The methods by which the subject of science is known is called. Methods of psychology. Basic terms and understanding

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Rubinshtein S. L. Fundamentals of underground psychology - St. Petersburg: Publishing House "Peter", 2000 - 712 pp.: ill.
ROZDIL II. METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY

Methodology and methodology
Science is our research. Therefore, the characteristics of science are not derived from the significance of its subject; It includes and is assigned to the method. Methods, i.e. ways of learning, are the ways in which the subject of science is learned. Psychology, like skin science, contains not just one, but a whole system of proprietary methods and techniques. Under the method of science - in one - it is possible to understand the system of its methods in its entirety. The basic methods of science are not completely new instead of operations, not familiar formal techniques. Servants of revealing laws, they themselves revolve around the basic laws of the subject of science; that The method of psychology of evidence is another, lower method of psychology as the science of the soul: it is not for nothing that I dare to call it empirical psychology, and to others - rational, characterizing with such a rank the subject of science behind the method by which it is known; And the method of behavioral psychology is distinguished from the method of cognitive psychology, which is often called introspective psychology. So the very understanding of the subject of psychology, which was given here, means, obviously, the most basic nutrition about its method.

Let us inform you that this scientific robot will objectively implement one or another methodology in its own methodology. For the consistent and complete implementation in psychology of our methodology, it is essential that it be aware and, being aware, not be transformed into a form that is mechanically superimposed on a specific framework of science , so that it is revealed in the middle of the place of science in the laws of its powerful development.

Marxist dialectics as a theory of knowledge and scientific methodology to put before scientific research the task of understanding and representing objective action - a real subject in its own real development and real, it is clear to mediate synakh: “... the very speech is in her veins and her development has a buti look at,” formulates V.I. Lenin first benefited from dialectics. Detailing further the “elements of dialectics”, the essence of which is the importance of the unity of prolongations, Lenin, in his commentary on “The Science of Logic” by G. V. F. Hegel, first of all sees the advance: “objectivity” look at it (don’t touch it, I won’t approach it) , and the speech itself), 2) the totality of the diverse relationships of this speech to others, 3) the developments of this speech (respective phenomena), its powerful spirit, its powerful life” (V. I. Lenin. Zib. op.

Methods of psychology

Psychology, as a skin science, is based on a whole system of various private methods and techniques.

The main methods of investigation in psychology, as well as in other sciences, are caution and experiment.

Skin from these hidden methods of scientific investigation appears in psychology in various and less specific forms; There are differences in the types of caution and experimentation.

Caution in psychology may be self-careful or else external precautions , call for self-care to be called objective. Externally, so called objectively, caution can be divided into direct and indirect.

So it’s clear that there are different forms as you see experiment. A type of experiment is called a natural experiment, which is a form of intermediate between experiment and simple precautions.

In addition to these basic methods, which in psychology distinguish a specific expression depending on the particularities of the subject, psychology uses a number of intermediate and additional methods.

Considering the role that the genetic principle plays in the method of psychological investigation, we can further speak about the genetic principle or the method of psychological investigation. Genetic method in psychology , That is, the highly developed development of the psyche as a means for discovering hidden psychological patterns is not placed on the same level with caution and experiment and is not contrasted with it, but it is necessary to rely on them and will be on Their foundations, fragments of the installation of genetic data in their own way based on caution or experimentation.

When using different methods of psychological investigation, it is necessary to focus on the specifics of the problem being investigated. So, for example, with training, it is unlikely that any other method could be as effective as the experimental one. In addition to the greatest manifestations of human specialness, the power of “experimenting” with people is seriously emphasized.

The research methodology always beats out any other methodology. In accordance with the fundamental principles of our psychology, specific risks must be carried out using this method.

1. The psyche and consciousness are perceived by us in the unity of internal and external manifestations. The relationship between the psyche and behavior, evidence and activity in specific ones, from stage to stage and from the moment to the moment of the latest forms, not only by the object, but by the means of psychological investigation, This is the basis of all methods.

Due to the uniformity of evidence and activity, the difference in the psychological nature of the act of activity is also apparent in its external interaction. Tom From now on there is a process of interaction between the external process and its internal nature; prote tse stavleniya yaki zavzhzhda adequately. The main purpose of all methods of objective psychological investigation is to adequately identify relationships, such that Behind the external transformation of the act, one must consider its internal psychological nature. However, if the skin is damaged, the isolated act of behavior allows for extremely different psychological damage. The internal psychological space of an action is revealed not from an isolated act, not from a separate fragment, but from a system of activity. It is the individual’s medical activity, and not just any isolating act, and in relation to those specific minds in which he is found, it is possible to adequately reveal that internal psychological influence and items that can be identified and can be taken from identified people, but otherwise appear at yogo diyah.

This principle of objective psychological investigation is implemented in a variety of methodological ways, which depend on the characteristics of the subject of investigation.

2. The fragments of the psychophysical problem, from which our psychology emerges, solidifies the unity, but not the mental and physical, psychological investigation, which is in no way separated from the physiological and does not resolve Until now, the protein is necessary and often includes a physiological analysis of psychological (psychophysical) processes. It is unlikely that, for example, it is possible to scientifically study emotional processes, which does not include Physiological analysis includes their stock of physiological components. Psychological research cannot in any way be confined to a purely immanent - phenomenological description of mental phenomena, derived from the development of their psychophysiological mechanisms.

It would be wrong to underestimate the importance of physiological methods in psychological research. Zokrema, the Pavlovian method of mental reflexes, is a strong method for analyzing sensitivity.

Prote physiological analysis and, therefore, physiological methods in psychological investigation can play a similar role and may take a different place.

In this case, however, there is no need to differentiate and order one of them with the other, as long as it is correct to combine them, so that in the specific practice of psychophysical investigation they can yu ednіst. Under this current gaze, the investigation of traditional psychophysiology is in ruins and a whole system of psychophysical investigations has been flared up, which must be immediately implemented the great principle of psychophysical unity.

3. The fragments of the material foundations of the psyche are not reduced to their organic foundations, the fragments of people’s ways of thinking are determined by the way of their life, their knowledge is determined by long-term practice, psychological investigation methodology , when we reach the psychological knowledge of people who are affected by their activities and products, must resort to a socio-historical analysis of human activity. Only by correctly assessing the correct social changes and the significance of these and other aspects of a person and the objective results of their activities, you can arrive at their correct psychological decline. It is psychologically important to become sociologized, that is, reduced to the social; Psychological research must preserve its specificity and independence, not losing ground, but rather, if necessary, focusing on advanced sociological analysis of human activity and products historical patterns of their development.

4. The method of psychological investigation is the discovery of specific psychological patterns. For which it is necessary not to rely solely on statistical averages, but analysis of specific individual episodes , Because reality is concrete and even with a concrete analysis it is possible to reveal real conditions. The principle of individualization of investigation is the real principle of our methodology. However, the goal of theoretical psychological research lies not in the life of a particular individual as an individual, but in the fact that from the singular to go from the singular to the ignorant, from the singular to the necessary, from the manifest to the substantive in them. For theoretical psychological research, the treatment of individual personality disorders is not a special area of study, but rather a special area of study. Through the study of individual variations in their variability, psychological investigation can go to the right place - until more and more hidden and everyday patterns are established. The focus on individualization and the discovery of real patterns may be placed in our psychology at the core of all concepts, for which the essence lies in establishing standards based on statistical average.

5. Psychological patterns are revealed in development. Development of mental development This is not just a special area, but a specific method of psychological investigation. The genetic principle is the essential principle of our methodology. In this case, the essence of the study is not to carry out statistical analyzes at various stages of development and identify different levels, but to create the transition from one level to another subject of investigation and reveal such a principle about the dynamics of processes and their destructive forces. Zokrema, with the development of mental development in ontogenesis, the task lies not in fixing after another instantaneous differences, in essence abstract, equal to the pink development and bringing to them different Itey, as if they were distributing them on various surfaces and police, and in so that, during the course of the investigation itself, we move children from one “level” to the next, higher one, and follow the development of this systematic pattern in the real process.

6. The transition of children from one level or stage of mental development to another is formed in the process of development, the genetic principle of the more open-minded person is reflected in both his mental development and additional psychological development ii children, in addition to individualization, also "pedagogization" of psychological investigation. It is necessary to vaccinate the child, nachayuchi її. This principle of pedagogy for the psychological training of children does not mean experimental research on the merits of pedagogical practice, but the inclusion of the principles of pedagogical work in the experiment itself.

Those situations that require the birth of children, in the beginning, will be sanctioned by the appearance of a more zagalal formation, therefore We recognize the manifestations of action by flowing into them (the most detailed and concrete knowledge of people is achieved through the process of their processing). These are one of the main provisions of our fundamental methodology and theory of knowledge. It is possible and may be possible to eliminate different specific effects in the method of psychological investigation. Thus, in the case of pathological mental manifestations in a sick individual, therapeutic infusion makes it possible to correct and better understand them.

In this way, in the method itself, in the “practice” of research, there is a unity, a connection between theory and practice, between the scientific knowledge of psychic phenomena and the real practical influence on them.

7. Within the framework of our fundamental concept, a new dimension and character can be developed in the method of psychological investigation products of activity , since the human activity is materialized in them ( development of products of pink activity and creativity in further thought, manifestation) . Psychological investigation is not to blame for relying on the mechanical registration of the bare effectiveness of activity and trying to install in it and once again record standard indicators of mental health.

One and the same result can have a very different psychological effect depending on the specific situation in place. Therefore, the revelation of the psychological substitution of the results of cutaneous objective examination that emerges from the current data, whose decoding and correct interpretation contribute to the obstructive appearance, and therefore adaptation of the specific features of a specific situation. This becomes one of the main ones in the methodology of our psychological research, especially when we incorporate the greatest, most complex manifestations of particularity - into the continuity of isolation, which is the most alarming in the methodology of foreign psychological science.

