Sinopsk sea battle commander. Been with incredible results. Emperor Mikola I

The small Turkish town-port of Sinop lies on the narrow isthmus of the Bostepe-Burun Pivot island on the Black Sea coast. Vіn maє a beautiful harbor, as it is especially important to those who on this birch of the great Anatolian (Minor Asia) Pivostrov do not have such a safe and calm bay. At Sinop on 18 (30) leaf fall 1853, the main naval battle of the Crimean War of 1853 - 1856 became.

Following the denunciation of the Russian war Turechchini (1853) Vice Admiral Nakhimov with the ships "Empress Mary", "Chesma" and "Rostislav" with messages to the head of the Russian troops near Krim, Prince Menshikov cruising to the coast of Anatolia. Passing near Sinop, Nakhimov poached at the bay of the gates of Turkish ships under the protection of coastal batteries and virushiv closely blockaded the port, so that the ships "Svyatoslav" and "Khorobry" attacked the enemy from the ships from Sevastopol. The weather was gloomy, rainy, with a fresh cold wind and a strong wind blowing from the north-east. Irrespective of the situation, the squadron tried to get close to the shore, so as not to allow the Turks to drink at night from Sinop to Constantinople (Istanbul).

On the 16th of the fall of the leaves, a squadron of Rear Admiral Novosilsky arrived at Nakhimov’s paddock (120-barrel ships “Paris”, “Grand Duke Kostyantin” and “Three Saints”, frigates “Cahul” and “Kulivchi”). The next day, Nakhimov asked for commanders of the ships on the flagship (“Empress Mary”) and gave a plan for the upcoming battle with the fleet. It was virulent to attack two columns: at the 1st, closest to the gate, - the ships of Nakhimov's corral, at the 2nd - Novosilsky; the frigates, on the other hand, needed to watch with vitrilas for the fortune-telling steamships. The anchors were punished to be thrown with springs (cables, which make it easier to take the ship in a given position) and closer to the enemy, standing ready to turn and cable. The consular posts and the very place of Sinop were spared, attacking less than the ship and the batteries.

Sinopska battle of 1853. Plan

Vrantsі 18 leaf fall 1853 yshov boards with frequent winds from the east-south-east, the most unfriendly for burying fortune-telling ships (broken, the stench could easily rush to the shore). On the tenth wound, trimming the crests of the ship, beating the sides of the ships, the Russian squadron straightened up to the raid. At the depths of the Sinopska Bay, 7 Turkish frigates and 3 corvettes were stashed like a month, under cover 4 batteries (one - 8 garmats, three - 6 garmats of leather); behind the battle line were 2 steamships and 2 transports.

On the first day, on the first posting from the 44-garmat frigate "Aunni-Allah", on the Russian boulders fire was fired from the other fortune-telling ships and batteries. The ship "Empress Mary" was sizzling with cannonballs and knipels (shells for ruinuvannya schoglіv and vitrils). The greater part of the spars (attachments for controlling the windshields) and the standing rigging was broken, at the mainshoe, only 1 shroud was missing. However, the whole ship was safely ahead of me, with battle fire on the fortune-telling ships, yakir against the frigate "Aunni-Allah". Not having seen the pіvgodinnogo battle, he rushed ashore. Just like our flagship ship, having turned its fire on the 44-gang frigate "Fazli-Allah", which has been thrown off without a hitch and also rushed to land.

Sinop battle. Picture I. Aivazovsky, 1853

After the ship "Empress Mary" near the Battle of Sinop, the ship "Grand Duke Kostyantyn", having put on a yakir, fired a strong fire on the battery No. 4 and the 60-barrel frigates "Navek-Bahrita" Nesimi ". The first buv was broken after 20 minutes, after breaking the fire, suffocating battery No. 4 with snares and bodies, as soon as possible it stopped working. Another windy wind to the shore, if in a new buv the yakirny lansyug was broken. The ship "Chesma" with its shots was looking at batteries No. 4 and 3. The ship "Paris", standing at anchor, directing battle fire at battery No. harmonic). Piercing the corvette on the sidelines and driving the frigate ashore, becoming viciously attacking the 64-garment frigate "Nizamie", the fore-and-bizan-chogli of the rest of the boule was beaten, and the ship itself drifted to the shore, de not barely fell off. Todi “Paris” started again to fire at battery No. 5. Nakhimov, choked by the sons of that ship, having punished him right at the hour of the battle to show his podyaku, but there was no reason to raise an alarm: the mustaches were killed. The ship "Three Saints" entered the fight with the frigates "Kaidi-Zefer" (54-harmonic) and "Nizamiy". The first shots of the Turks at the "Three Saints" broke the spring. Turning in the wind, the whole Russian ship recognized the late fire of battery No. 6, which had severely damaged its mast. Ale, spinning the stern again, "Three Saints" became more distant children behind the "Kaidi-Zefer" and other fortune-telling ships, rushing them to the shore. The ship "Rostislav", having caught fire on the battery No. 6 and the 24-gang corvette "Feyze-Meabud", having thrown the corvette ashore.

On the next day, the Russian steamship-frigate "Odesa" was built in a year, under the ensign of Admiral General Kornilova, at the escort of the steamships "Krim" and "Khersones" Tsі ships negajno took the fate of the battle of Sinop, which, prote, already approaching to the end, the shards of the strength of the Turks were exhausted. Batteries No. 5 and 6 kept our ships turbulent for up to 4 years, but "Paris" and "Rostislav" blasted them without a hitch. Tim, in an hour, the guardian ships, ignited, maybe, with their crews, lit up in turn one by one. In the sight of Sinop, the fire widened, as if there was no one to extinguish.

Sinopska battle

In the midst of the dead, the head of the Turkish squadron, Vice Admiral Osman Pasha, and two ship commanders. After the end of the Battle of Sinop, the Russian ships began to straighten out in rigging and spars, and the 20th leaf fall was anchored, so that steamboats were towed to Sevastopol. Behind the Sinop mise, the squadron sailed a great zib in the north-east, so that the steamboats of the zmusheni were looking for tugboats. At night the wind became strong, and the ships straightened under the windows. On the 22nd leaf fall, 1853, close to noon, the Russian ships, with a wild triumph, sailed to the Sevastopol roadstead.

The victory in the Battle of Sinop is less important than the consequences for the victory of the Crimean War: it caused the Caucasian Black Sea shores of Russia from the unsafe Turkish landing.

The Day of the Victory of the Russian Squadron beat Misu Sinop

If the victory is great, we call it not for joy

Painting by I.K. Aivazovsky "Sinopsky battle" (1853) was written from the memory of the participants in the battle.

View from Misu Kioi-Hisar, de bula battery No. 6. On the right is a lion-hander, stern to the gazer, the Russian ships "Rostislav", "Three Saints", "Paris". At the center, with the nose up to the eye, is the flagship "Empress Mary", behind it are seen the pins of "Grand Duke Kostyantin" and "Chesmi". The windows of the Russian ships were not tidied up, so as not to hurt the sailors. Behind the battle line of Turkish ships, transports stand, the synops fort is visible with a left hand. To the right of "Rostislav" on the horizon are three steamboats of Kornilov, which go to the aid of the Russian squadron.

1st March - Day of the Victory Glory of Russia in honor of the victory of the Russian fleet in the city of Sinop at 1853 during the hour of the Crimean war. Bey, who had a Russian squadron under the guard of Vice Admiral P.S. Nakhimova defeated the Turkish squadron of Osman Pasha, it became 18 leaf fall for the old style, or 30 leaf fall for daily calendar. One wonders what the legislators have given little reason for acknowledging their permissive day for 1 day. And yet it is not the only one and not the main phenomenon of the famous name in the history of the Russian fleet.

