию, одновременно теряет энергию путем длинноволнового излучения. Значительная часть излучения земной поверхности поглощается атмосферой. Атмосфера в свою очередь излучает длинноволновую радиацию, часть которой, направленная к земной поверхности, называется встречным излучением или противоизлучением атмосферы. Поток встречного излучения атмосферы B A представляет собой количество длинноволновой радиации, поступающей от атмосферы к 1 см 2 земной поверхности в единицу времени. Поскольку земная поверхность не является абсолютно черным телом, то ею поглощается часть поступившего потока, равная. Разность между собственным излучением земной поверхности B 0 и поглощенной ею частью встречного излучения атмосферы называют эффективным излучением земной поверхности. Обозначая эффективное излучение через B * , имеем:

The temperature of the atmosphere, sound, is lower than the temperature of the earth's surface; in the wake of the pre-hovian weathering, the earth's surface may be constantly consuming energy. Only in a few fluctuations even strong temperature inversions and high values of moisture can be negative again. Efficiently viprominuvannya even invests in the temperature regime of the earth's surface, playing an important role in the established radiation frosts and fogs, with snow melting and in. Efficiently viprominyuvannya strongly lie in the presence of water vapor in the atmosphere and the presence of gloominess. Tіsny link between B * and springiness of water vapor e near the surface of the earth characterize such data without middle vimіryuvan: e mm Hg. Art. 4.5 8.0 11.3 B * cal / cm 2 * xv 0.19 0.17 0.15 As you can see, with the increase in the efficiency of B * change. It is explained by the fact that with the growth of the e, there is an increase in the improvement of the atmosphere B A.

Retailing between the damp changes of the body and the sharp changes of the atmosphere are called effective viprominyuvannyam. Its significance and influence on the current flow of heat from the Earth to the atmosphere. In some weathers, there may be a flow of heat and atmosphere to the Earth, for example, for an hour I will enter the warm sea wind on the cold continental surface of the winter.

Zustrіchne vipromіnyuvannya pointing to the role of the atmosphere in the thermal regime of the geographic shell.

Molecules of gases again practically freely pass short-wave sleepy shifts. On the earth's surface, promenist energy is transformed into pre-gokhvil's heat. The changing part of the atmosphere - water vapor, carbon dioxide, droplets of water, krizhinki and other suspensions - tarnish, like greenhouses or greenhouses, dovgokhvil'ovy thermal exchanges, sillyuyuchi zustrіchne viprominyuvannya. Navit at clear nights it will become 70% direct, and in the gloomy reach 100%. greenhouse, or warming effect.

The value of the effective viprominuvannya to fallow due to low factors:

Depending on the temperature of the ground, or water: it’s more than a thing, it’s more like a body that spends heat in the industry: It’s a warm summer day and the earth, and the water is rich in heat in the air, and the temperature of it rises. Warm weather gives a great that zustrіchny sweat. The growth of the burning rіven of the effective viprominuvannya. At night, if the heating of the soil and the water is attached, it changes and vibrates. Before the wound, it becomes insignificant. Obviously, the temperature is decreasing again.
Vіd vologostі vіtrya: vlovlyuє vlovlyuє dovgohvilovoe vіpromіnyuvannya і utrimuє warmly. The Vologda atmosphere sends the Earth a significant slowdown, effectively changing the vibration. Because of this, in wet climates and in wet weather, the nights are not so cold as in dry weather, and in countries with a dry climate.
In the mist and fog: drops of mist and mist in the fog, like water vapor, even more of the world. Nights for foggy and gloomy weather will sound warm.
In the proximity or in the distance of the waters: the water mass, being warm, is more, lower is the dry land, it is warm. Greater moisture, drenched gloomy and foggy water basins are known to be more efficient. The reason for the greatest loss of heat is wintering and at night and, later, sharp fluctuations in nighttime and daytime temperatures of power in dry inland continental margins - Central and Middle Asia, Northern Siberia and Antarctica.
In the absolute height of the mass: in the mountains, due to the change in thickness, the forest is changing more and more effectively viprominuvannya.
Type of tallness: a strong taller twist, especially foxes, reduce the effectiveness of vibrance. In the deserts, it grows sharply.
Depending on the nature of the soil-gruntіv: sweaty and fluffy soils are more comfortable and more prone to heat, stony soils, and especially the pisces of the pustles, which are shallower than yogo, spend and reach.