The fragments in which the particularity and situation in this particular reality go beyond the boundaries of only psychological phenomena, psychological investigation, without losing its character and specificity of its object, is important in the form of a whole series of moments that go beyond the boundaries of the psychological.

Method- way, way of knowing, how an object is known

science (S. L. Rubinshtein).

Methods of scientific research - these are the same methods that help to identify reliable evidence that can be used to develop scientific theories and develop practical recommendations. The power of science lies in the thoroughness of research methods, and how valid and reliable they are.

Everything said is about psychology. The boxes are foldable and unique, the tables are highly accessible, and throughout the entire history of science and successes have been based on thoroughly established methods. investigation Over the years, she has integrated the methods of various sciences: philosophy and sociology, physiology and medicine, biology and history, etc.

Method of psychology- this is a method of understanding internal mental phenomena through the analysis of external psychological officials.

Methods of psychological investigation reveal the importance of the basic theoretical principles that are implemented by psychology, and the specific tasks that govern it. Zagalna meta All methods of psychological investigation rely on the accurate registration, identified, fixation of psychological facts, on the accumulated empirical data for further theoretical analysis.

Since the beginning of the second half of the 19th century, psychology became an independent science and began to actively develop. Until now, psychological knowledge was important through introspection (self-guarding), monitoring the behavior of other people (for example, cheating records), who are susceptible to corruption. The protest of the subjectivism of these methods, their lack of reliability and complexity has caused psychology to have been deprived of philosophical, non-experimental science for a long time; with psychological phenomena.

Our goal is to develop psychological science as an accurate and practical science based on laboratory experiments. Since the other half of the 19th century, attempts have been made to evaluate psychological phenomena in a qualitative manner. One of the first such tests was the development of a series of laws that relate the power of a person's perceptions to stimuli expressed in physical quantities that flow into the body. Before them, the laws of the Buger-Vyber, Weber-Fechner, Stevens, Yaki є mathematical formulas, are tortured with the stimuli stimuli of the people, and the Absolute Schidchuttiv, yaki. At the end of the 19th century, the beginnings of the development of differential-psychological research began, in which the discovery of hidden psychological powers and abilities that drive people against each other began to be used mathematically ї statistics.

Today, in the course of psychological research, methods such as caution, experimentation in various forms, interviews, analysis of the products of children’s activities, tests and social-psychological methods are used. As a rule, specific research involves a number of methods that mutually complement and control one another. Specific research methods are based on methodological principles that go beyond the theoretical principles of science. Each method of investigation depends on both theories, which determine the choice of the object of investigation, and the methods of deciphering the results. Based on the peculiarities of the object, the subject and the task of investigation, various variants of the basic methods are developed - a technique for training these and other aspects of the development of the child’s psyche. The success of the investigation depends largely on the methodical ingenuity of the investigator, from whom he selects the following methods that exactly correspond to the assigned tasks.

2.5.2. Classification of methods

There are a number of approaches to the classification of psychological investigation methods. B. G. Ananyev sees 4 groups of methods: i.e. Organizational methods include: leveling method(alignment of different groups subordinate to centuries, types of activity, etc.), longitudinal method(the restraint of these people themselves for the last three hours) and complex(Representatives of various sciences take part in the investigation, one object is studied in different ways), which combines the advantages of both scientific methods.

2. Empirical methods - This is a method for collecting primary information. Include:

observational methods(caution and self-care):

"See the carnage experiment(laboratory, field, natural, ascertained, formulated);

psychodiagnostic methods(Standardized tests, projective tests, conversation, interviews, questionnaires, surveys, sociometry);

praximetric methods- for the analysis of processes and products of activity): chronometry, cyclography, occupational chart, evaluation of products of activity;

model:

biographical method

3. Data processing methods include: Kalkisny method(statistical) that brightly(differentiation of material by groups, their analysis) analysis, What allows you to establish a connection by direct application of the law.

4. Interpretation methods, What is conveyed by various methods of explanation of patterns revealed as a result of statistical processing of data, and their composition with previously established facts. Stinks include:

. genetic method- transmits the investigation of genetic links (phylogenetic, ontogenetic, genetic and sociogenetic). this is the name of the investigation “in depth”;

. structural(Classification, topology) method: psychography, typological classification, psychological profile - “broad” research.

The classification of research methods, proposed by B. G. Ananyeva, is presented in Diagram 7.

A more simplified classification is proposed by I. B. Grіnshpun, therefore, what methods of investigation are divided into non-experimental(Research types of surveillance, testing, questionnaires, conversations, analysis of activity products), experimental(method of experiment and different modifications) and psychodiagnostic ( different tests) (scheme 8).

R. S. Nemov proposes a new classification of methods: the main methods of psychological research and their options that are used to collect primary data, as shown in Diagram 9.

A classification of methods for tracking the difference in structure is provided, but the replacement of methods has no significance.

Classification of research methods from R. S. Nemov

2.5.3. Characteristics of methods

1. Non-experimental methods

Caution is a systematic, purposeful, spontaneous and specially organized detection of phenomena, the results of which, in one or another form, are recorded with caution. Caution is the main, most extensive empirical method in psychology for the purposeful, systematic training of people.

Immediately, psychologists became wary of powerful children, who are documented in the records of children (V. Preyer, V. Stern, J. Piaget, N. A. Ribnikov, N. A. Menchinska, V. S. Mukhina et al. ). Please note that the precautions of different authors were carried out for different purposes, which is why it is important to place them one by one. Then scientific discoveries began to emerge, where this method became the main one. Thus, P. M. Shchelovanov organized in 1920 a clinic in Leningrad for the development of children, in which most important orphans and orphans lived, for whose development there was great care.

Let us increase our respect to the fact that caution is the method of psychological indoctrination in this case, as it is surrounded by a description of external phenomena (as was the case with the first Schodennik records), and then moves on to an explanation of their psychological nature and it’s clear. The essence of caution lies not only in the registration of facts, but in the scientific explanation of the reasons for these psychological facts.

The feasibility of this method of natural sciences in psychology is based on the methodological principle of uniformity of evidence and activity. It is obvious that a person’s psyche is formed and manifests itself in its activities - in actions, words, mime, etc. On the basis of external manifestations, we are judged about the internal processes of the state.

Caution in psychological research is advocated in various options:

caution as a type of activity

Carefulness is a method;

Beware that the technique (technology) is private.

The main features of caution as a method of psychological investigation are directness and indirectness (caution not indirectly, but through everything). In this case, the investigator does not get involved in the mental manifestations of those under investigation, as a result of which the smell occurs naturally. However, this “unassisted” position of the guard has not only positive, but also negative consequences. Okrema, not everyone has specially recorded behavioral problems in children that can be considered scientifically sensitive. In order to be a valid method of scientific investigation, caution must be properly enforced (the nature of the investigation must be clearly formulated).

Few, with caution as a method of scientific investigation:

Great hours are wasted in connection with the passivity of the guard. Vazhko
transfer it if you appear more important from the point of view of the monitored sample -
lemi; Nowadays there is no guard at all.

The uniqueness and non-repetition of phenomena that are guarded against.

Difficulty in identifying the cause of the symptoms (multiple guarding factors due to
incidental events, as well as a lot of minds, so you can’t take insurance).

Subjectivism of the investigator. The concern of subjectivism grows in this phase
I hope that the investigator does not only record in the protocol those who are
accepts and then expresses his thoughts about those who are waiting. This type of record
Calling M. Ya. Basov “tlumachny.”

The need to protect the cultural and mental characteristics of the object
be careful.

The complexity of statistical data processing.

» Difficulty. To implement caution, a high level of psychological awareness of the investigator and a large amount of time spent are required. However, this method has its own crazy drawbacks:

Universal character.

The vigor of caution.

“Modesty” of caution (at the moment, however, it is outdated, because a video camera is needed).

Chi does not prevent the natural interruption of mental processes.

A wealth of collected records. Invariably, caution in front of the follower will flare up in the concrete life of a singing person, which can be compared with other specific cautions and create new ideas.

Care must be systematic and planned. It is necessary to put together a report on what people should be careful about, what days and years they should be careful about, what moments in life they should be careful about. food notices about the object and subject of investigation. Of great importance is the development of the security schemes that develop after the preliminary examination of the object and subject of investigation. The results are entered into the protocol, after which mathematical processing is carried out. All this allows me to add a little caution to the method.

Nowadays, in order to achieve objectivity and precision, such technical methods as a film recorder, a tape recorder, and photography are also used. To clarify the result of caution, a scale is developed to indicate the intensity of the disturbance of this or any other mental phenomenon: strong, moderate, weak, then.

An important methodical problem with current caution is the interaction between the investigator and testing: testing is not necessary to know that having become an object of training, otherwise the naturalness of behavior, which is the main advantage of the method , is spent. Like the “cap of invisibility” the “mirror of Gesell” is vikated, the guard is turned on (if the guard becomes a human being for guarding, with whom the stench is natural).

It is important to watch out for the following types:

Self-observation is a method for people to guard themselves based on
reflexive mind. As an object of self-care can be considered
these goals, motives, results of activity. This method is the basis
self-proclaimed To some extent, the method can be subject to some subjectivity.
Why self-caution is most often advocated as an additional method;

Objective caution (external caution) – caution over others
human, from the side.

In psychology, there may be different ways of organizing objective caution (Diagram 10).

Ways to organize objective caution

Absolutely Indirect (conducted by the researcher himself, (the results of the investigation are carefully monitored by the preparations of other people: information about the phenomenon that occurs, and the process) of the inventors, film, magnetic, )

Yavne (open) Adopted in the minds of the aware fact (with the help of the “Mirror of Gesell”) the presence of outsiders)

Included (accountable) Not included (unaccountable) (the guard stands as a member of the guarded group (the guardian of the guarded group, analyzes the concept of “in the middle”) call)

More systematically (sustainably) Unsystematically (vibration, (regularly watch out for the duration of the fall) of the divided period, all are recorded (beware of any manifestation of mental activity) mental phenomenon)

Dovgotrivale (longitudinal) Shortly (stretching Alone (stretching a trival singing interval (carried out for an hour) hour) once)

Causal (behind any episodic song outburst) (fix beside the facts of behavior)

Caution as a private transfer method:

Meta and caution program;

The presence of the object and the situation of caution;

Obviously, in specific psychological investigations, the same method may not be used at all. The skin stage of investigation is based on the use of the method and the use of a large number of cells. Refer to psychological studies with children who are already in my own life, Vikoristova says, which allows me to establish how the child herself understands the same situation that she is thinking about it.