On the right, in that historians and military-marine fahivtsі dosі can not come up with a single thought about the meaning of the battle. "The battle is glorious, greater than Chesmi and Navarin!" So writing about Sinopska, V.A. Kornilov and not less wine. Indeed, the defeat of the Turkish fleet caused the preparations for the great offensive operation of Turkey in the Caucasus. Others pointed out that the Russians had a great advantage in strength, in strength, and also in the moral plan, and did not give a drive for such vague assessments. In England and France, they actively supported Turkey, they declared in awe that it was not a beating, but a sea smash.

That and the creator of the victory - Vice-Admiral P.S. Nakhimova won not be so pleased, like a turbulence. Unfortunately, the fight against Nakhimov managed the best option. Otrimavsku about the Sinopsky battle, England and France sent their squadrons in the Black Sea, explaining to them how to protect Turkish ships and damage from attacks from the Russian side, and then announced the war of Russia. Nakhimov respecting himself as a fleeting culprit of these tragic podias.

And now, how tse Bulo

One of the main directions foreign policy In the first half of the 19th century, Russia was working to secure its freedom of navigation in the Mediterranean Sea and to establish its positions in the Balkans. The most actively crossed England and France, as if they were threatening their interests. England pidshtovhuvala Turechchina with a Viysk way to turn its own Crimea and pivnichne escaping the Black Sea. Having succumbed to the prompting, at the turn of 1853, the Turech region announced the war of Russia and immediately started preparing for a great offensive in the Caucasus. Zoseredzhen in the area of ​​Batumi 20 thousand Turkish army was obliged to hang out in the area of ​​Pot and Sukhum, to drive away and defeat the entire Russian army in the Pivdenny Caucasus. An important role was played by the Turkish squadron under the command of Osman Pasha, as it went from Constantinople to the coast of the Caucasus.

The squadron of Nakhimov at the warehouse of 3 linear ships and one brig detected the ships of Osman Pasha 8 leaf fall near the bay of Sinop. Nakhimov vyrishiv block the Turks and checks for support. Zagin of Rear Admiral F.M.Novosilsky at the warehouse of three liner ships and two frigates under the 16th leaf fall.

Until the middle of the 19th century, Russian glass ships reached complete perfection in terms of rozmіry, speed, artillery and window armor. The basis of their combat power was folded on the lower battery deck of the bomb shell. The stench fired bombs, which, when they hit the target, vibrated, calling out the great ruin that burned. Such were the sights of the unsafe wooden display ships. On the Russian squadron there were 716 shells, 76 bombers.

Six Russian ships of the line were opposed by 7 Turkish frigates with 472 garmats and 38 ranks of six coastal batteries. Basically, the Turkish harmati were of a smaller caliber, and there was no bomb in the middle. To be precise, we can say that in a salvo from one side, the Russian ships fired 400 pounds of metal, and the Turkish three more than 150 pounds. Prote, according to the estimates of foreign fakhivtsiv, the camp of the Turkish admiral was not hopeless. It was necessary for Yomu to more effectively win over his position and coastal batteries, which they covered up Yogo, yak, shooting with hardened cannonballs, could even effectively defeat wooden ship ships with a small number of projectiles.

About the 9th year, 30 hvilin, 18 leaf fall, 1853, the Russian squadron at the warehouse of two columns went to the Sinop raid. At the order with further reports about how to conduct a battle, Nakhimov pressed the commanders of the ships at different times to change the situation on the authority’s court, prote voicing that the skin may “constantly wear your shoes”. On the battlefield, before the battle, it was clear how much you can take care of the place, shoot less for ships and coastal batteries.

At the right column, the head ship "Empress Mary" under ensign Nakhimov. Lіva column ocholyuvav "Paris" under the ensign of Novosilsky. About the 12th year of the 30th hvilin, a battle began. The first sight was near the cruise-camera and the corvette “Gyuli-Sefid” near the front. Then, one by one, not having seen the fire of the Russian garmats, we went out of battle and rushed to the shore of the Turkish frigates. Through the first 30 minutes of battle, the ships of the first line, the chotiri frigate and the corvette, were sunk.

Then our ships carried the fire on the shore batteries and strangled battery No. 5 without delay. The frigate "Navek-Bakhri" swelled for a sprat of breeze, and the frigate "Navek-Bakhri" swelled up to burn, they fired battery No. 4, as it did not shoot anymore. The steamboat "Taif", which is stronger than artillery fire, will give a great help to its squadron, prote wines will not enter the battle, but viishov will be at the sea and heading for the Bosphorus.


I.K. Aivazovsky. "Sinopsky battle on the 18th leaf fall, 1853 (n_ch after the battle)".

The picture was painted in 1853 by the baby according to the scheme, albeit on the spot painted for P.S. Nakhimov Prince Viktor Baryatinsky; the artist also drew eyewitnesses about colors and details of various details.

Until the 16th year, the battle practically ended with the final defeat of the Turkish squadron. Pozhezhі that vibukhs were trilled on Turkish ships until late night. Didn't hold the ship. Over 3,000 people perished for Turkish tribute. The flagship of the Turkish squadron, Osman Pasha, having taken off a seriously wounded leg and was full of knots. At my battle Turkish admiral having shown a great special choir, as if they were masculinity and stamina, but there was a lack of strength. The soldiers of the Russian squadron laid down 37 dead and 229 wounded.

The mustache ships, the Crimean frigates, have recognized the poshkodzhen. On Nakhimov’s flagship “Empress Mary”, 60 holes were shot in the hull and faceless serious damage to the spars and rigging. Regardless of the weather, that strong storm, the ships of the 23rd leaf fall came to Sevastopol.


N.P. Krasovsky. Turning to Sevastopol of the squadron of the Black Sea Fleet after the Battle of Sinop. 1863.
For this biy Nakhimov, he was awarded the Order of St. George of the 2nd step, rich and prestigious nobles of the city. All the officers of the squadron took away the various hedges and desires. The glory of the victors was grim everywhere. The victory at Sinop, and then the heroic death on the bastion of Sevastopol, immortalized the name of Nakhimov, our best maritime traditions were tied with him. Nakhimov became a national hero.

The significance of this victory is clearly visible from the vital list of the commander of the corral of Russian ships on the shores of the Caucasus, Rear Admiral P. Vukotich:

I Redutkale, the rest of the roots would have been given to the Turks of Guria, Imereti and Mingrelia. (Main regions of Georgia).

The headline political bag of the first months of the war, before the Battle of Sinop, became the latest failure of the plans of England and France to wage war by proxy. Bulo shown to the right organizers of the Crimean War. Having reconsidered in the new hardness of Turkey to wage war against Russia, England and France were embarrassed to wage war against Russia.

Modern view of the Sinopska Bay - the battlefield
The battle of Synopsis became the last great battle of the glass fleet, but at the same time it became the first naval battle, in which the effectiveness of the bombing shells was demonstrated in such a conflict. Tse significantly hastened the transition to the life of the armored fleet.

The battle of Sinop, which began on the 30th of the fall of the leaves, 1853, blew a lot of air. On the cob of fate, “Skhidne pitanya” was on fire, the Black Sea Fleet, having let the Caucasian mountaineers of the important dzherel dohodiv, then had mercy on their strategic rozrakhunkas and the ice did not miss the Turkish ships at Sinop - an important transshipment base, Caucasian “revolutionaries” went through the yak. Having succeeded in allowing the enemy to attack, Admiral Nakhimov did not put himself on the right in the old box.

Admiral Nakhimov's plan

On the 16th of the fall of the leaves, the Russian steamship "Bessarabia" sank the Turkish steamboat "Medzhir Tadzhiret". Poloneni showed that a Turkish squadron was stationed in Sinop: three frigates, two corvettes, and vintage transports - all windowed. Right up to the port they sent rozvіdniki, like they saw there these frigates, two corvettes (actually there were three) and two wheels of steamboats.