Albedo of the Earth Vіdsotkove vіdnoshnja drowsy radiation, vіddanі terrestrial sack (at the same time with the atmosphere) back at the expanse of light, to dormouse radiation, which came between the atmosphere. The appearance of sleepy radiation by the Earth is formed from the air from the earth's surface, the rise of direct radiation by the atmosphere near the light expanse (turning rose) and the air from the upper surface of the hmar. A. 3. in the visible part of the spectrum (visual) - close to 40%. For the integral flow of sony radiation, the integral (energy) A. 3. is close to 35%. Without hmar vіzualne A. 3. would be close to 15%.

Viprominyuvannya terrestrial surface- thermal infrared, vibrating the earth's surface with dozhinas, hvil from 3 to 80 microns, which is not perceived by the eye. The sweat of wet weathering of the earth's surface is straightened and may be covered with clay by the atmosphere, heating it up. The surface of the earth exudes heat for its vibration. Atmosphere of the Earth is claying the earth's vibration and re-turning a greater part of the Earth (early vibration).

Efficient improvement of the earth's surface- Variation of the damp modification of the earth's surface and clayed by it zustrіchny modification of the atmosphere.

23. Thermal balance of the earth's surface

The thermal balance of the earth's surface is the algebraic sum of all types of heat gain and loss on the land surface to the ocean. The nature of the heat balance and energy balance is determined by the peculiarities and intensity of the greater exogenous processes. The main storages of the heat balance of the ocean є:

Radiation balance;

Vitrata heat for viparovuvannya;

Turbulent heat exchange between the surface ocean and the atmosphere;

Vertical turbulent heat exchange on the surface of the ocean with the balls below; i

Horizontal oceanic advection.

24. Thermal conductivity of the soil. Law Fur'є.

Porosity - powder-like fine masi - greatly complicates the conduction of heat in the soil, so like a dotik of small particles, it is even more incomplete, and again, what lies between them, may even have a weak thermal conductivity. Having poured in water to transfer heat into the glib ground, you can buti explain the two by stepping up. First, as the soil is only water, so that all water particles are mitigated by great capillary force, as a result of which their circulation becomes difficult, then water cannot play a commemorative role when there is a rise in warmth in such a soil. In this type of vologii, the soil shodo spread warmth over the soil balls dyatima mayzhe as dry, so like a filthy conductor of warmth.

The thermal conductivity of the wet ground is greater, the lower is dry; before that, the soil loses its porosity. In another way, if the soil of the flooring is wet, because the water can circulate with the singing world, then such soil, when heated, does not transmit to the beast the heated water particles near the deep horizon; stench already at the camp of the most friendly - steadfast jealousy. But if the ground will be chilled by the beast, if in the cold wind, or if it is seen near the light expanse, then the upper parts of the native land will be cooled down, and it will be easier to lie down on the warm place; in the wake of which the cooling of the soil is felt on a larger depth, the lower heating of yoga, and even more so, that when the soil is cooled, it takes the fate of a large mass of particles of water, it does not show up in this case, such extremes, as in the case of a proliferative phenomenon.

The transfer of energy from more heated workers of the body to a lesser temperature due to thermal disturbance and the interplay of warehouse particles. Lead up to virivnyuvannya body temperature. Sound the amount of energy that is transferred, it is determined as the width of the heat flow, in proportion to the temperature gradient - Four's law.

· Fundamentals of actinometry

ACTINOMETRY - a set of methods for vimiryuvannya promenisto energy. Until the day of actinometry, one can observe direct sleepy radiation, claying and rozsіyuvannya її atmospheric molecules, various hard and rare houses, as well as the signification of long-term fluvation of the earth's atmosphere.