Rozmova - This is a non-experimental method of psychological investigation, which transmits directly and indirectly the accumulation of information through verbal (verbal) speech. Rozmov can be emphasized not only as a method of collecting primary information about a person in the process of researching with her, but also as a result of his research for the purpose of direct nutrition, ale And as a method of learning and understanding individual psychological characteristics (skills, interests, level of education, placement of a person in everyday life, power issues, etc.).

Rozmova is inspired by a free-flowing day-to-day plan, a mutual exchange of thoughts and propositions. Go through the specially assembled form of a specially folded program. The strength of the conversation is the live contact of the investigator with the sample, the possibility of individualizing nutrition, its variation, the possibility of prompt diagnostics, the reliability and recurrence of types .

During the hour of conversation there may be vikoristani such types/ food:

Oriental-psychological - vikoristavuyutsya to relieve stress,
transition from one to the other;

Nutrition-filter - allow you to capture all the details of your life
vipivanih;

Control food – checking the reliability of the information received.

The advantage of well-designed experiments is that they provide more reliable results, and that children can be analyzed statistically. So, with mass fasting, the results of which are then subject to statistical analysis, a standardized conversation with precisely formulated nutrition is developed. Skin nutrition provides a clear target setting, which makes it possible to then make a different interpretation of the results.

One type of conversation is an interview. This is one of the oldest and most extensive methods of extracting information about people, as a result of systematic work with a sound scientific method, in the course of some experiments there may be advances to knowledge verbal information to help with low mental nutrition and verbal stimuli. An interview, as a specific form of conversation, can be used to capture information not only about the interviewee, who knows about this, but also about other people, both.

The interview can be divided into structuredі unstructured. U Interviews with the first type of nutrition are carefully formulated and carefully provided in the required order. In an unstructured interview, for example, the food was prompted this way. So that the tried and tested person is deprived of singing freedom among the species.

The interview can be taken from the local speciality, then. This can only be carried out in individual shape, ale and in groupy. A group interview is close in form to a group discussion.

The interview method can be a wealth of information. The interpretation of these data is often subjective in nature, and may be subject to the biases of the interviewer himself. In addition, the personality of the interviewer can greatly influence how open and generous we are to show ourselves during the interview. The remaining fact is related to the possible acquisition and creation of vital information. However, despite this, the interview is especially supplemented with information from more objective sources, and is one of the most important methods for assessing specialness.

Experimentation is a way of capturing information about an individual being studied or a group during a direct (interview) or indirect (trainer, questionnaire) combination of an experimenter and a respondent, then. tried and tested. Meta-experimentation - to reveal thoughts, attitudes, manifestations of people about themselves, absent people, manifestations of action.

Most of the tests will be examined in the section “Psychodiagnostic methods”.

Questionnaire (questionnaire)

Questionnaire is an empirical socio-psychological method of collecting information on the basis of evidence for special preparation and follow-up to the main task of monitoring nutrition.

The questionnaire is a form of information about the power supply system, inserted in orderly order in place of food, the form of their presentation (closed, so that the newly-ignited species are released, and closed, so that evidence “so” or “not”), as well as several That's pretty straight forward. The order of nutrition is most often determined by the method of random numbers

Questionnaires can be written or written, carried out in individual or group forms, however, in all cases it is necessary to ensure the representativeness and uniformity of the sample.

Analysis products (results) of activity (creativity) - This is the last method, which allows for the indirect formation of knowledge and skills, interests and needs of people based on the analysis of products and activities. This is a method of indirect empirical learning of people through division, analysis, interpretation of material and ideal (texts, music, paintings, etc.) products of their activity.

The peculiarity of this method lies V to the fact that the investigator does not come into contact with the samples themselves, but deals with the products of his previous activities. This method is based on the methodological principle of the uniformity of evidence and activity, based on the human psyche e It is not formed, but it is manifested in activity.

The development of products lies in the psychological analysis of various viruses, babies, creatures, creative robots, etc. This method is widely used in educational psychology in the form of analysis of works, notes, comments, speeches, etc. ta in.

Based on the range of products used, it is possible to obtain information about the accuracy, consistency, and accuracy of what was tested. Analysis of the number and viability of germs over time makes it possible to identify the period of greatest waste of activity, which can then be used to draw conclusions about the shortest mode of activity.

Look at the painted paintings and try them out, or maybe the little ones can give me some help V the importance of this ability in artistic creativity, the development of skills, and the development of creative abilities. During the process of painting the babies, their plot, location, manner of depiction are analyzed, and the process of painting is carried out (hour, washing of the babies, stage of hoarding) etc.

Sociometry(social vimir) - This is a pre-study method that allows you to weave emotional-median lines in the middle of a small group, divisions J. Moreno. Test modification carried out I. L. Kolominsky. Sociometry serves as a way to extract data from how members of a small social group are placed in relation to each other with mutual likes and dislikes.

The main methodological feature of sociometry is called a sociometric test (sociometric choice test). It consists of nutrition (selection criteria) addressed to each member of a particular social group.

Form of implementation: individual and group. Due to the age-old warehouse of the group and the specifics of pre-slednytsya missions, there are different versions of the surveillance procedures themselves: “Choose from the family”, “Hello comrade”. The data collected during the investigation is entered into a sociometric matrix, on the basis of which a sociogram is formed - a special little diagram that displays the whole picture of mutual, mutual and one-sided elections, very of the current elections, as well as the different insurance rates.

Methods, then there are ways of learning - these are the ways in which the subject of science is learned. Psychology, like skin science, has a system of private methods and techniques.

Parameter name	Significance
Stat topic:	Methods, then there are ways of learning - these are the ways in which the subject of science is learned. Psychology, like skin science, has a system of private methods and techniques.
Rubric (thematic category)	Psychology

Methodology in psychology is implemented in the light of current conditions (principles).

1. Psyche and intelligence depend on the unity of internal and external manifestations. The interconnections between the psyche and behavior, information and activity in their specific forms that change, not only by the object, but also by the way of psychological investigation.

2. The most important psychophysical problem is the unity of the mental and physical, and psychological investigation often includes a physiological analysis of psychological (psychophysiological) processes. iv.

3. The method of psychological investigation may be based on a socio-historical analysis of activity.

4. The method of psychological investigation is the discovery of specific psychological patterns (the principle of individualization of investigation).

5. Psychological patterns are revealed by development (genetic principle).

6. The principle of pedagogy of psychological investigation of a child. It does not mean the view of experimental research on the merits of pedagogical practice, but the inclusion of the principles of pedagogical work before the experiment itself.

7. In the methodology of psychological investigation of the products of activity, the fragments in them materialize the conscious activity of a person (the principle of investigating the specific features of a specific situation).

According to Platonov, for medical (clinical) psychology the greatest significance lies in the representation of the principles of determinism, uniformity of evidence and activity, reflexivity, historicism, development, structural sti, special approach. Of course, more than one action can be taken from them, except for the remaining three principles.

The principle of development. In clinical psychology, this principle can be specified as the etiology and pathogenesis of psychopathological disorders in their direct (development of illness) and reversal (remission, recovery) development. What is specific is a special category – pathological development of specialness.

The principle of structure. Philosophy and structure understand the unity of elements, their connections and integrity. In underground psychology, there are structures of evidence, activity, specialness, etc.
Posted on ref.
The tasks of clinical psychology are to bring into a single system the private structures of various psychopathological phenomena and the use of the underlying structure of healthy and sick characteristics.

The principle of a special approach. In clinical psychology, a special approach means focusing on the patient and the person concerned to fully understand the complexity and complexity of all individual characteristics. Special and individual approaches are distinguished. The rest is the appearance of specific individuals who are powerful in people’s minds. It can be implemented as a special approach or development of individual psychological or somatic components.

Tvorogova, considering the specific scientific methodology of psychology, additionally speaks on the principles activity(the behavior of a person in a given situation is determined not only by their minds, but by the significant world of the person before the situation) and systematic(The development of all the diversity of psychic powers of people cannot be based on one element, for example, biological or social; the systemic approach conveys the diversity of forces and destructive forces, like mental development , so they have a mutual connection with mental disorders).

Methods, then there are ways of learning - these are the ways to help the subject of science be learned. Psychology, like skin science, has a system of private methods and techniques. - You see, you see. Classification and features of the category "Methods, which are the ways of learning - these are the methods by which the subject of science is learned. Psychology, like a skin science, stagnates the system of private methods or techniques." 2015, 2017-2018.

Methods, then there are ways of learning - these are the ways to help the subject of science be learned. Psychology, like skin science, has a stagnant system of private methods and techniques

Methodology in psychology is implemented in the light of current conditions (principles).

3. The method of psychological investigation may be based on a socio-historical analysis of activity.

4. The method of psychological investigation is the discovery of specific psychological patterns (the principle of individualization of investigation).

5. Psychological patterns are revealed by development (genetic principle).

6. The principle of pedagogy of psychological education of children. It does not mean the view of experimental research on the merits of pedagogical practice, but the inclusion of the principles of pedagogical work before the experiment itself.

7. In the methodology of psychological investigation of the products of activity, the fragments in them materialize the activity of a person (the principle of studying the specific features of a particular situation).

Similar to Platonov, for medical (clinical) psychology the most important principles are similar to those presented above: determinism, uniformity of evidence and activity, reflexivity, historicism, development, structures information, special approach. Of course, more than one action can be taken from them, except for the remaining three principles.