Through the storm Nakhіmov pіdіyshov to Sinop is only 23 leaf fall. On the coming day, having taken the wines off, I attacked the Turkish squadron at Sinope. Ale, less squadron. In the midst of the fire, it was punished by the place to be pacified (Menshikov’s order clearly says: "have mercy on Sinop") and fire less in that fall, as if the Turks were the first to shoot.

Sinopska Bay in our days

At that time, Nakhimov had only three ships of the line, because of the attack, the Russians fought back, organizing the blockade of Sinop and looking to the aid of the squadron of Rear Admiral Fyodor Novosilsky: three ships of the line and two frigates. Novosilsky came to Nakhimov less than 28 leaf fall. According to the plan, the Russian squadron at the formation of two wake columns (the ships followed one after one along the line course) was small to break through to the Sinopsky raid and launch a fire strike on the ships and batteries of the enemy. The first column is small to command Nakhimov. The ships “Empress Maria” (flagship), “Grand Duke Kostyantin” and “Chesma” were included before it. Another column - "Paris" (another flagship), "Three Saints" and "Rostislav" - maw keruvati Novosilsky. Far away, the ships stood on the yakir in front of the line of Ottoman frigates and fired on them until they were finally blamed. Concluding his instructions, Vice Admiral punished, “having tied up with the gates on the right, to the extent possible not to harm the consular booths, on which national ensigns will be raised”. Vіn voicing like that “Stand in front of the situation, which have changed, they can make it difficult for the commander, who knows his right, and I will give the skin absolutely independent work on the judgment of his own, but not without exception, vikonat his shoes.”

On the 30th leaf fall of 1853, the warehouse of the Russian squadron under the command of Admiral Nakhimov was on the offensive:

name	ship type	Garmaty
Grand Duke Kostyantin	Line ship
Three saints	Line ship
Paris	Line ship
Empress Maria	Line ship
Chesma	Line ship
Rostislav	Line ship
Kulevchi
Cahul
Okremy division of steamships under the command of Admiral Kornilov
Odessa	steamboat frigate
cream	steamboat frigate
Chersonese	steamboat frigate

Bey near Sinop

About the 6th wound of the 30th leaf fall of 1853 on the flagship of Nakhimov, the 84-garment ship "Empress Mary", the signal was raised "Get ready for battle!". Let's frown on a wooden wound in a squally wind Russian ships in two columns were demolished to Sinopskaya Bay. The hour of vibranium is unviable: the Muslims were praying at the same time. Russian justice was spared. Chi through prayer, chi just to the one that was not protected on the Turkish coastal batteries, to the Russians to launch an attack, Nakhimov passed through the unsafe zone of approach without opposition from the coast. The chest magazine of the ship "Three Saints" has the following:

“Passing (...) batteries, assigned numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, they did not see the roar, but weavers, who were ticking from the village of Ada-Kioi, hurried, ymovirno, take up their mission: our squadron is our protégé caught up to pass the battery ».

Those batteries, which nevertheless entered the battle with Russian ships, were small on the old 14- and 19-pound shells, the efficiency of which was close to zero. Before that, their earthlings stole parapets and were served by the stench not by the army, but by the militia. Istanbul was repeatedly told about the filthy camp of batteries.

Plan of the Battle of Sinop

Alone, without the aid of batteries, through the weather, that unruly wind became lining. Zokrema, the lion's Russian column stood on the yakir in the distance from the enemy, it was planned, which allowed the Turkish steamboat "Taif" to turn around. "Empress Mary", the flagship of Nakhimov himself, did not reach the center of the bay, through the "Chesma", the terminal near the right column, could not fight against Turkish ships, and fought for her before fighting with batteries No. 3 and No. 4. Before that Well, "Chesma" and "Grand Duke Kostyantin" were respected one by one, perekryvayuchi sectors of the shelling, so they had a chance under the Turkish fire to destroy the anchorage. At the “Three Saints” a spring was broken at the beginning of the battle, the ship flared up, and in the hot battle the gunmen of the 120-harmony continued the fire, but after their own. A sprinkling of cores happened to "Paris" and "Rostislav", until Novosilsky sent a signal to the "Three Saints" to fire.

At 12:30 the Russians drew near, and they rose up. Coastal batteries No. 4, 5 and 6 also entered from the right. About 12:45 the strongest Turkish steamboat "Taif" was launched. Dosi didn’t understand, chi passed between the belligerents and between the Turkish ships on that coast, and then gave the Taif bypassing battery No. 6, slipping between the frigates Kulevchi and Cahul, and, having made a final turn, about 12:57 heading for Istanbul . Later, captain Yah'ya-bey, like a cheque, heaped money for the order of the ship, gave court and called the service for bad behavior. Sultan Abdul-Mejid, having expressed his dissatisfaction: “I want to be, so that I don’t rush into the flow, but I die in battle, like others.”

13.00. The 84-garmaty "Empress Maria", having stood on the spring opposite the Turkish "Avnullah", simply ripped the frigate off with broadside salvos, and the flagship of the Turks rushed ashore. Nakhimov moved the fire to Fazlullah. That inherited the butt of the flagship. "Grand Duke Kostyantin" entered the battle with two frigates - "Nâvek-i Bahrî" and "Nesîm-i Zafer". The first one, having consumed Chesme's fire before that, sho went, vibrating after 15 battles. The other, embracing the half-wittedness, could see as far as the pier near the battery No. 5. The pier was broken and the corvette Necm-Efşân.

Sinop battle. Artist O.P. Bogolyubov

13:05. 120-harmony "Paris" having unleashed a spate of volleys on battery No. 5, having formally completed the order "Less evidence for shelling from the shore", and then transferred the fire to the frigate "Dimyad" and the corvette "Gül-i Sefîd". The corvette vibrated once again, and the frigate hit the spring and drifted to the shore. "Paris", to the point, with more than 68-pound bombs, lower than any other Russian ship - 70 out of 893 spares. "Empress Mary" struck five out of 176, "Grand Duke Kostyantin" - 30 out of 457, "Three Saints" - 28 out of 147, nareshti, "Rostislav" - 16 out of 400. The Black Sea Fleet hit 167 bombs in an hour of battle.

13:30–14:00. “Three Saints” roared the beat from “Kaaid-i Zafer”, “Nizamiye” and battery No. 6. Shalene’s core from the battery broke the ship’s spring, turned the stern to the battery, and the 120-harmonic survived a splinter of unacceptable khvilin, giving another splinter of volleys . behind their own. With a stretch of 15 minutes under the fire, a new verp was started, the ship turned around and unleashed an exhausting volley on its opponents. The first frigate swung ashore and about 14:00 swelled.

Until 16:00, no less than a Turkish squadron was on fire - the whole place was already burning. The fire from the batteries spread to the living quarters. The Russians sent a few times to the walls of the fort of parliamentarians, as they conveyed the words of the commanders: “To pin the shooter from the place, the Russians do not shoot at the shore". Prote almost їх it is simply impossible.

The main part of the Turks began to build the Viysk ships, and the transport workers, from whom they began to transfer to the Caucasus, saved them. The words of Nakhimov, spoken to the prefect of Sinop, sounded like a sigh of utterance:

“I leave this port and go before you as if to a representative of a friendly nation, paying for your services, in order to explain to the Russian authorities that the imperial squadron is not small for the fortune teller of us, neither against the place, nor against the port of Sinop.”.