The basis of the methods of vimiryuvannya changing energy is the principle of converting one type of energy to another. When the earthen energy of the sun is blackened, the surface of any primach will be the transition of the exchange energy to heat. By registering the amount of heat, or by changing the temperature of the primal surface of the device, which is seen with it, you can measure the magnitude of the flow of sony radiation that falls on a straight surface. This principle of vimiryuvannya exchange energy is the basis of the calorimetric method. The phenomenon of photoeffect and photochemical diversification in photoelectric and photographic methods of vimiruvannya.

When A. zastosovuyutsya prilad, in some flow of changeable energy, they are distinguished by the difference in temperatures of the primal surface and the superfluous medium, as if they are vitiated by the magnitude of the struma, which is due to the lances of successively close thermocouples. Such fittings can be seen and require graduation by a way of matching their indications with indications of absolute fittings.

· Equal to the balance of radiation

The radiation balance of the atmosphere and supporting the surface, the sum of the arrival and exchange of changeable energy, which is clayed and vibrated by the atmosphere of that supporting surface.

For the atmosphere of the Radіacenia Balance to wake up a svkutkovo, Pontotnini and Radyaniya Sonya, and Taughty Dovgokhville (Infrachervonic) Vipromyvilnya (Infrachervonoy) Viprominyovnynya Lorth of the Surfy, I Prottable Parties - Ground Heat for Rahunukov Dovgokville Viprominovnya atmosphere in direct to the earthly surface. ) that at the light expanse.

To establish the near-butkov part Radiation balance under the surface: clayed over the surface, which underlay, straight and rose the sony radiation, and also clayed the anti-industrial atmosphere; the visible part is formed from the heat of the surface, which is supported, for the rahunok of the damp thermal evaporation.

The radiation balance is the warehouse part of the heat balance of the atmosphere and the underlying surface.

· Effectively viprominyuvannya

The difference between the vlasnym viprominyuvannyam of the body and the most common vibrance of the atmosphere is called effective viprominyuvannyam . Its significance and influence on the current flow of heat from the Earth to the atmosphere.

The value of the effective viprominuvannya to fallow due to low factors:

Depending on the temperature of the ground, or water: it’s more than a thing, it’s more like a body that spends heat in the industry: It’s a warm summer day and the earth, and the water is rich in heat in the air, and the temperature of it rises. Warm weather gives a great that zustrіchny sweat. The growth of the burning rіven of the effective viprominuvannya. At night, if the heating of the soil and the water is attached, it changes and vibrates. Before the wound, it becomes insignificant. Obviously, the temperature is decreasing again.

Vіd vologostі vіtrya: vlovlyuє vlovlyuє dovgohvilovoe vіpromіnyuvannya і utrimuє warmly. The Vologda atmosphere sends the Earth a significant slowdown, effectively changing the vibration. Because of this, in wet climates and in wet weather, the nights are not so cold as in dry weather, and in countries with a dry climate.

In the mist and fog: drops of mist and mist in the fog, like water vapor, even more of the world. Nights for foggy and gloomy weather will sound warm.

In the proximity or in the distance of the waters: the water mass, being warm, is more, lower is the dry land, it is warm. Greater moisture, drenched gloomy and foggy water basins are known to be more efficient. The reason for the greatest loss of heat is wintering and at night and, later, sharp fluctuations in nighttime and daytime temperatures of power in dry inland continental margins - Central and Middle Asia, Northern Siberia and Antarctica.

In the absolute height of the mass: in the mountains, due to the change in thickness, the forest is changing more and more effectively viprominuvannya.

Type of tallness: a strong taller twist, especially foxes, reduce the effectiveness of vibrance. In the deserts, it grows sharply.

Depending on the nature of the soil-gruntіv: sweaty and fluffy soils are more comfortable and more prone to heat, stony soils, and especially the pisces of the pustles, which are shallower than yogo, spend and reach.

· PER climate and PER viparovuvannya (TER - heat and power resources)

PER climate - the amount of energy that is spent on heating the soil, on the actual heat consumption on the steam bath, on the tanning of the ground ice.

The energy base of natural processes is the heat and energy resources of the climate, which are formed as a result of the arrival of direct and roaring radiation on the earth's surface and ensure the water exchange from the surface atmosphere.