The principle of structure. Philosophy and structure understand the unity of elements, their connections and integrity. In underground psychology, there are structures of evidence, activity, specialness, etc. The tasks of clinical psychology are to bring into a single system the private structures of various psychopathological phenomena and the use of the underlying structure of healthy and sick characteristics.

The principle of a special approach. In clinical psychology, a special approach means focusing on the patient or the person being monitored to the fullest extent of their complexity and all individual characteristics. Special and individual approaches are distinguished. The rest is the appearance of specific individuals who are powerful in people’s minds. It can be implemented as a special approach or development of individual psychological or somatic components.

Current clinical psychology has at its disposal a great arsenal of investigative methods. Most of these methods are based on clinical psychology, some of them were created by clinical psychology as a result of clinical-psychological techniques. Intellectually, all methods of psychology can be divided into non-standardized and standardized. Non-standardized methods, presented to us before a set of pathopsychological methods (B.V. Zeigarnik, S.Ya. Rubinshtein, Yu.F. Polyakov), demonstrate the “purposefulness”, directness of the song type of mental pathology, and the choice of their health It varies individually for the particular one tried. Methods for the treatment of specific types of mental dysfunction are being created. In the minds of a psychological experiment, stench is vibrated to identify the peculiarities of mental processes, obviously before the task is set, in terms of differential diagnostics.

Psychologically, the basis is not so much the final result (effect) of the patient’s activity, as it is the clear, alternative analysis of the methods of activity, the characteristic features of the process of recovery as a whole, and chi not okremikh zavdan.

The practical work of a clinical psychologist also uses standardized methods. Standardized methods can be considered as widely accepted tests, including tests for the investigation of mental processes, mental states and characteristics. The method of analyzing the results of the skin-scanning technique is based primarily on the clinical assessment, which is based on the assessments previously obtained from a similar sample of patients and from healthy subjects. Some Standardized methods, in addition to the unification of the tasks themselves, may be normalized, creating a rating scale (norms) created on the basis of the latest empirical research; It is important to calculate the level of stability of the results (reliability) and to accurately assess the state of the new characteristics of mental activity.

The task of a pre-investigative psychologist and a practicing psychologist - a well-combined method is suitable for the purposes of investigation.

Norm and pathology, health and illness. The categories of norm and pathology, health and illness are the main vectors that set the system of assessment and evaluation criteria for people in clinical psychology. The category of norm is considered as a basic criterion for the equalization of the current (current) and stationary (primary) status of people. According to the understanding of the norm, Svidomosti is closely associated with health. Vigilance, as normal, is perceived as a pathology and illness.

Norm- this is a term that can be used in two main ways. Pershe - statistical substitution of the norm: level or range of level of functioning of the organism and features, which powerful majority people and the typical ones that come together most often. In this case, the whole aspect of the norm seems to be an objectively real phenomenon. Statistical norm is indicated for the additional calculation of the arithmetic mean values of various empirical data that appear in everyday life.

To another - evaluative substitution of the norm: the norm is for the deed to be respected perfect child I will become a human being. This is the vision that will appear in the future from a philosophical and clear-sighted perspective, as I become “thorough,” to the extent that all people are guilty of doing the same. In this aspect the norm appears as ideal norm- subjective, fairly established standard , who undertakes a thorough investigation of any individuals who may have the right to establish such laws and may have power over other people: for example, fakhivits, leaders of groups and marriages, etc.

The problem of norms and norms is related to the problem of choice normative group- people whose vitality acts as a standard, behind which the effectiveness of the level of functioning of the body and features is determined. Depending on who is empowered by the doctors (for example, psychiatrists and psychologists) to be included in the normative group, different norms are established.

Standard standards include not only ideal standards, but also functional norms, social norms and individual norms.

Functional standards I will begin to evaluate people based on their inheritances (unfortunately and unfairly) and the possibility of reaching a song mark (the whole process of implementation coincides with the method of task).

Social norms control the behavior of a person, disturbingly similar to a deed (transferred to the side of the sharpening) or installed by the eye.

Individual norm conveys the equal status of people not with other people, but with the country in which the person has been before and which represents special (and not success) goals, life values, opportunities and circumstances life. Otherwise, it seems that the individual norm is ideal from the point of view of the individual, and not the dominant social group of the nearest deterioration of the state, the success rate and the possibility of self-realization of a particular person .

Whether vigilance in accordance with the established norm can be characterized as pathology. In medical lexicon, pathology refers to the disruption of the biological level of functioning of the body. However, in clinical psychology, instead of the concept of “pathology”, it also includes such developments beyond the norm, in which there are many biological components (as a whole possible and legitimate use of the terms “pathologist” “Ichna speciality” or “pathological development of specialness”). The use of the word “pathology” emphasizes the fact that the normal state, functioning and development of features change as a result of morpho-functional disorders (i.e., at the same time as cerebral, psychophysiological, endocrine and other biological original mechanisms of behavior regulation).

Original meaning of an ancient Greek word pathos What does the term “pathology” resemble? It means suffering. However, under pathology one can understand such relief from the norm in which people experience emotional discomfort.

In the term “pathology” there is a very strong expression of the evaluative component that allows us to label any person who does not meet the prevailing ideal and statistical norms as “sick”.

As a result of the treatment of the peculiarities of living the word “pathology” (obviousness in the sufferer, which is seen as a person’s norm, a bad sense of self; assumptions about one of the main reasons for the disorder; expressions of the evaluative components) So many of them advocate for its exclusion from the vocabulary of psychiatrists and clinical psychologists, preaching a substitute for a vikoristic term "discord", having surrounded the stagnation of the word “pathology” with the biological element of destruction

Rozlad means absence or destruction of life before it becomes urgent for people. The well-known term “discord” conveys the obviousness of something else than the norm of unambiguous causal-hereditary connections of his guilt. Disorders can result from the interaction of low factors of biological, psychological and social level, and in a particular skin condition, another factor may appear to be conductive to the beginning, development or result of damage. That is why the use of the word “discord” in clinical psychology seems to be shorter today.

Viznachennya mental disorder revolves around three basic criteria:

1) in addition to the types of reactions that statistically outweigh the frequency of their occurrence in most people in a painful situation at any given time (for example, five out of nine signs of depression are seen in people not for two years or more, then only this will become known as discord);

2) become respected by people, adequately realize the goals they have set for themselves, and thus eliminate their harm (the so-called “dysfunctional conditions”);

3) types of behavior in which the individual himself suffers and suffers from physical harm and how he brings suffering and physical harm to people who are absent.

on social equal functioning of people and the norm and pathology (disorder) appear as I'm healthy and sick.

Science has two approaches to achieving optimal health: negativeі positive.

Negative meaning of health considers the rest as simply the existence of pathology and the appearance of the norm. Here the norm is taken to be synonymous with health, and pathology is synonymous with illness. The characteristic of the zagal self appears to be the central line between health and illness. A healthy person is one who feels well and can complete everyday social functions. The sick person is the one who has a bad sense of self and can lose everyday social functions.

Positive change in health Do not reduce it to the mere absence of illness, but try to reveal its autonomous place within illness.

Zagalne for the purpose of health, as designated by the World Health Organization (WHO), includes such people as:

1) the structural and functional characteristics of the body are preserved;

2) high sensitivity to changes in the primary natural and social environment;

3) preserve emotional and social well-being.

Mental health criteria according to the WHO:

1) awareness and a sense of continuity, stability of one’s “I”;

2) it seems that the experience of similar situations has become boring;

3) being critical of oneself and the results of one’s activities;

4) the consistency of mental reactions in the strength and frequency of medial surges;

5) ensuring that one’s behavior is managed in accordance with accepted standards;

6) the ability to plan your life and implement your plans;

7) the ability to change behavior according to living situations and environments.

In this way, healthy and mentally healthy people are in constant decline and the dynamic evidence of various indicators, such as illness, for example, can be identified as a sound, severe or impaired health criteria, then as a special I'm in poor health.

The identified illness has two points of view: 1) the illness is diagnosed by a professional; 2) illness - subjectively we feel sick.

The concept of illness is not as much a reflection of the objective state of a person as it is of the outside world. theoretical and social construct, for the help of which emergency people and fahivtsi are trying to identify and understand the damage to health that they are to blame.

Sickness construct What is fundamental in European culture can be expressed as follows:

Thus, the construct of illness conveys the following sequence: cause - defect - picture - inheritance.

In modern medicine, there are two models of illness: biomedicalі biopsychosocial.

Biomedical model of illness It originates from the 17th century. There is a focus on natural factors as external causes of illness. The biomedical model of illness is characterized by four main ideas:

1) theory of zbudnik;

2) the concept of three mutual entities – “sovereign”, “agent” and others;

3) cliniform concept;

4) a mechanistic concept, behind which a person’s body is damaged, like a disease – the breakdown of some part of the body.

Within the framework of this model, there is no place for social, psychological and behavioral reasons for the development of illness. The defect (physical and mental), no matter what officials call it, is always of a somatic nature. Therefore, the responsibility for treatment here rests entirely and entirely with the doctor, and not with the patient.

Biopsychosocial model of illness Vinyl music is like the 70s. XX century It is based on a system theory, therefore, any illness is a hierarchical continuum from elementary particles to the biosphere, in which the lower rhubarb acts as a component of the greater rhubarb, including its characteristics he feels his influx. At the center of this continuum there is a specificity with these experiences and behavior. The responsibility for illness in the biopsychosocial model of illness rests entirely or often with the sick people themselves.

Psychological officials play a major role in assessing my health. Subjectively healthy is manifested in almost all optimism,somaticі psychological well-being, joy of life.Likuvanna's need It is important to take into account the fact that there are obvious signs of deterioration (disorder) affecting professional performance, daily activities, essential social activities and a clear expression of suffering. .