Admiral Nakhimov on the quarters of the "Empress Mary" at the hour of battle

After the battle, Nakhimov wrote to the kings:

« The order of Your Imperial Majesty was consecrated by the Black Sea Fleet with the most boring rank. The first Turkish squadron, yak got the courage to visit the biy, On the 18th (30th) of leaf fall, it was blamed by Vice Admiral Nakhimov. The Turkish admiral Osman Pasha, who commanded it, was full of injuries, ties, and brought to Sevastopol. Vorog buv on the Sinopsky roadstead, de, fortified with coastal batteries, having adopted a bey. At that time, this frigate was blamed, a sloop, two corvettes, one steamboat and a transport kilka. Behind the cym, one steamboat was left behind, which vryatuvavsya behind its miraculous swedishness. Tsya squadron, mabut, є she herself, yak arranged for the Sukhum volodinnya, that spryannya to the mountaineers».

Lasts

Foreign diplomats in Istanbul reacted differently to the bey: "The English melancholy blew Sinop's bags", same as French "looked like a triumph". At the proposition of the English ambassador to Turkey, Stratford de Redcliffe, the Porta raised an eyebrow “Move at those political places, including Sinop, at the bazaars, at the caves, teahouses and in.”, yakim Turks "were seen from the burrows".

Nebuvaliy for the strength of the wind, which appeared in the Bosporus region, giving the Turks a dodatkovo shkodi: 30 leaf fall - 2 breasts 1853 wines just kicking the ship ashore. Vlasne, in this situation, the Ottomans did not accept Russian minds a little. Our ships appeared after Sinop in front of the Bosphorus - and history went a different way. Tse bula pardoned Mikoli I after Sinop. On March 3, 1853, not long after the battle, I wrote to Menshikov:

“I think that the great deeds of the fleet are going to have that repair. It’s up to us, now, maybe, to finish off some of the frigates and great steamboats, if the head of the fortune-teller squadron is no longer available. As if the English and the French see the Black Sea near the Black Sea, we won’t fight with them, but let the stink of our batteries near Sevastopol, children will receive them with salute. I'm not afraid of landings, but yakby tried and bula, then, yes, and now you can hit them. At the same time, the entire 16th division with її artillery, a brigade of hussars and kіnі batteries, more and more are needed, so that they will be paid well.”

Vlasne, a distant break under the virishuvavsya at three-chotiri days after Sinop. Direct your Russian ships to the Bosporus - there would be no such thing as the Crimean War. The Turkish ranks are ready to sign whether or not they agree. In addition, Turechchina is at war, vtim, like a vvzhdi, vzagali is not a small penny. They wanted to borrow 30,000,000 kurushіv from Austria, but they didn’t give a bit of money to the English, so they propagated their credit, but not a penny, but in goods, I’ll bring the carters. The Sultan, on the other hand, wanted the same pennies - both silver and gold mugs, more paper pennies in Turkey, and yet the soldiers of the Istanbul garrison took it more nervously, and it was impossible to anger them.

Once upon a time, I was informed about the defeat of the Sultan, having seen the firm about the uninterrupted passage of Russian trading (and arc) ships through the canals without looking back until the 23rd of February, 1854, inclusive. The most important sub-bag was the squadron's bedroom to Sinop, which caused the worst moral blow to the highlanders in the Caucasus. There, the Meshkantsi always respected less strength, and the strength of the Bula was demonstrated more visibly. Now there was a solid basis for negotiations and the impression of the fact that the elders of the mystic teips to the Russians would listen at least.

Zagrava Sinop. Artist I. Aivazovsky

The reaction of the English to the goodness is reflected in the words instructed in the Illustrated Landon News on 2 December 1853: “Insignificant victory, yak do not give a goofy cluck about her”. That newspaper itself wrote that Emperor Mikola had really deserved at least one heap of victory from the war, as it was clearly not far off for you. Some publications confirmed that "the battle was not fair", age "Mikola succumbed to the hopelessness of the Turkish fleet". Naval Kronikl told that there would be no Sinop, the English fleet was known to be in the Black Sea.

And the axis of the other side of the Battle of Sinop, which we often simply don’t know about, turned out to be really important. The opposition voted that the Prime Minister of Aberdeen had a secret of homeness with Mikola and vzagali, one of the culprits of the battle of Sinop was the fault itself. The press, in fact, called the Prime Minister of England in the fact that there are three spies in Russia. Come on, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, the man of Queen Victoria - also a spy of the Russian Emperor. We made a move to get to the point where "the prince, being a German, is not built to the ranks of the world in the eyes of English liberalism".

On December 5, 1853, the French ambassador in the name of England, Austria and Prussia turned up to the Sultan with food, as if to get out of the situation. In the ambassador's opinion, England, France, Austria and Prussia could not become mediators between Turkey and Russia. And then France got a call about Sinop. It seemed that Mykola outwitted them all and now lay down the world without intermediaries. It seemed that France was getting overwhelmed. Ponad those, at the thought of Napoleon III, the Russian squadrons already went to the Bosphorus, and the Russian troops hung out at Istanbul.

On December 17, 1853, the English ambassador to the French court, Mav Rozmov, with Napoleon III, after which he negligently informed the Minister of Foreign Affairs: “ The French order vvazha, that Sinopska is on the right, and not crossing the Danube, is guilty of signaling to the division of fleets". The minister didn’t get shammed, like an ambassador, having said something, that the French emperor called out again and directly stated what was necessary. get out of the sea get russian ensign”, and that, Emperor, there will be disappointments, as this plan will not be accepted by England. Moreover, Napoleon III, having ordered his minister of foreign rights, Count Valevsky, to tell London that if England should be encouraged to enter its fleet at the Black Sea, then the French will see it themselves and act like it’s worth it.

Sounds like a bluff. Ale tsey bluff spratsyuvav. Napoleon has been alive in England for a long time and knowing the psychology of the English: the stench wanted to take part in any division of any territory and strongly shuddered at the sea without their participation. The coalition against Russia began to take shape rapidly. Vlasne, Sinop herself zmusiv anglіytsіv and frantsіv forget spokonvichnu vorozhnechu and unite against Russia. Obviously, this is not the only factor in the establishment of the anti-Russian coalition, but he gave the politicians from the “party of war” a miracle trump card, which stench could now win for the strengthening of the defense of Russia, proudly virishuyuchi their own defense of the political defense forces.

Sinopska battle of 1853- sea battle between the Russian and Turkish squadrons near the Sinop Bay. The date of the battle is 18 leaf fall, 1853. Commander of the Russian squadron in the Battle of Sinop, Vice-Admiral of the Russian fleet, having won the victory over the Turkish troops. Tsya podium went down in history as the last great battle of the Vitril fleets.

Short plan:

Naval battle in the Sinop Bay: reasons for changing your mind

Until that moment, when the battle broke out, Russia and Turechchina (Ottoman Empire) had been staying at the war camp for 1.5 months. England and France played the leading role in the development of the crisis. The stench was turbulent to the expansion of the Russian Empire in the European Volodynia of Turechchina, as well as active expansion in the Caucasus and in the Black Sea. The Ottoman Empire was given universal diplomatic and military assistance in the conflict with Russia, which was a reversal of the results of the Crimean War of 1854-1855.

Turkish ships delivered supplies from the Caucasian mountaineers to fight against the Russian army. Sinop was an important transshipment base for this shipment. The Black Sea Fleet of Russia was given the task of blocking the canal. 2 days before the battle, floods from a drowned Turkish steamship showed: ships were grouping near Sinopsky Bay. The stench to take to the Caucasus is no less than a military vantage for the mountaineers, and a military one to hang out at Sukhumi and Poti.

Short description of the battle

The Russian squadron, commanded by the Head of the Fifth Fleet Division Pavlo Stepanovich Nakhimov, attacked the Turkish ships that were in the roadstead. Regardless of the fire support of six coastal batteries, for a few years Osman's squadron was completely defeated. 15 Turkish ships were sleeping, and, as a result, the ear-shaped camp was thrown ashore. Whirling out of the pastas, what the bay has become for them, only one 22-gangard sail-steam frigate "Tayif" was sighted. The fire of the us_h coastal batteries used as oppression.