Take part in the molding of heat and power resources in the climate: R + - positive warehouse radiation balance - difference between clayed short-haired (straight and pink) radiation Sun and balance of long-term vibrance in the day and often at the day of the day doby; P + - positive storage of turbulent heat exchange - part of the advective heat that is brought from the connection with the circulation of the atmospheric wind.

PER viparovuvannya - the same amount of energy that is spent on all kinds of viparovuvannya: from the water surface, from the surface of the land, transpiration.

Power supply. Atmospheric fall

Falls name the water that falls in a rare or solid state on the surface of the earth's shoals and ground objects from the cold, or from repetition, after the condensation of water vapor, which rushes into the dark. inei), rіdkі (plank), zmіshanі (snіg with a plank, wet snow). Falls are characterized by three parameters: quantity, intensity and trivality of their fall. Number of falls vimiryuetsya tovshchina ball of water in mm, which settled down on the horizontal surface in the fall, which bled, for the presence of seepage into the ground, stikannya and viparovuvannya.

1 mm fall = 10 tons of water per 1 ha.

Fall intensity measured in millimeters per length (mm/hv) or per year (mm/year).

The Trivality of Falling Falls they die at the age or the whilinah on the cob until the end of their days.

Fall down, what to fall, divide into 3 types:

Obloga (lower tier, sharuvat gloomy).

Mryaka (lower tier, sharuvat gloomy).

Zlivovі (merchandise gloomy vertical rosette).

Watch out for falls include: 1. visual - type of fall, its intensity, hour on the cob and end of fall 2. control of the amount of fall for auxiliary devices - rain gauge and Tretyakov's rain gauge, Davit's floor gauge, fluviograph, total precipitation gauge, ground precipitation gauge.

The earth's surface, consuming the sony energy and heating up, itself becomes the source of the release of heat into the atmosphere and the expanse of light. Vіdpovіdno to the law of Stefan - Boltzmann, scho stand the temperature of the plot on the surface, then more fit yoga vipromіuvannya. On the vіdminu vіd korotkohvilovoї soniachnії (straight ї rozіyanoї) і vіdbіtoї radiatsії, Wetness of the earth's surface dovgohvilov, thermal (E ef). Most of the earth's vibration is occluded by the atmosphere, water vapor, carbon dioxide and often ozone. Poglinayayu yogo, as well as deaku part of the sleepy radiation, the atmosphere heats up that itself vibrates warmly. Atmospheric viprominyuvannya tezh dovgokhvilyov. More yoga straight back to the earth's surface and ring zustrіchny vipromіnyuvannya atmosphere (E a). Vono is for the earth's surface with a dodatkovy dzherel of heat to sony radiation, which swells. The difference between the changes in the earth's surface and the general changes in the atmosphere is called effective viprominuvannyam (Eph). It shows the actual loss of heat from the earth's surface.

Efficient viprominyuvannya lie down in the presence of low factors, and in front of the temperature of the underlying surface: if it is higher, then it is more effective viprominuvannya. To that it is more significant in the day, but the sumar is twisted

no sony radiation. At night, if it is left without compensation, the surface temperature will decrease. On effective viprominyuvannya, it’s easy to add moisture and gloominess: if the weather is gloomy, it’s small, if it’s clear, it’s great. Reduce yoga and growth. To deposit viprominyuvannya and in the absolute height of mіscevostі: in the mountains, de small schіlnіvіnі vіtrya, zavdjaki why direct sleepy radiation is great in the daytime, and at night vibrіchne vіpromіnіuvannya, effektivno vibrіnіvannya even greater. Tse to bring up to a great additional temperature difference.

The most effective improvement is achieved in the area of tropical deserts, which is surrounded by a high surface temperature, which underlays, a bland sky and a dry air. The smallest, approximately the same, values of heat loss for an effective ventilation rate are observed in the equatorial and peaceful latitudes, and the smallest - at the polar regions.

Atmospheric health to let sleepy radiation through, but to trim the sun to greenhouse gases greenhouse or greenhouse effect. Vin helps the temperature of the Earth. The shards of water vapor are the main claying and viprominuyucha part of the wind, it is an important part not only of the water, but the heat of the Earth.