Ozhe, cream dominant in clinical psychology the construct of illness (“complex of biopsychosocial causes – internal defect – picture – inheritances”) and others – alternative- Constructs of illness. First of all, mental and behavioral improvements can be interpreted as manifestations of disrupted processes in the social interaction system In other words, mental and behavioral changes can be seen not as a manifestation of an internal defect, but as extreme stage of virulence about other mental functions and behavioral patterns in specific individuals. Thirdly, mental and behavioral improvements can be considered as a legacy backdrops to the natural process of special growth(due to the frustration of basic needs, the limitation of social functioning, individual responsibilities, there are specific and social problems that arise).

The list of problems associated with the understanding of the concept of illness has led to the fact that today the short term is becoming “mental, special and behavioral disorders” , which consumes various types of destruction, including illnesses in the common meaning of the word.

The problem of distinguishing between psychological phenomena and psychopathological symptoms. From what has been said, it is possible to develop a concept that simply avoiding the manifestations of changes in mental activity or behavior and assessing them as a disorder is not yet interpretable in terms of discord or illness obi. These psychological phenomena (individual-specific features of functioning) and psychopathological symptoms may have significant similarities.

The highest level of this problem was proposed by K. Jaspers at the beginning of the 20th century. Relying on the phenomenological philosophy of E. Husserl, he introduced vicoristics phenomenological approach in clinical practice. K. Jaspers considered the mental state as a phenomenon, as a whole experience of a flowing moment, in which one can see two inextricably linked aspects: information to the extra world(subject information) and inform yourself(Samosvidomist). Therefore, the doctor and psychologist may two ways of assessing the mental state patient, insults including subjective ones:

a) finding someone else at home (apparently, it is achieved through the overinterpretation of low external signs of the mental state);

b) a look at the minds in which these signs appear interconnected in song sequence.

To distinguish between psychological phenomena and psychopathological processes, it is important to identify the logic behind which patient there will be causal connections in the subject data (as we understand reality) and between the subject data This is self-knowledge (which is important to work in such a reality, of course). From this quotation of K. Jaspers, Kurt Schneider derived first principle demarcation:

A psychopathological symptom is only recognized as one that can lead to such a symptom.

The proof will be based on the generally accepted laws of logic (the law of identity, the law of sufficient substan- єyu). Similar to the principle of K. Schneider, it is first necessary to balance two logics: external logic of behavior patient and logic explained values of behavior by the patient himself.

One of the most widely used models for this purpose is deductive-logical explanations.Normally, the explanation may be satisfied with the so-called minds adequacy:

- arguments (the arguments on which the psychologist and the patient rely) that explain the patient’s behavior must be logically correct (they must not violate the formal laws of logic);

- the ideas that are described by the patient are guilty of empirical substitution (or they are reasonable ideas for the most acceptable circumstances; the level of reliability in clinical psychology is often designated by the principle of analogy- It is more likely that the psychologist is more similar to what the patient is experiencing than what happens to most other people, and also because he already knows about speeches that are given);

- The patient’s assertions may be overturned.

In yakosti additional sign to demarcate K. Jaspers suggests the following:

- the obviousness of behavioral characteristics and characteristics of the patient that clearly attract respect (chimera, demonstrativeness, eccentricity);

- Their rapt behavior appeared over a remarkably short period (in which similar characteristics were not previously present in human behavior);

- the appearance of additional positive and negative products of mental activity, as well as somatic phenomena, which are accompanied by various unforeseen disturbances;

- Reduced level of criticality (fractional, advanced, even to the point of importance).

The main stages and factors responsible for mental and behavioral disorders. The following main phases of the development of psychological disorders are revealed: pre- and perinatal (before and before bedtime), the phase of primary socialization, the phase just before the culprit of discord (prodromal), debut, the phase after discord.

In the first phase - until the hour of sunrise- more critical for the further development of mental disorders may be genetic factors (inherent characteristics of the brain mechanisms of mental activity), the influx of toxic, infectious agents during the hour of pregnancy, the nature of The history of sex and the peculiarities of sexual assistance, the relationship of fathers to their next child (newborn) and the nature of their interaction with nemovlya, the nature of the family's newborn, environmental officials

In another phase - primary socialization- the development of mental disorders can be influenced by infections, which can have a negative impact on the brain (direct or toxic), but at this stage socio-psychological factors begin to play a role: the nature of the family and the same yearlings ( violent behavior, sexual abuse, mischief, emotional deprivation) etc.), her style of education. The socialization phase is separated by periods of early childhood and adulthood.

Persha and friend phases form spillage(biological and special in appearance to a set of specific characteristics) to the development of mental disorders.

on prodromal the phase of development of mental disorders begins trigger factors sickness. The main triggering factor here is psychological stress, which arises as a result of primary minds, which change sharply in the course of people’s lives. At this phase, it is necessary to separate harmful (provocative) and protective (protective) factors.

Debut- first showing sick sign Discord occurs when people stop developing basic ways of coping with stressful situations and a state of disadaptation and inappropriate behavior in living conditions sets in.

Phase after the discord(The onset of illness) is associated with a number of factors that support the disruption of mental activity (behavior). Here it is also necessary to look at the negative (which prevents the development of discord) and protective (which prevents the development of discord) factors.

Consistent with the biopsychosocial model of illness, most mental and behavioral disorders loom rich factor nature.

For these very reasons, in current clinical psychology it is common practice to focus on mental disorders and behavioral disturbances, which may be influenced by various factors: genetic (slump), biochemical, neurophysiological, psychophysiological, special, social-psychological, sociological.

Methodology of clinical-psychological investigation. Metaclinical-psychological investigation – provide a psychological assessment of a particular behavioral problem (mental disorder) for further decision-making on ways to provide professional assistance.

Main departments conducting a clinical and psychological investigation:

- differential diagnosis of mental disorders;

- analysis of the structure and established stage of mental disturbances;

- the level of mental development of the patient, the characteristics of his particularity;

- assessment of the dynamics of mental disorders in an hour;

- vyrishennya of expert orders.

Diagnostic process- this is a process of disaggregated norms and pathologies. It is carried out through the analysis of various information about the development and life of people in order to develop clues about the nature and causes of the obvious problem. The diagnostic process ends with a diagnosis - depending on the nature of the disorder. The following is divided into medical and clinical-psychological diagnosis. Medical diagnosis focuses on the formal classification of a visible psychological problem to a specific taxonomic unit - the most generic name included before the classification system is adopted. Correctly naming the disorder automatically identifies a number of reasons and a clear influx on them with the help of specific treatment.

Clinical and psychological diagnosis psychological analysis of the problem(Assessment of behavior, mental functions and emotions, the state of specialness and disruption of the current environment). In fact, a clinical-psychological diagnosis is not just a correct recognition and choice of a specific name for a disorder, but a description of the characteristics of behavior, thoughts and feelings characteristic of one or another mental disorder.

Clinical and psychological diagnostics includes the following components:

- describe problems or discord (main and accompanying signs; stage of severity - severity, intensity, frequency of blame and depth of the problem; conditions for which blame or exacerbation of the pathological condition is expected);

- formal classification problems chi rozladi (vice value tipu);

- clarification Possible reasons or reasons for problems or discord;

- forecast development of the problem and dissolution (the formulation is about the development of the pathological situation for singing conditions);

- formal psychological assessment(allows you to formulate a further plan of action and then evaluate their effectiveness in the process of equal assessment before and after the completion of therapeutic infusions).

The diagnosis can be seen in two different approaches: explanatoryі sensible.First ties nosological paradigm of clinical-psychological diagnostics, the other - with descriptive-phenomenological. In the nosological paradigm, the psychologist retreats to hidden principles in order to reach wide groups of people. In the descriptive-phenomenological paradigm, the psychologist speaks about the unique situation of the development of a particular child or family.

Conductive nosological principle of diagnosis- principle clarification, which relies on reasonableness and stupidity for an outside observer (psychologist or doctor) of human behavior and the characteristics of their mental activity.

The main emphasis of nosologically oriented clinical-psychological diagnosis is to focus on disaggregated sign resolve their significant connection with the pathological process. Pathological signs are indicated for further assistance symptom systems.

Symptom- This means that the form describes the signs associated with the singing pathology.

In other words, a symptom is a meaning pathological signs. Not a skin sign is a symptom, but only one for which a causal-hereditary relationship with the pathology has been established. Psychopathological symptoms are divided into positive and negative.

Positive symptoms indicate signs of pathological production of mental activity (new signs that did not exist before). They include senestopathy, hallucinations, madder, tightness, fear, anxiety, euphoria, psychomotor restlessness. Negative symptoms include signs of harm, vadi, defect of mental process.

The totality of all symptoms resolves symptom complex , in which you can see a number of symptoms that naturally combine one with another to create syndrome .

Syndrome- This is a strictly formalized description of the regular and persistent pattern of symptoms.

The syndrome is seen compulsory, additional and optional symptoms Obov'ulcer symptom talk about the dissolution campaign. Additional symptom reflects the severity and severity of the disorder (may be different in specific episodes). Optional symptom associated with the modifying infusion of various officials.

At the same time, in child clinical psychology, in addition to the normative bias expressed, there is a tendency to view the process of mental development in close connection with the formation of biologically to the optimum functioning of the organ Natural processes that will ensure the mental activity of the child. The younger the child is, the greater the role in the manifestation of pathological symptoms played by biological disturbances in the development process. With increasing biological age, biological factors from causative ones become factors of agreeable inner minds, which interact with causative factors on a socio-psychological level.

Descriptive-phenomenological paradigm Clinical and psychological investigation does not achieve a clear distinction between normal and damaged mental activity (or behavior). Here, the patient’s subjective experiences and his or her independent interpretation of his condition are more important for diagnosis. Phenomenologically oriented clinical-psychological research revolves around some basic principles : the principle of reasoning, the principle of eposi (diminution versus judgement), the principle of urgency and accuracy of description, the principle of contextuality.

The principle of understanding transfers the analysis to a subjective sense, which patient contributes to other phenomena that seem strange and abnormal to us. Even this very modern phenomenon after the act of understanding can be called autism or introversion; ambivalence and indifference; reasoning and demagoguery.

The principle of the era conveys that it is necessary to abstract from the syndromic mentality and not try to put the phenomena that are being avoided into a nosological framework.