The attacking Russian squadron consisted of 11 ships. Many of them were seriously disturbed during the hour of the battle, but all could (under their own power or in tow) reach Sevastopol.

Main stages of the Battle of Sinop

23 leaf fall 3 ships of the line, on one of which Nakhimov was known, went to Sinop and crossed over at the correctness of the vidomos, taking away the sight of the full Turkish sailors. In the face of an attack with small forces, the Russian military leader vytrimatis, and he stumbled on the approach of food, as 28 leaf fall fell. 3 line ships and 2 frigates arrived under the command of Rear Admiral Novosilsky, as well as a division of 3 sail-steam frigates under the head of Vice Admiral Kornilov.

From the bombardment of fortune ships and coastal batteries, 6 ships of the line took the fate. Two frigates - the 44-barrel "Kahul" and the 54-barrel "Kulevchi" - were ordered to drift at the exit from the bay for the passage of Turkish ships, as they were sailing in. The 12-barrel steamboat-frigates "Odessa", "Khersonesos" and "Krim" played an additional role: you could take the ushkodzheni in tow in the battle of the ship.

About 9:30 on the morning of the 30th leaf fall, near the boards, the wind was blowing, the ships of the line went in columns to Sinopskaya Bay.

First column:

• 84-garmaty flagship "Empress Maria", on board the commander of the Russian squadron Vice-Admiral Nakhimov;
• 120-garmaty "Grand Duke Kostyantin";
• 84 harmonic "Chesma".

Another column:

• 120-gamma "Paris", which was known to another Russian commander - Rear Admiral Novosilsky;
• 84-harmony "Rostislav";
• 120 harmonic "Three Saints".

The Turks did not check for an attack. They thought that the Russian squadron had come only to blockade the exit of ships from the bay, and they didn’t worry that they would bombard the ships more often in that place, in which the English and French consulates were. That is why the fire from the coastal batteries was a wake-up call, if all the Russian ships went into the bay and turned around to attack the Turkish ships that were in the roadstead.

The active phase of the battle began at about 12:30 with gunshots from the Turkish 44-barrel frigate Aunni Allah.

• We fired on the flagship "Empress Mary" and simply ripped apart the 44-gang frigates "Aunni Allah" and "Fazli Allah". Having offended the stench after the first year of battle, they rushed ashore; "Fazli Allah" vibrated and burned the board.
• "Grand Duke Kostyantin", who was behind the "Maria", shooting the 60-harmonic frigates "Naviek Bakhri" (booming and burning), "Nesimi Zefer" (rushing ashore and burning) shore ).
• "Chesma", which locks the first column, through the frontal zubinka of the first two ships, did not strike against the Turkish ships, then strangling the fire of the 3rd and 4th coastal batteries.
• The flagship of the other colony, as it came from the other side of the bay, "Paris" - on the cob of battle shot the 22-gang corvette "Gyuli Sefid" (booming) and the 56-gum frigate "Damiad" (breaking and resurrecting ashore). Then we fired on the coastal battery No. 5 and the 64-harmonic frigate "Nizamie".
• "Nizamie" was beaten and burned by the fire of the ship "Three Saints". The same share went to the 54-garmat frigate Kaidi Zefer.
• "Rostislav" shot the 24-garmaty frigate "Feyze Meabud" and the coastal battery No. 6.

Until 13:30, the Turkish squadron was finished off: the ships were on fire, the wind spreading the half-light from one ship to another place. The steamboat-frigate "Tayif" is escaping from the bay. Redundant for
the crossing of two Russian frigates of the steam engine was not small and they could not be retried against the wind.

Remaining operations of Turkish ships were strangled up to the age of 14; coastal batteries - up to 16 years.

Battle Pouches

The battle ended with the last ranks of the Turkish squadron. Sered 200 polonenikh buv і Rear Admiral Osman Pasha. The Russians spent 37 people killed, 233 wounded. Despite the serious damage (in the building of the "Empress Mary" 60 holes were repaired), the ships successfully reached Sevastopol after a term repair.

"The guilt of the Sinops squadron - a threat to the Caucasus - vryatuvala yoga against the great invasion of the Turks" (Rear Admiral Vukotich).

The victory called out a great patriotic pidyom, a map of the battle was published everywhere. A lot of people were transferred to the inevitable after Sinop entered the war of England and France, and they understood how important the war would be.

The famous painter Aivazovsky fought the battle (paintings "Synopsky battle", "Synopsis. Night after the battle"). Synopsis victory in 1995 increased to the list of sovereign saints - Days of Viysk Glory of Russia (the date is set to 1 day).

“For the blamed Turkish squadron, you have embellished the chronicle of the Russian fleet with a new win, as if you will be left with a memorial from the sea forever.”
Emperor Mikola I

"The blame of the Turkish fleet in Sinop with a squadron, which is under my ker_vnitstvom, cannot but deprive a glorious side in the history of the Black Sea Fleet."
P. S. Nakhimov

1st breast є Day of the Victory Glory of Russia. All day the Russian squadron under the command of Vice-Admiral Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov overcame the Turkish squadron against Miss Sinop.

Been standing at the harbor of the town of Sinop on the Black Sea coast of Turechchini 18 (30) leaf fall 1853. The Turkish squadron was destroyed by a stretch of a few years. The battle of Sinop was one of the great battles of the Crimean (Skhidnoy) war, which began as a conflict between Russia and Turkey. Before that, it went down in history as the last great battle of the sailing fleets. Russia took a serious advantage over the enemy forces of the empire of Osman and panuvannya in the Black Sea (until the great Western powers were brought in).

Tse sea ​​battle became the butt of the brilliant training of the Black Sea Fleet, kerovanny one of the best representatives of the school of Russian Viysk art. Sinop, having defeated all of Europe to the fullest extent of the Russian fleet, I will actually correct the bagatarization illuminating work Admiral Lazareva and Nakhimova.

A. P. Bogolyubov. Blaming the Turkish fleet in the Battle of Sinop

Prehistory

In 1853, the black war of Russia began in Turechchina. Vіn having caused a global conflict for the fate of the leading world powers. Anglo-French squadron went to the Dardanelles. Buli opened the front on the Danube and near the Transcaucasus. St. Petersburg, which has bolstered the victory over Porto, has bolstered Russian interests in the Balkans and successfully solved the problems of the Bosporus and Dardanelles channels, having eliminated the threat of war with the great powers, with unimaginable prospects. There was a threat that the Ottomans, and behind them the English and the French could send the devil to help the mountaineers of Shamil. It led to a new large-scale war in the Caucasus and a serious threat to Russia from pivdennogo directly.

In the Caucasus, Russia is not small enough to have a sufficient number of warriors, so that at once the attack of the Turkish army and the highlanders will be streamed. Before that, the Turkish squadron had delivered weapons to the Caucasian uzberezhzhі and ammunition. Therefore, the Black Sea Fleet took off two main tasks: 1) quickly transport reinforcements from the Crimea to the Caucasus; 2) launch a strike on enemy sea communications. Do not give the Ottomans a great landing on the shores of the Black Sea in the area of ​​​​Sukhum-Kale (Sukhumi) and Poti to help the mountaineers. Offended by the chief Pavlo Stepanovich vikonav.

On the 13th of spring, at Sevastopol, an emergency order was taken to transfer to Anakria (Anaklia) an infantry division for artillery. At that time, the Black Sea Fleet was restless. There was a bit of talk about the ledge on the battles of the Ottomans of the Anglo-French squadron. Nakhimov negligently took the operation. In a matter of days, having prepared the ships in the order of the day, having deployed troops on them: 16 battalions with two batteries (more than 16 thousand firearms), and all that is necessary is the destruction of that mine. On March 17, the squadron sailed by the sea, and on March 24, it arrived as far as Anacria. The wedding celebration was completed. The operation was recognized as brilliant, among the sailors there were more than a few soldiers.