The principle of urgency and precision The description allows you to include any power diagnosis, subjective interpretation of the patient’s status from the position of a powerful, everyday opinion, moral attitudes and other evaluative categories. He also provides a detailed selection of words to describe the patient’s condition.

The principle of contextuality It is important to note that the phenomenon does not exist in isolation, but is a part of the zagalnogo delusion of a reasonable person in the extra light of himself. Contextuality allows us to determine the place, adequacy of the minds and the level of awareness of the patient of a particular mental phenomenon.

Sleeping chotiri methodi clinical-psychological investigation: conversation (interview), experiment, monitoring the patient’s behavior, analysis of life history (history collection).

Pobudova clinical-psychological investigation. There are several stages of clinical and psychological investigation. First - before knowing the patient - clinical formulation stage This includes Rozmova with people who take the child away: teachers, fathers, friends, classmates, doctors - due to the peculiarities of her behavior and the peculiarities that cause problems; assessment of the characteristics of the systems of intersocial relations of a problem child (social mind and life), assessment of the material and cultural conditions of life; awareness of the vital importance of physical health: that there are no concomitant somatic illnesses, and that the child does not reject psychotropic speech. It is not necessary to carry out investigations after a sleepless night, physical activity, or immediately after food. It is better to carry out repeated investigations within one hour, like the first ones. At this stage, the preliminary plan of the investigation is formed: the choice of methods, their arrogance.

Another stage - conversation with the patient It is necessary to begin the conversation by studying the passport data, on the basis of which the first decision about the memory system is formed. Then the state of memory is specified (short term - dates of a wealthy life, historical events, recent events), respect is assessed, the state of knowledge is characterized: orientation at the time, place and power istosti. The presentation must be presented in an unaffected, natural manner, like in native roses. The patient’s diagnosis prior to his illness is also explained, as explained in the meta EAP. In further development, the peculiarities of individuality (before illness and infection), the assessment of changes, the assessment of self-esteem, efficiency, and cultural awareness are determined.

Third stage - experimental-psychological .The skin care department may be given instructions that are responsible for investigating the situation and ensuring the follow-up of the psychologist and the patient. Failure to provide instructions may lead to inadequate results. The instructions must be tested on the EPI cob first. It aims to be as concise as possible, to suit the patient’s reasonable needs, and to include the possibility of super-sensitive reasoning. It is possible to change the front butts. If the patient is unable to cope with tasks, it is important to discuss the reasons in private. It is also important to evaluate whether the patient receives help from the psychologist or is rejected by him (negativity, suicidal = opir). A complete and accurate record of the experimental conditions required by the patient is necessary.

Fourth stage - folding visnovka .In the future, you may need to pay attention to nutrition and appointments with a psychologist. There is no single form for the crown. This is not a simple repetition of the investigation protocol. The characteristics of the mental state on the basis of the rejection of data are important, due to the peculiarity of behavior, the development of investigation, the manifestation of mental behavior, there are visible pathopsychological features (syndromes) ), indicate the peculiarities of the transition of mental processes (for example, the rate of reaction, hysteria, stability), describe the savings of the parties mental activity. Pointing of characteristic bright buttstocks is allowed. For example, try to create a summary that reflects the most important data (for example, the structure of the pathopsychological syndrome). Visnovok may be categorical in his style.

Basic terms and understanding:

illness, biomedical model of illness, biopsychosocial model of illness, health, individual norm, method, methodology, norm, evaluative substitution of norm, pathology, principle of non-precipitation and accuracy of description, principle of determinism, principle of ed information and activity, the principle of historicism, the principle of contextuality, principle of singularity of approach, principle of understanding, principle of development, principle of reflex, principle of structure, principle of eposi, mental disorder, symptom, syndrome, social norm, statistical substitution of norm, functional norm.

Power supply for self-verification

1. What is the significance of the neurobiological and informational approach to mental activity?

2. How is the norm determined in clinical psychology? What types of norms does a clinical psychologist focus on in his work?

3. What is the difference between the concepts of “pathology” and “disorder”?

4. What approaches should clinical psychology take to achieving health? Change your psychological mechanisms to ensure your health.

5. What are the main aspects of the biomedical model of illness versus the biopsychosocial one?

6. What principles can be used to distinguish between individual characteristics of the human psyche and psychopathological syndromes?

7. What stages can be called the development of mental disorders?

8. How do officials maintain respect in assessing the minds of mental disorders?

9. Where should clinical-psychological investigations be carried out?

10. What does clinical-psychological diagnostics include?

11. How does the nosological paradigm of clinical-psychological investigation differ from the descriptive-phenomenological one?

12. What is the symptom and syndrome?

13. What types of psychopathological symptoms do you know?

14. What methods of clinical-psychological investigation do you know?

15. What are the features of conducting a clinical-psychological interview?

16. What is the significance of the choice of methods for experimental psychological research?

17. What is mental status?

18. How many stages are seen in a clinical-psychological investigation?

ENTRY

The inner light of a person is a complex unity of psychophysiological processes and light, living knowledge and creative visions, psychological problems and solutions.

It is not surprising that before the transformation of the psyche, they were always approaching from different sides.

One directly victorious natural methods of mental training. Within the framework of this, they immediately began to establish a laboratory experiment and study such underground human phenomena of the psyche, such as intelligence, respect, and memory.

The other most important aspect appeared later and was associated with psychiatry - the only field of knowledge at that time that deals with the psychological problems of people. The effort to help patients not with operations or medicine, but with sleep and psychological methods led to the development of psychotherapy and gave rise to the recognition of the special, unique individuality of a person.

Throughout its development, psychology has become the richest treasure of the psychological knowledge of humanity - culture: literature and mysticism, religion and mythology. You know, the science of the soul is closely related to philosophy, and especially ethics. Even behind any psychological problem, in the end, there is nutrition about the sense of life, about good and evil.

As a result, all authoritative psychological theories have elements of science, religion, philosophy, poetry. In some people, known psychology has begun to change, sometimes changing them daily, and adopting methods for studying people.

1. UNDERSTANDING ABOUT METHODOLOGY IN PSYCHOLOGISTS

The methodological basis of psychology, like other sciences, is philosophy.

Current psychological science is a widely expanded area of human knowledge about the psyche, which is developing in our region based on the philosophy of dialectical materialism.

The dialectical method conveys the understanding of the subject of psychology in all its connections, patterns, development, and revelation.

The highest task is to determine the essence, structure and patterns of development of the psyche, psychology interacts with other - human and natural - sciences.

The integrity and integrity of various ideas of psychological science (foreign, ancient, historical, social) is ensured by the unity of the subject and methodology.

The main regularities in the structure of psychology have been identified - these concepts: psyche, specialness, development.

Scientific psychology is dominated by theoretical studies on one side, and practical studies in medicine, lighting, medicine, etc. on the other.

The vision of the various problems of psychology and the addition of significant independence to them, comes first, as a result of the complexity of social life and activity, and therefore, through practice, in a different way, the world has developed the methods of psychological research and the accumulation of scientific knowledge in various fields.

The hidden psychology includes the essence and the hidden patterns of origin, functioning and development of the psyche. It develops with the aim of reaching all galoozes.

Skin science includes its subject and unique methods that allow us to understand the patterns of phenomena that are being investigated.

“Method is the way of knowledge, the way in which the subject of science is known” (S.L. Rubinshtein).

p align="justify"> The system of methods is based on the obvious methodology of science.

As a fundamental methodology of psychological science, there is a dialectical-materialistic approach to better understand the role of both the place of the psyche and the psychic in everyone. (The dialectical method conveys the understanding of the subject of psychology in all its connections, lines, patterns, consideration of what is being investigated in the development, opening of the text)

The special methodology of psychology is based on these methodological principles: the principle of determinism, etc. causality of mental phenomena The principle of determinism means that the psyche is determined by the way of life and changes with the change of life. The development of the psyche of creatures is indicated by natural selection, and the development of human intelligence is determined by the laws of development, the laws of development by the method of generation.

The philosophical struggle began in the 20th century. the problem of determinism took center stage. The deterministic approach to psychological phenomena has been promoted by introspective methodology and the related organization of psychological investigations.

An important step in the implementation of the principle of determinism was the creation of L.S. Vigotka cultural-historical concept. The cultural-historical concept clearly formulated the idea that the natural mechanisms of mental processes are transformed in the course of ontogenetic development under the influx of historical-historical officials as a result of the appropriation of human products of any culture whose purpose is to communicate with other people.

One of the lines of implementation of the deterministic approach in psychology was the increasing importance of the problem of placing the psyche before the activity of the brain. Based on the materialistic position that the psyche is a function of the brain, psychology, especially with the influx of awareness about nervous activity, has set its tasks to investigate the mechanisms of activity brain, as a result of which mental phenomena arise.

The principle of the unity of information and activity means that information and activity do not stand alone or be identical, but create an inseparable unity.

The concepts of evidence and activity are fundamental categories of psychological science. The systematic development of this principle in Radian psychology began in the 30s (S.L. Rubinshtein, A.M. Leontyev, B.G. Ananyev, B.M. Teplov et al.).

The introduction of this principle was based on the theoretical and methodological aspects of the structure and structure of activity.

The totality of information and activity is revealed by the fact that information and all the mental powers of the individual in the activity are not only manifested, but also formed: mental powers of particularity - and change your mind and the result of your behavior.

For the appointment of S.L. Rubinshtein, activity itself is the unity of the external and internal.

The principle of development means that the psyche can be correctly understood and adequately explained, as it is seen as a product of development and a process of development.

The idea of development formed the basis for the formation of childhood, and later, centuries-old psychology.

“The development of the psyche is for us,” wrote S.L. Rubinshtein, - not only a smaller area of investigation, but also a hidden principle and a method of investigation of all problems of psychology. The regularities of all phenomena, including mental ones, are recognized only in their development, in the process of their collapse and change, guilt and extinction.”

The principle of a special approach is a principle of psychology that means an individual approach to a person as to the particularity of the individual and socio-psychological characteristics.

The private methodology of psychological science consists of methods (study, experiment, testing, testing, analysis of activity results) and methods for investigating specific psychological phenomena.

2. BASIC METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

Science is more than an investigation; therefore, the characteristics of science are not limited to the significance of its subject, but include the significance of its method.

Methods are the methods by which the subject of science is learned.

Methods of psychology are the main ways and methods of scientific knowledge of mental phenomena and their patterns.

What is the significance of the method and methodology (schemes and tables from the foreign psychology of Aismontas):

The method is indicated by the underlying diversity of technological techniques (diagnostic methods, correction methods).

The methodology is associated with the development of a high-class practical task, directly diagnosing important authorities (intelligence test, group training).

In psychology, as in other sciences, in order to isolate facts, their processing and explanation, not one, but a whole system of private methods and techniques is used.

The methods of science serve to reveal the laws, but they deviate from the basic laws of the subject of science. Therefore, the methods of science develop and change simultaneously with the development of science itself.

The follow-up method then reflects the same methodology.

Science has hidden advantages to the objectivity of scientific psychological investigation:

The main purpose of all methods of psychological investigation is to adequately identify the relationship between the current process and its internal nature (so that behind the current process it is important to its internal psychological nature).

Our psychology confirms the unity, but not the sameness, of the mental and the physical. Therefore, psychological investigation cannot be limited to a pure description of mental phenomena, derived from the study of their psychophysiological mechanisms.

The development of the psyche is not reduced only to its organic foundations (the activity of the brain), the way people think is determined by the way they live, the knowledge of people is determined by practical practice. Therefore, the method of psychological investigation can be combined with socio-historical analysis of activity.

Psychological patterns are revealed in development. The development of development, the transition from one level to another, the dynamics of development is not only a special area, but a specific method of psychological investigation.

Psychology, as a science in general, is based on a whole system of different methods. Traditional psychology has different classifications of methods.

Classification of methods for B.G. Ananyev

They see four groups of methods:

Organizational methods include:

equalization method (alignment of different groups by age, activity, etc.);

Longitudinal method (a lot of unwinding of these individuals over a period of three hours);

complex method (research involves representatives of various sciences, and, as a rule, one object is studied in various ways. Research of this kind allows one to establish connections and relationships between objects of different types, for example between physical biological, psychological and social development of specialness).

Empirical methods include

caution and self-care;

experimental methods (laboratory, natural, molding);

psychodiagnostic methods (tests, questionnaires, tests, sociometry, interviews, conversations);

analysis of activity products; Biographical methods

Data processing methods to include:

kіlkіsny (statistical);

clear (differentiation of material by groups, analysis) methods.

Interpretive methods that include:

genetic analysis of material in the development plan (dynamics) from successive phases, stages, critical moments, transitions from one level of development to another, etc.);

Structural (introduces structural connections between specific characteristics) methods.

Classification of methods of psychological study of Slobidchikov

1. Methods of explanatory psychology. Objective:

Care, experiment, tests, testing (rozmov, questionnaire, interview), testing of activity products.

Methods of descriptive psychology.

Introspection, self-esteem, sympathetic hearing, identification, intuition, hermeneutics.

Methods of practical psychology.

Psychotherapy, psychological counseling, psychocorrection, training.

The uniqueness of this and other sciences comes from its conceptual side, its ideological baggage, and its methods of investigation. Psychology became an independent science when precise and reliable methods of scientific research became available.

Methods of scientific investigation - these are the methods used to identify reliable information that is used to develop scientific theories and verify their truth.

Among the least important benefits of scientific methods in psychology, two are especially visible: reliability and validity.

Reliability is the strength of psychological investigation, which allows you to obtain the same results after repeating it many times.

Validity is the quality of psychological investigation, which expresses its relevance to the subject of investigation. Otherwise, the validity of a method means that the method follows the very same meanings to follow, and also verifies the truth and the very ones that were supposed to be verified and transmitted and.

How can you get to know a human being? And why so, why are you good?

Such nutrition, which is fundamental for psychology, cannot be supported by any knowledge that is lost within the boundaries of this science.

Ale, without doctors, psychology can develop, find its place in human knowledge.

So far, the history of mankind, including the 20th century, does not provide evidence to confirm that people are ready to meet with the Head Secret. A human being, like a child who breaks a doll in order to marvel at how she is possessed, sometimes tries to “break” her master’s soul. Luckily, it’s not so easy to earn money. Perhaps it is very wise and correct that knowledge about oneself ceases to exist for people behind these seals. There is a need for growth before the Thames are opened.

However, psychology not only recognizes an incredibly complex phenomenon - it is the mother who is worried about the object, strictly the apparent object, which is not it. People are always a subject, speaking to themselves, and therefore are essentially unknown - but Immanuel Kant has shown over 200 reasons for this.

Physics as a science began with Newton’s saying “I don’t understand hypotheses.” This is a request to be convinced of the assumptions, to believe rather than nature and logic. One of the direct branches of psychology, behaviorism, also tends to rely on such force. Its representatives criticize psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology and others directly for trying to “get into the soul”, to elaborate on speeches that cannot be clearly understood. However, this directly, giving the slightest hint, has deprived the cutting edge of science for years. It turned out that the decision was made to approach people as an important subject of study, without respect for their soul and free will, the same theory, no less understandable, no less.

However, the very depths of the soul were penetrated by the creators of various theories of specialness - Freud, Jung, Horny, Adler, Maslow, Berne. The stench revealed a number of spluttering ideas (often speaking one to another). Reading their works, a lot of people were aware of the knowledgeable, intelligent essence. Based on their methods, effective psychotherapeutic schools are developed and developed. How scientific are these theories and methods? How to verify the identity of the Super-Ego, complexes, archetypes, self-actualization, etc.?

The axis of guilt, the main phenomenon of daily psychology: those that are strictly scientific, in truth, are not about people; those about people are unscientific.

psychology determinism experience knowledge

3. ZMIST, STRUCTURE AND VIMOGI BEFORE THE ORGANIZATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

Current psychology includes a large set of empirical research methods. Let's take a look at the report on these methods.

The longest-standing way for people to learn is to watch over them (including themselves).

It would seem that it would be possible to recognize something new, even if we study and feel people so early in the morning until the evening, without seeming to talk about themselves.

However, the primary understanding and purposeful caution are completely different speeches.

Apparently, the right person has the right nutrition - that’s already half the answer. Therefore, first to carry out research, they formulate a hypothesis - an assumption that may be confirmed or simply rejected by the data.

When the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget published the results of a study of the minds of young children, he monitored how they approached the top of different orders, and this produced a dazed effect. It turned out that he entrusted us to live, play, and believe not just little grown-ups, but realities who think in a special way.

They have recently revealed a lot of information, keeping an eye on people’s gestures, postures, and facial expressions. Having systematized the data, psychologists identified typical gestures, postures, and expressions of the individual that indicate the presence of others, and sometimes even the lack of awareness of people.

Such information is even more important. For a family psychotherapist, for example, when the family members who came for an appointment were sitting down in the office, they wanted to know about their relationship. Each of us intuitively understands information of this kind, recognizing when a spy is cunning, nagging, nervous, or doubts our words. People simply have the gift of “reading” them, and we say that they are good to be known in public.

Korisno does not forget to marvel, but to listen, to follow the intonations, the peculiarities of our people. Since the politician lives by the names “I”, “my”, “me” in every phrase, it is unlikely that anything other than Marnoslavism will collapse. Whenever my mother says about her 15-year-old son: “We’re having a hard time with math,” it’s absolutely certain that she still respects him as a little boy and likes to hang out with him.

The caution method is one of the most universal, but it also has its limitations. It’s impossible, if you don’t try, to take a peek at your own process of breathing. Trying to understand the essence of what is happening, it is impossible to fall asleep. This is an important environment. The knowledge that you are being watched will soon change your behavior. That's why psychologists have come up with clever ways to get rid of it.

For example, there is a special mirror that looks completely different, but from the other room everything is visible through it. Gesell's two-way mirror has opened up new possibilities for child psychology, allowing one to monitor the behavior of young children who are not bored by the presence of a caregiver. The mirror turned out to be brown even with the new beginning psychotherapists: a young doctor can work with first clients under the control of a master, who will later sort out difficulties and graces with him, and in extreme cases, get in his way.

In addition, a number of experiments convey the findings of dummy participants - one of them was actually tested by an assistant psychologist and, when she leaves the room, monitors the behavior of others (how smells will be produced when konanni zavdan, how to comment on the experiment). ).

Another way to learn about people is to simply live in them. Of course, it’s “simple” if you talk about people without any illusion. Behind the skin nutrition of the predecessors there is a well-thought-out hypothesis and a carefully detailed methodology.

The most important method of psychology is conditioning.

Sometimes it will be like an interview. Whenever a psychologist puts food into the hands of an authoritative judge, the interview is called free; Since it is difficult to maintain a fragmented sequence of nutrition, we standardize it.

The particularity of sulfurization has its own advantages: the investigator not only senses the signals, but also determines the reaction of the subject, who may be able to clarify and re-feed.

Continuing to go through the interview for a short time - it takes a lot of time and energy. Moreover, the results are influenced by the behavior of the psychologist himself, including in the unknown: the participant in the training may feel like he didn’t deserve anything, that he’ll think badly about someone, and then rush to “get better.” In addition, for example, in intimate matters, which is important for most people to understand.

Therefore, it is often more difficult to fill out a questionnaire or a questionnaire - a standard form with requests for the written form. This method allows you to bury people overnight and supply the most severe food in a special form. The questionnaire is simple and aligned with the methodology. With this, you can also select information that confirms that it is taken “at face value.”

The hospital is the result of a long-term effort, which insures such officials as the possible insecurity of the representative, the position of which is based on a different cultural, age-old, professional group and richly nope. There are already standardized treatment facilities, zocrema, and Raymond Cattell’s method of multifactorial investigation of the characteristics, which includes 187 nutrition with three options for skin reactions. Call for such surveys to be collected on your computer.