Having finished the first task, Pavlo Stepanovich proceeded to another. It was necessary to carry out the fortune-telling of the landing operation. Batumi has concentrated 20 thousand. the Turkish corps, which is small and throws a large transport flotilla (up to 250 ships). Landing landing is small to cover the squadron of Osman Pasha.

At this hour, the commander of the Crimean Army and the Black Sea Fleet was Prince Oleksandr Menshikov. Vin sent a squadron of Nakhimov and Kornilov to the adversary's pranks. 5 (17) leaf fall V. A. Kornilov zustrіv Ottoman 10-harmonic steamboat “Pervaz-Bakhre”, which came from Sinop. The steam frigate "Volodimir" (11 garmats) under the ensign of the chief of staff of the Black Sea Fleet Kornilov attacked the enemy. The commander of Volodymyr, Captain-Lieutenant Grigoriy Butakov, fought without middle ground. Vіn vykoristav high maneuverability of your ship and remembering the weakness of the enemy - the presence of a missile at the stern of a Turkish steamship. The whole bіy was trying so hard, so that you would not have to drink the fire of the Ottomans. The triennial battle ended with a Russian victory. This is the first history of the battle of steam ships. Then Volodymyr Kornilov turned to Sevastopol and punished Rear Admiral F.M. Novosilsky sidled with Nakhimov I, having completed the handover, turned to Sevastopol.

Nakhіmov іz corral z zhovtnya zhovtnya kreysuvav mizh Sukhum and part of the Anatolian shore, the main port of Sinop. The vice-admiral, following the mission of Novosiltsev, had five 84-gauge ships: "Empress Mary", "Chesma", "Rostislav", "Svyatoslav" and "Khorobry", as well as the frigate "Kovarna" and the brig "Eney ". 2 (14) Nakhimov’s leaf fall, having seen the order from the squadron, de calling the commanders, who at times zustrichi with the enemy, “we are overturning us in strength, I attack yoga, being full of singing, that the skin of us will crush our right.”

Every day they checked for the appearance of the enemy. Before that, there was the possibility of zustrichi with British ships. But there was no Ottoman squadron. Only Novosilsky was shot, which brought two ships, replacing the shattered storm and heading to Sevastopol. On the 8th of the leaf fall, a storm blew up, and the vice-admiral sent 4 more ships for repairs. The situation was critical. strong wind continued after the storm of 8 leaf fall.

On the 11th of the fall of the leaves, Nakhimov went to Sinop and, in a negligent way, set up a brig from a star, where the Ottoman squadron was stationed at the bay. Regardless of the significant strength of the enemy, who stood under the protection of 6 coastal batteries, Nakhimov defeated the blockade of Sinop Bay and checks for reinforcements. After asking Menshikov for permission to repair the ship "Svyatoslav" and "Khorobriy", the frigate "Kovarna" and the steamboat "Bessarabia". The admiral was also vislovlyuvav wondering why the frigate “Kulevchi” was not sent to him, which stood idle at Sevastopol and provided two additional steamboats, necessary for cruising. Nakhimov buv ready to rozpochati beat, like the Turks go to the break. The protégé Turkish command, even though the hour had little strength, did not dare to enter into a general battle and simply drink to the break. If Nakhimov didpovіv, that the forces of the Ottomans at Sinopі, for yogo guarded things, lowered earlier, Menshikov sent a reinforcement - a squadron of Novosilsky, that buv and death of Kornilov's steamships.

Biy steamboat frigate "Volodimir" with the Turkish-Egyptian steamboat "Pervaz-Bahri" 5 leaf fall 1853 year. A. P. Bogolyubov

Power of the parties

The reinforcement came at once. On 16 (28) leaf fall of 1853, the squadron of Rear Admiral Fyodor Novosilsky overcame the fate of Nakhimov's death: 120-gang line ships "Paris", "Grand Duke Kostyantin" and "Three saints", frigates "Cahul" and "Kulevchi". As a result, under Nakhimov’s ceremonies, there were already 6 liner ships: 84-harmonic “Empress Mary”, “Chesma” and “Rostislav”, 120-harmonic “Paris”, “Grand Duke Kostyantin” and “Three Saints”, 60-harmonic frigate “ Kulevchi" and 44 harmonic "Kahul". Garmat near Nakhimov was 716, from the skin board the squadron could fire a volley of 378 pounds 13 pounds. 76 garmats were bombing, which they shot with explosive bombs, which were small for a great destructive force. In this rank, on the battleships of the Russian fleet there was a victory. In addition, to Nakhimov, Kornilov rushed to help from tryoma by steamboats.

The warehouse of the Turkish squadron included: 7 frigates, 3 corvettes, a sprat of auxiliary ships and 3 sailboats. Zagalom Turks Mali 476 ship garmats, reinforced by 44 coastal shells. Turkish vice-admiral Osman Pasha served as an Ottoman squadron. The other flagship was Rear Admiral Hussein Pasha. At the squadron, the English guard was Captain A. Slade. The corral of steamships was commanded by Vice Admiral Mustafa Pasha. The Turks were small in their advances, the main ones were the parking in the significant base and the presence of steam-ships, even as the Russians had less windshield ships.

Admiral Osman Pasha was aware that the Russian squadron was flying out of the bay, having alerted them to Istanbul, asking for help, significantly overpowering Nakhimov. The Turks fell asleep, the notice was sent to the British on the 17th (29th) of the fall of the leaves, for the booty before the attack of the Russian fleet. Navit yakby Lord Stratford-Redcliffe, who at this hour actually cherubed the policy of Porti, punishing the British squadron to go to the aid of Osman Pasha, all the same, help was delayed. Prior to that, the English ambassador to Istanbul had the right to start a war with the Russian Empire, the admiral could immediately be removed.

N. P. Medovik. P. S. Nakhimov at the hour of the Battle of Sinop on the 18th of the fall of the leaves, 1853

Idea of ​​Nakhimov

The Russian admiral, as if only a few people had sent reinforcements, having broken the checks, went negainally to Sinopskaya Bay and attacked the enemy. In essence, Nakhimov ishov rizik, I want good luck. Ships and coast guards were good in the Ottomans, and Turkish forces could have led a Russian squadron of serious shoddy for high-quality ceramics. The Greek Ottoman fleet flew by the west, like a part of the combat training, and kerivnitstv.

The Turkish command did the same to Nakhimov, pushing the ships to the edge unhandy for defense. Firstly, the Ottoman squadron was ripped apart with a flabby, curved arch. As a result, the ships closed the sector of shelling of part of the coastal batteries. In another way, the ships were scattered along the embankment, which did not give them the ability to maneuver and fire on both sides. In this rank, the Turkish squadron and coastal batteries could not fully resist the Russian fleet.

Nakhimov's plan was brimming with rіshuchіstyu and іnіtsiativa. The Russian squadron at the formation of two wake columns (the ships followed one by one along the line course) withdrew the order to break through to the Sinopsky raid and launch a fire strike on ships and batteries of the enemy. The first column was commanded by Nakhimov. The ships “Empress Maria” (flagship), “Grand Duke Kostyantin” and “Chesma” were included before it. Another column cherubov Novosilsky. Before her included "Paris" (2nd flagship), "Three Saints" and "Rostislav". The movement of two columns could change the hour of passage of ships under the fire of the Turkish squadron and coastal batteries. Before that, the roaring of the Russian ships in the order of battle became easier when they were placed on the yakir. The frigates went to the rear guard, as if they were trying to pin down the enemy before the leak. In advance, the numbers of all ships were divided.