The most widely used psychological method is the test.

The first tests were considered to be equal to intelligence.

Then tests of creative abilities, tests of respect, identification of special qualities, and various spiritual states were carried out.

Testing is very standard: it allows you to calculate the results as numbers and process them mathematically - there will be graphs, tables, and analyze a large array of data.

It is also important to understand that the skin test provides information about any single, highly direct nutrition. Thus, an intelligence test does not measure the “mind” of a person, but traces just one facet of his mind. Strictly apparent, any test will only survive those that die.

It is not necessary to formulate a diet that is sufficient to consolidate the results of the investigation and render it uninformative. Let’s say, to the question “Why do you love your child?” The fathers will give a positive message, but we will have mercy on the story about a happy childhood. There are a lot of statements about what it means to love children, and often they themselves reveal the cause of psychological trauma in children.

To create a properly clear and reliable test, to verify it through a great number of tests, is the greatness of the robot. Testing methods to ensure trust among most fakers are not so rich. The publication of “psychological” tests in mass magazines is, of course, worth the effort, and the results should be taken seriously.

The work is further complicated by the human factor: make people want to look better in front of the faceless ark of the paper. I on the question “How often do you help others?” or “Are you angry at your child?” They don’t say it entirely honestly. Those who yearn for intimate nutrition, which screams rubbish and ineptitude. Therefore, it is necessary to put “pastures” into the incubators, which reveal the inconsistency and frivolous placement of the supplementary, vikorystvovat complex systems of interconnected nutrition, which will change the results.

Design methods.

This is a serious situation. The most important people, their deepest problems, do not inform them, they treat them like a follower, but not themselves. So, the mother may not notice as much as she is overcome by a sick son, through whom she had to lose her beloved job. Reasonably speaking, it is clear that the child is not guilty, but it is known that irritation manifests itself, for example, in painful headaches. Initial experience and a thorough conversation are unlikely to help in this case.

Let us know what happens, a psychologist can use vikoryst and projective techniques.

Our awareness “seems” not in words, but in images and symbols, therefore, intended to manifest itself in gesture, metaphor, association, baby, game. Thus, when depicting a symbolic sculpture of one’s family, people can understand by rapt that it occupies an extremely unmanageable, constrained position in the composition, wanting nothing to please their family life.

Such techniques are especially important when working with young children. It is important to discuss the situation in the family and the behavior of the fathers with them. But the little one can see that he is already far away from him - “in the garage” and his son’s hand is stretched out to his side, empty, even as his mother hangs over him with an important dark mass, to press. And the main problem of the child’s fear is not in the eyes of direct joy (“Stop being afraid of the dark, even if there is no one under your bed”), but in the eyes of the story about the boy “before you”, who is “already afraid that you are alive under your bed” co, just once..."

In a number of situations, for example, when working with children who have experienced violence, information about what happened can be removed only in this indirect way. The child doesn’t want or is afraid to tell about what happened, and sometimes she simply doesn’t know what to say. A psychologist can identify special dolls without any features that are easy to spot and keep an eye on the game. A child who has suffered trauma tends to create a situation in the world endlessly until her psyche “digests” the important evidence.

Projective techniques will enhance a person’s knowledge and help them. The ancient science itself allows people to understand themselves. There is just one thing to do for a very special problem.

Great opportunities for learning people and helping them are also provided by work with changing information systems.

These methods include hypnosis, trance techniques, and dream analysis. Because of the stronger, more comprehensive and individualized methodology, the interpretation of results is less objective and reliable, and the therapeutic process is more grounded in the nuances of a person’s particular situation and each other. From a psychologist.

The data collected during the investigation must be processed and documented. One of the most important stages in the development of psychology was the development of statistical methods for processing data.

Regularization allows you to reduce the impact on the result of the factors that are included. For example, based on the responses of five individuals to the power supply, whichever of the two people depicted in photographs seems attractive to them, it is not possible to work on the same principles. One of the participants may be ill-informed, another may be disgruntled at the moment of confirmation, to the third the character shown in the photo will remind him of an unwelcoming companion, and to the fourth, for example, a shady grandfather. If we have to feed a few hundred people, it is reasonable to assume that the different situations from which the results emerge are mutually relevant and therefore the picture will appear objective.

However, the statistical approach reveals connections between a number of parameters. So, we can not only supply food, which of the two people in the photo should be tried more, and then just ignore how the symptoms lie in the article, age, thoughts from other foods, such as lighting in the room or and fate at the time of the experiment, etc. d. bud.

Statistical processing of data makes it possible to establish a correlation (in Latin, “correlation”) between various facts. It is important to remember that correlation is not causation. The press often talks about “sensational” things like: “It has been found that people who sleep an average of more than eight years a day live less. Sleep less and you will live longer!” Such an unambiguous interpretation of the time between the travails of sleep and life would never be of any use. It’s true that people who sleep more often have a weaker nervous system by nature, and if they didn’t sleep long enough, they would have died even earlier. Unfortunately, it is often clear that similar interpretations lie depending on who paid for the investigation: the generator of alarm clocks or pillows.

The most complex, and also the richest in potential, method that psychology has adopted from the natural sciences is an experiment.

The tried person is placed in a specially created situation, and his reactions and behavior are monitored by investigators. As a result, you may realize, for example, that people who spend a long time in a brightly lit room with dirty walls and dirty furniture begin to act aggressively and speak in louder and harsher voices, Those who spent so many hours in a room with green walls , soft light and rounded interior objects.

Psychologists predict massacres, even more cunning wisdom, and experiments. Sometimes their results are incongruous and not particularly unpleasant for the human race. Thus, the experiments of the American Stanley Milgram, which demonstrated the readiness of people to become addicted to something else, although not without any special validity, gave rise to heated controversy, and not only among professionals (up to Danish painting “Ordering orders”).

Before the time of carrying out experiments, there is a risk of not accepting any important official who will create the results. It is acceptable for the experiment to understand that the feeling of anxiety decreases with regular listening to music over a period of three hours. A group of students is requested and the investigation begins. If it appears that the beginning of the experiment has been completed during the session, then the results will not be reliable. In two months, students will be able to experience all the exercises, and the weakening of anxiety is bound to be recorded in the future, only when they listen to music? A control group helps confirm the truth of the result - in parallel, a group of people under the last one, in which the injection of one of the officials is turned off, is monitored. In this situation, there could have been young people who also heard music, but they didn’t take exams at that hour and weren’t going to take exams for the next hour.

Conduct an experiment - correct it, remove the information and interpret it. Then between the fakhivs and the fires are burning. Let’s say that the way of life has been established: people with hard hair are perceived as alienated as shabby people. What does this fact tell us? What is the reason for this thought? Are you really being unceremonious and insolent? Is it so, then what power does it have in the form of nature and the resources to steal from childhood, and the stench of fear to be protected? Or maybe they stroke their father’s heads more often, why does the stench become so blatant? How does the very name of any race affect their character? Is it true that there is no special arrogance among the Rudys, and there is a myth about him, which flows into the friendship? Why do people associate stinks with the fox - a negative character in Russian fairy tales?

Thus, the results of investigations often require more nutrition, but do not give any conclusions. In psychology, it is impossible to conduct an absolutely objective experiment, even training people to interact with each other. And let the fakhivets go behind the door or behind a separate sheet of food, while taking the secured camera, but still keep track of what they are carrying, and enters at the fold, not until the end of the hundredth day is clear from the end. Idnik. Therefore, the desired psychological experiment cannot be repeated with sufficient accuracy.

VISNOVOK

For certain techniques that stimulate the intellectual sense, such as brainstorming, it is recommended to carefully follow the steps so that the stages do not get confused. The time-consuming defense against criticism suppresses a large population of ideas that are sometimes even restless, and often the most godly ideas appear as the most effective hypotheses, which leads to all approaches and directions of investigation.

If hidden phenomena arise (swiftness of reaction, thresholds of acceptance, curve of forgetfulness, etc.), then it is easier to make do with traditional methods derived from the natural sciences.

The more special, the more individual, the more innovative, complicated, and unverified methods we have to create in the future.

The greater the potential of the method, the more subjective and ambiguous the interpretation of the results obtained from this method.

At this stage, the most blessed material is practice, first of all psychotherapy. Practice in psychology does not fit into the Procrustean bed of theoretical schemes. This intangible wealth is the guarantee of future psychological science. Without youth, you will not reach maturity. And the current difficult situation in psychology is also a necessary period of development.

LIST OF VICORISTAN LITERATURE

1. Ananyev B. R. Lyudina as knowledge. L.: LDU, 1968.

Zagvyazinsky V.I., Atakhanov R.I. Methodology and methods of psychological and pedagogical investigation. - M.-2001.

History of psychology of the twentieth century. / For ed. P.Ya. Galperina, O.M. Zhdan. 4 types. – M.: Akademichny Prospekt; Ekaterinburg. Business book, 2002.

V.V. Kraevsky. Methodology of pedagogical research. - Samara: SamDPI, 1994.

Martsinkovska T.D. History of psychology: Navch. handbook for students visch. navch. mortgages - M: Vidavnichy Center "Academy", 2001

Nemov R.S. The hidden ambushes of psychology. Book 1. - M.-2003

Zrazkov P.I. Methodology and methods of psychological and pedagogical research: Course of lectures. – Orel, 2002.

Zagalna psychodiagnostics/Ed. A. A. Bodalova, V. V. Stolina. M: View MDU, 1987.

Petrovsky O.V. Nutrition of history and theory of psychology. 1998.

Petrovsky A.V. Yaroshevsky M.G. History and theory of psychology in 2 volumes. T-1 1996;

Rogov E. I. A handbook for a practical psychologist: Navch. pos_b. M.: VLADOS, 1998. T. 1-2.

Rubinshtein S. L. Fundamentals of underground psychology - St. Petersburg: Petersburg Publishing House, 2000.

Tags: Methods of psychology Abstract Psychology