For whom commanders of ships have a little independence in choosing goals, depending on a specific situation, in victorious to the principle of mutual support. “At the end, I’ll hang a thought,” writing at Nakhimov’s order, “that everyone in the front set up for the furnishing, that they have changed, they can make it difficult for the commander, who knows his right, and to that I give the skin completely 'tongue'.

Bey

On Svitanka 18 (30) of the fall of the leaves, the Russian ships sailed to the Sinop Bay. On the right side of the column is the flagship of Pavel Nakhimov "Empress Mary", on the left side - "Paris" by Fyodor Novosilsky. The weather was unfriendly. About the 12th year of 30 hvilin, the Ottoman flagship 44-garmaty “Avni-Allah” fired fire, followed by the fire of other ships and coastal batteries. The Turkish command was swayed, that the strong fire of the ship and coastal batteries would not allow the Russian squadron to break through at a close distance, to confuse the Russians in the march. Possibly, if you bring some ships to a strong point, you will be able to get them. The ship of Nakhimov is in front and closer to the Ottoman ships. The admiral stood on the captain's scar and stood guard behind the baked artillery battle.

The victory of the Russian fleet was already marked in two years with a small one. The Turkish artillery, which bombarded the Russian squadron with shells, was able to subdue some of the most important ships, but did not sink the enemy. The Russian admiral, knowingly received Osman's commanders, having told that the main fortune-telling fire would be on the spars (the above-deck parts of the ship's possession), and not on the decks. The Turks wanted to bring out the best of the Russian sailors, if the stench was taken care of before anchoring the ships, and also to destroy the ship's ship's ship's ability to maneuver. And so it happened, the Turkish shells broke the rails, the stengi, and the windshields. The Russian flagship, having taken on itself a significant part of the fortune teller’s blow, most of the spars and rigging of the standing bula was broken, at the mainshoe, only one shroud was lost. After the battle, 60 holes were dug in one side. Prote Russian sailors were below, Pavlo Stepanovich punishing them to put the ships at anchor, not taking the windshield. The mustaches of Nakhimov were vikonan for sure. The frigate "Avni-Allah" ("Aunni-Allah") did not see the opposition to the Russian flagship and already for the first year swung ashore. The Turkish squadron has spent the center of the keruvannya. Then the "Empress Mary" sizzled with shells the 44-garmaty frigate "Fazli-Allah", which also did not see the duel, she rushed ashore. Admiral transferred the fire of the battleship to battery No. 5.

I. K. Aivazovsky. "Sinopskiy Bey"

The ship "Grand Duke Kostyantin" was fired by 60-gang frigates "Navek-Bakhri" and "Nesimi-Zefer", by the 24-gang corvette "Nedzhmi Fishan", on battery No. 4. "Forever-Bahri" is angry at the door again for 20 minutes. One of the Russian shells was consumed by powder flakes. Tse vibukh viviv z fret that battery No. 4. The corpses and tricks of the ship cluttered up the battery. Later, the battery revived the fire, ale vin was weaker, lower earlier. Another frigate, after the fact that the yakirny lantsyug was broken by the new one, washed up on the shore. The Turkish corvette did not see the duel, she rushed ashore. "Grand Duke Kostyantyn" at the Battle of Sinop, having taken 30 holes and a few holes.

The line ship "Chesma" under the supervision of Viktor Mikryukov in fire on batteries No. 4 and No. 3. Russian sailors clearly chimed Nakhimov's statement about mutual encouragement. The ship "Kostyantin" stormed to lead a battle with three fortune-telling ships and a Turkish battery. To that, "Chesma" ceased to fire on the batteries, and she turned the whole fire on the Turkish frigate "Navek-Bahri". Turkish ship, we will fire two Russian ships, flying at the periphery. Potim "Chesma" strangled the fortune-telling batteries. The ship took 20 holes, pokodzhennya mainshoe and bowsprit.

In a similar position, if the principle of mutual support was established, the ship “Three Saints” appeared in the first year. The line ship under the design of K. S. Kutrov in the struggle with the 54-harmonic frigate "Kaidi-Zefer" and the 62-harmonic frigate "Nizamie". With a fortune-telling shot of the Russian ship, the spring was broken (the cable to the anchor, which will take the ship at the given position), “Three Saints” began to unfold the stern in the wind to the gate. The ship, having recognized the under fire of battery No. 6, seriously injured his mast. Immediately "Rostislav" under the guard of the captain of the 1st rank A. D. Kuznetsov, who himself recognized a strong shelling, pinned the fire at the guard and put all the respect on battery No. 6. As a result, the Turkish battery was taken off the face of the earth. "Rostislav" also swooped ashore the 24-garmatian corvette "Feize-Meabud". If the midshipman Varnitsky zmіg was hurt on the "Svyatiteli", the ship became far away to fire on the "Kaidi-Zefer" and other ships, rushing them to the shore. "Three Saints" having taken 48 holes, and also feed a little, all with a bowsprit. Help did not come cheaply to the Rostislav, the ship did not fly a little at a turn, it began to burn on him, the fire climbed up to the cruit chamber, and then the liquidation fell away. "Rostislav" took off 25 holes, as well as the poshkodzhennya of all the pins and the bowsprit. Over 100 people from this command were injured.

Another Russian flagship "Paris" in an artillery duel with the 56-barrel frigate "Damiad", the 22-barrel corvette "Gyuli Sefid" and the central coastal battery No. 5. The corvette fell and angered at the edge. The line ship saw the fire on the frigate. "Damiad" not having seen a strong fire, the Turkish team chopped off the anchor rope, and the frigate was thrown ashore. Then "Paris" attacked the 62-garmaty "Nizamiye", on which the ensign Admiral Hussein Pasha flew. The Ottoman ship, having put in two shoes - fok-i bizan-shoes, began to burn on the new one. "Nizamie" rushed ashore. The commander of the ship, Volodymyr Istomin, showed “fearlessness and firmness of spirit” in this battle, stubbornly “reasonable, masters and orders”. Following the defeat of "Nizami" "Paris" turned its attention to the central coastal battery, it repaired the great opposition of the Russian squadron. The Turkish battery was crushed. Linear ship otrimav 16 holes, and also feed that gondek.

A. V. Ganzen "Line ship "Empress Mary" under the windows"

I. K. Aivazovsky "120-garmaty ship" Paris ""

In this rank, until the 17th year, Russian sailors lost 15 out of 16 enemy ships with artillery fire, strangled all coastal batteries. Vipadkovy cores were littered with fire and mіskі budіvli, which were in uninterrupted proximity to coastal batteries, which caused fire to widen and screamed panic among the population.

From the shores of the Turkish squadron, the Turkish squadron drifted away into the distance with only one 20-garmatian steamboat "Taif" ("Taif"), on board of which was known the leading ship of the Turks from the sea food, the English Slade, who, having arrived to Istanbul, added about the guilt of the Turkish ships.

It should be noted that at the warehouse of the Turkish squadron of two steam frigates, the Russian admiral was seriously sleeping. At Admiral Nakhimov, on the cob of the battle of steam-boats, the stench came only like a battle. Shvidkokhіdny fortune-telling ship, which was under the kerіvnitstvom of the British captain, showed yourself a moment of good in the battle, if the Russian ships appeared in battle, like a window display was damaged. The glass ships in their minds could not easily maneuver that swiftly. Nakhimov nastіlki calling for this threat, who dedicating the whole point of his disposition to it (No. 9). Two frigates were left in reserve, and they took over the task of neutralizing the enemy steamships.

However, this sensible precaution did not turn out to be true. The Russian admiral assessed the ability of the enemy with himself. Vіn buv ready to lead the battle to inspire the minds of the enemy again, the soothsaying commanders thought otherwise. Captain Taifa Slade was a confirmed commander, but he did not dare to fight to the last drop of blood. Pobachivshi, scho Turkish squadron threaten izishchennya, the British captain masterfully maneuvering between "Rostislav" and battery number 6, and vtik at the battle of Constantinople. The frigates "Kulevchi" and "Cahul" tried to overtake the enemy, but they could not overtake the Swedish steamboat. Vіdіrvavsya in the Russian frigates "Taif" little did not spend up to the hands of Kornilov. Zagin steamships of Kornilov rushed to the aid of the squadron of Nakhimov and hit Taif. Prote Slade zmіg leaked і vіd paraplavіv Kornilov.

Until the end of the battle to Sinop, the ships sailed under the command of Vice Admiral V. A. Kornilov, who hurried to help Nakhimov from Sevastopol. The participant of the tsikh podіy B. I. Baryatinsky, who was in the squadron of Kornilov, wrote: “We went to the ship“ Maria ”(flagship Nakhimova), we got on the boat of our steamboat and crashed on the ship, all pierced by cannonballs, vanti mayzhe all killed, and when dosing a strong ziba, we went so far that threatened the fall. We rise to the ship, and insulting admirals throw themselves in arms one to one, we are all the same with Nakhimov. Vіn buv miraculous, kashket on the ceiling, disguise stained with blood, new epochs, nіs - all red in the form of blood, sailors and officers ... all black in the form of gunpowder smoke ... , because Nakhimov is the leader in the squadron and becoming from the very beginning of the battle closest to the Turkish shooting boards. Nakhimov's coat, like a wine before the battle, having taken it and hung it on a carnation, was pierced by a Turkish core.

I. K. Aivazovsky. "Sinop. Nothing after the battle of the 18th leaf fall of 1853 fate"

Podbags

The Ottoman squadron was overwhelmed by the worst. In the course of the triennial battle, the Turks were defeated, their opir was broken. Trochs of the past strangled the coastal fortifications and batteries, which were lacking, finished off the excess squadron. One by one they zalіtal in a loop of Turkish ships. Russian bombs were used to the powder magazines, otherwise the fire reached them, often the Turks themselves fired the ships, flooding them. Three frigates and one corvette were fired by the Turks themselves. "The battle is glorious, greater than Chesme and Navarina!" - so assessed the former vice-admiral V. A. Kornilov.

The Turks spent close to 3 yew. people, the English told about 4 thousand. Before the battle itself, the Ottomans prepared for boarding and put additional soldiers on the ships. Vibukhs on batteries, fire and drive the boats on the shore, caused a strong fire near the city. Sinop has already suffered. The population, the government and the garrison of Sinop were run into the mountains. In the past, the British called the Russians from their zhorstokosts to city dwellers. The Russian army was full of 200 people. In the midst of the dead, the commander of the Turkish squadron, Vice-Admiral Osman Pasha (youmu broke his leg in battle) and two ship commanders.

Russian ships for a short period of time let out about 17 thousand. shells. The battle of Synopsis showed the significance of the bombs for the future development of the fleet. Wooden ships could not withstand the fire of such garmats. It was necessary to develop armor protection of ships. The greatest rate of fire was shown by the gunners of "Rostislav". From the skin armor on the battleship's board, 75-100 shots were destroyed. On the other ships of the squadron, 30-70 shots were shot with skin armor. Russian commanders and sailors, following the words of Nakhimov, showed "truly Russian goodness." The advanced system of training the Russian sailor, which was broken up by Lazarev and Nakhimov, brought its advantage in battle. Intense training, sea trips brought the Black Sea Fleet to the "foreign" battle "Sinopsky іspit".

Deyakі rosіyskі ships recognized significant poshkodzhen, їх then were towed by steamboats, but all were left afloat. Russian soldiers laid down 37 dead and 233 wounded. Everyone marked the majesty of the Russian Admiral Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov, having protected their own strength and the strength of the enemy, pishov on a reasonable risk, leading a squadron under the fire of coastal batteries and the Omani squadron, proprating the battle plan in detail, demonstrating the accuracy of aim. The sight of the wrecked ships and the low weight spent in living forces confirm the wisdom of Nakhimov’s navy craftsmanship. Nakhimov himself, as if forewarned, modestly and said that all the merit belongs to Mikhail Lazarev. The Sinopsky battle became a shining point in the tribal history of the development of the glass fleet. It should be noted that Lazarev, Nakhimov and Kornilov had a good understanding, being pribіchniks of the swedish development of the steam fleet.

After the end of the battle, the ships carried out the necessary repairs and 20 leaf fall (2 breasts) weighed anchor, rushing to Sevastopol. On the 22nd (4th breast), the Russian fleet, for wild joy, went to the Sevastopol raid. All the population of Sevastopol hurried to overcome the squadron. That's a great day. Neskinchenne "Hurrah, Nakhimov!" rushed from the sides. To the Caucasus, the Danube, to Moscow and St. Petersburg, they rushed to accuse the Black Sea Fleet of poverty. Emperor Mikolay awarded Nakhimov with the Order of St. George of the 2nd degree.

Pavlo Stepanovich himself was turbulent. Suto viyskomi results of the Battle of Sinopskoy Russian admiral buv satisfaction. The Black Sea Fleet brilliantly fulfilled the main task: having created the possibility of a Turkish landing in the Caucasus, saving that Ottoman squadron, having conquered outside the Black Sea. Colossal success achieved with little blood and material expenses. Following an important request, the battle that crossed the sea, all the ships successfully turned to Sevastopol. Nakhimov was pleased with the sailors and commanders, the stench was miraculous at the smoky battle. However, Nakhimov has a strategic mind and a mind that the main battle is ahead. Sinopska victory in vikliche the appearance of the Anglo-French forces on the Black Sea, as if to put in place all the forces for the demise of the powerful Black Sea Fleet. Spravzhnya war only started.

The Battle of Sinop called for panic in Constantinople. They were afraid of the appearance of the Russian fleet in the Ottoman capital. In Paris and London, they tried to reduce and apply the significance of the feat of the Nakhimov squadron, and then, when the number became small, the details of the battle of Sinopskaya appeared in the world, vinykla zazdrіst and hatred. As Count Oleksiy Orlov wrote, “we are not forgiven for any proper orders, or for the humility of vikonnanny.” In Western Europe, there is a whiff of Russophobia. The zakhіdniki did not look at such gleaming forces from the side of the Russian military-sea forces. England and France are beginning to work on the wind. The English and French squadrons, as they were already stationed in the Bosporus, 3 babies sailed 2 steamboats to Sinop and 2 to Varna, for exploration. Paris and London gave Turechchyna a credit for war. The Turks have long unsuccessfully asked for pennies. Sinop changed everything. France and England were getting ready to enter the war, and the battle of Sinop could bring Constantinople to a truce, the Ottomans would strike a blow on land and sea. It was necessary for the support of an ally. The largest bank in Paris, negainally, took up the organization of the right. The Ottoman Empire was given a position of 2 million pounds sterling in gold. Moreover, half of the subscription for the whole amount of money will be covered by Paris, and the rest by London. At night from 21 to 22 December 1853 (September 3-4, 1854), the English and French squadrons at once from the division of the Ottoman fleet went to the Black Sea.

At the rocks of Velikaya Vytchiznyanoi war 1941-1945 pp. Radyansky rank having fallen asleep an order and a medal in honor of Nakhimov. The order was awarded by officers of the Viysk-Navy Fleet for outstanding successes in the development, carried out and safe maritime operations, which were subsequently recognized offensive operation adversary, or to ensure the active operations of the fleet, the head of the enemy is a significant shkodita and saves his strength. The medal was awarded to sailors and foremen for military merits.

Day of the Victory Glory of Russia - Day of the victory of the Russian squadron under the command of P.S. Nakhimov over the Turkish squadron at Misu Sinop (1853 r_k) - is designated as federal law dated February 13, 1995 “About the days of Viysk glory (transitional days) of Russia”.